Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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1121105677
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ABSTRACT
This article analyzes the data of Chinese written sources, archaeological and numismatic materials concerning the
conditions of the emergence of the Kushan state. Which occupied an important place in the development of ancient
Eastern civilization, and issues related to the migration of nomadic pastoral tribes of Yuezhi, which played a central
role in its formation, their settlement of the northern Bactrian lands and the formation of the Kushan state.
KEYWORDS
Baktriya, Kushan, yuechji, migration, Kudjula Kadfiz, grave structures, Surkhandarya Oasis.
INTRODUCTION
The migration of nomadic herdsman Yuechji tribes to
Northern Bactria, which played an important role in the
creation of the Kushan empire, which left a deep mark
in world history, and the emergence of the Kushan
state is one of the important issues of the history of the
ancient period of Central Asia.
Studying the material and spiritual resources of the
Kushan state, which left a deep mark on the history of
antiquity (4 th century BC
–
4 th century AD), political,
social and cultural changes that took place under the
influence of population migration, urban planning,
crafts, trade and other areas. scale research is being
conducted. One of the important tasks of experts in
the field is to study the monuments and materials
belonging to the culture of North-western Bactria,
which formed a part of this kingdom, based on new
information.
The first stage of the study of the culture of the Kushon
period of northwestern Bactria began at the end of the
19th century, and the studies related to this period
were mainly amateur[1]. Studying the history of the
country In October 1895, after the Turkestan Amateur
Archeology Club was established, I. T. Poslavsky [2], I.
I. Geyer [3], B. N. Kastalsky [4] carried out preliminary
research in the country.
Research Article
APPROACHES TO THE MIGRATION OF YUEZHI TRIBES TO BACTRIA AND
THE EMERGENCE OF THE KUSHAN STATE
Submission Date:
December 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 11, 2023,
Published Date:
December 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue12-06
Khumoyun Nazarov
International Islamic Academy Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan "International Senior Teacher Of The "Relations
And Social Sciences" Department, Candidate Of Legal Sciences, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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I. I. Umnyakov [5], P. Denike [6], A. The first scientific
expeditions were organized under the leadership of S.
Strelkov[7], M. Y. Massonar[8].
In the 50-60s of the 20th century, V. D. Zhukov[9], L. I.
Albaum[10], G. A. Pugachenkova[11]. The results of the
research carried out by, B. Y. Staviskylar[12] made it
possible to enrich the history of culture of the Kushan
period with new scientific information.
In the 70s and 80s of the last century, large-scale
stratigraphic
excavations
at
Dalvarzintepa,
Kholchayon, Budrach, Zartepa, Hayrobodtepa, Eski
Termiz, Kampirtepa, Oktepa, Mirzaqultepa, Karatepa,
Fayoztepa, Zurmala, and other monuments of the
Kushan Empire period yielded rich materials.
THE MAIN RESULTS AND FINDINGS
After the independence of Uzbekistan, a new era of
studying the monuments of the Kushan period of
North-western Bactria began. During this period, the
importance of the work carried out by international
expeditions also increased, Dalvarzintepa, Karatepa,
Kampirtepa and other monuments were researched in
cooperation with foreign scientific institutions. The
results of the archaeological excavations carried out in
them served to enrich the history and culture of the
Kushan period with new information. In writing the
article, scientific research methods such as
systematization of archaeological sources and
historical
materials,
comparative
analysis,
summarization of scientific information on the topic,
principles of historical objectivity were used. In Chinese
sources, there is a series of brief information about the
history of the Yuechi, their invasion of Central Asia and
the emergence of the Kushan state. In particular, Sima
Xian's “Shitzi” (“Historical Memoirs”) annals in the
section dedicated to the story of the Sunnu (Hun) tribe
contain preliminary information about the Yuechji tribe
206 year AD. “Qianhanshu” (History of the Great Han
Dynasty) of 25 years, “Khouhanshu” (History of the
Late Han Dynasty) of 25-
200 years, “Sunshu” (History
of the Sun Dynasty) of 420-479 years, 386-550 years
Sources such as Weishu (History of the Wei Dynasty)
also provide brief information on the history of the
Yueji tribe. According to the information given in Shitzi,
the Great Yueji was a nomadic kingdom (sin go) whose
people moved around following livestock. The Yueji
tribes, whose customs are almost identical to those of
the Huns, originally lived between Dunhuang (Gansu)
and Silian (Qinghai). In the last quarter of the 3rd
century AD, the power of the Yueji tribe increased.
During this period, a small, weak Sunnu (Hun) tribe
lived to the west of the Yuechi, in the north-west of
Ordos. The leader of the Huns was Touman, who was
called Shanyu. The Usuns called their chiefs “kunbii”.
The Yuezhi called their generals “yabgu” (“jabgu”)[13].
A. According to Khojaev, the word yuechji was
pronounced by the ancient Chinese as “ngouzie” or
“ruzie”. In 163 AD, with the help of the Huns, they
defeated the Yuechi and forced them to move to the
south of Central Asia. The rest of them in the east are
xiao or xiao, that is, small-yuechi, and they lived in
Nanshan (China), a mountain in the south of Central
Asia [14]. Information about the Yuezhi’s later life is
contained in the Qianhanshu (History of the Great Han
Dynasty), based on the details of Zhang Xiang's
journey. According to the information provided in it,
the Chinese da-yuechji, the great or great Yuechji,
settled in the lands of the left bank of the Guishui River
after being expelled from Yettsuv, the land of Usuns,
and founded their capital. In the scientific literature
created in the 60s and 90s of the 20th century, experts
who studied the history of the Kushan state, especially
the Yuechis, who played a key role in its emergence,
widely believed that the Guishui River was the current
Amudarya and Dakhya/Dasyani were the lands in the
northern part of Afghanistan. According to the
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research of the German expert Harry Falk, the Yueji
land on the right side of the Guishuan River. It was
settled in 121 AD[15]. Chinese tourist Zhang Xiang. In 129
year AD, he left information about meeting the Yuechi
on the right bank of the Guishui River.
In the records of Zhang Xiang, who visited the land of
the Yuezhi, there is no information about the Yaggu of
the Yuezhi. But B. A. Borovkova, based on information
from Chinese sources, in the information about the five
tribes of the Yuezhi (Xumi, Shuanmi, Guyshuan, Heitun,
Gaofu) and the areas where they spread. In
Xianghanshu, where the historical memories collected
by military commanders and historians in the second
half of the 1st century were collected, the Yuechi
moved to the northern lands of Bactria up to the
Amudarya. He expresses the opinion that he moved in
100-99 years AD.
Sughd, which had an important place in the ancient
history of Central Asia and occupied a large area, or its
provinces are not found in the ancient parts of Chinese
sources. They only mention that the country of Kangu
is located north of the land of the Great Yuechi. Since
the northern part of Sughd was part of the Kang state
at the time of Zhang Xiang's arrival, the Chinese
traveler may not have mentioned Sughd.
According to Chinese sources, the distance from the
Dawan state to the area where the Yuezhi lived was
2,000 li (more than 900 km on average) in the direction
of Zhang Xiang's movement. Ershi, the capital of Davan
state, was compared with Mingtepa (Marhamat
district, Andijan region).
According to Zhang Xiang, the toponym Daxia/Dasya,
located on the left bank of the Guishui River, is not
found in other ancient written sources. It has not been
clarified whether the Dakhya region is related to the
herdsman Dakh tribe in antiquity. According to L. M.
Levina, the Dakhs lived in the lower reaches of the
Syrdarya, in the V-III centuries AD, they founded the
cultures of Babishmulla and Chirikrabod. Due to the
drought caused by the changes in the Syrdarya valleys
in the III-II centuries AD, these cultures suffered a crisis,
and the Daxians, led by Arshak, moved to Northern
Parthia.
According to the archaeologist R. H. Suleymanov, the
Zahhoki Moron fortress located in the territory of
Karshi city was founded by the inhabitants of the Dakh
tribe who moved from the Lower Syr Darya region.
Similarly, the territories were under the rule of the local
Iranian-speaking Dakhs [16]. Accordingl in the 2nd
century AD, the lands of Southern Sughd, where the
Dakhs were hegemonic, may have been named after
them. At the time of Zhang Xiang's arrival, the Yuezhi,
referred to as Guishuan, lived in the right side of the
Kashkadarya in areas suitable for cattle breeding. The
central city of Qal'ai Zahhoki Moron is located in the
country of Dakhya. According to German scientist H.
Falk, 2000 li (1 li = 2.74 km.) 725 km. and the fact that it
corresponds to the distance to the Kashkadarya
riverbed confirms Zhang Xiang's opinion.
The above-mentioned five tributaries (xi-xeu) of Yueji:
Xiumi (Xouhanshu), Shuanmi, Guyshuan, Heitun (Xiye),
Gaofu (Dumi) are about 1000 km. In the second half of
the 1st century AD, they settled in the regions of
Northern Bactria and founded their cities, which were
separate administrative centers. The center of the
Xiumi clan was the city of Xumo, Shuanmi-Xuanmi,
Heitun-Bomo, Guishuan-Hodzo (Hotso) and Gaofu-
Gaofu. Among them, the central city of Guyshuan clan-
Khodzo G. A. Pugachenkova compared it with
Dalvarzintepa settlement. According to Y. V. Zeymal,
the Shuanmi clan lived in the lands of Southern
Tajikistan. The map of the German expert Harry Falk
shows that the Gaofu clan of the Yueji is located in the
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southern foothills of the Kohitang mountain in the
west of Bactria, and the Guyshuan clan is located in the
upper Surkhan area. On the contrary, the German
scientist R. Tasob put forward the opinion that all
Yuechji clans lived in the lands of present-day Southern
Tajikistan and Northern Afghanistan[17]. According to
our opinion, two clans of Yuechi are spread in North-
West Bactria. Guyshuan Yagbus located in Surkhan
oasis spread and settled in the surroundings of the
central city Khodzo Dalvarzintepa and Gaofu Yagbus
settled in Sherabad oasis and operated in Zartepa
settlement or Sherabad oasis.
In the works of Greek and Roman authors, it is noted
that complex processes took place in the political life
of the Greco-Bactrian state on the eve of the Yuechi
attack. The ancient Roman historian Pompey Trogus
(1st century BC) noted that Saka (Scythian) tribes,
Sarauk and Assian, lived behind the Oxus. According to
information provided by Strabo, when the power of
the Greco-Bactrian kingdom was waning, Sugdiana
was attacked and conquered by the Assi, Asiyan,
Tochar, and Sakarouk tribes of the Sakas. Shortly after
that, the settlers occupied the lands of the Greek-
Bactrian state [18]. According to the information given
by Yustin, in 128 AD, Phraates I, the ruler of the Parthian
state, and 124 AD, his successor Artaban was killed in
the war with the Sakas[19]. In addition, E. V. Rtevaldze,
based on the information of Pompey Trog, came to the
conclusion that the Yuechi subjugated the Assin tribe.
It is worth noting that V. V. Tarn considered the Tochars
mentioned in Strabo's data to be one tribe with the
Yuechi[20]. Many Western experts have confirmed this
opinion. E. V. Rtveladze, approving their opinion,
characterizes the Yuechi as an Iranian-speaking tribe,
while L. M. Svechkov, on the contrary, noted them as a
population that spoke the Indo-European language
family. Some Western and local historians have drawn
superficial and linguistically unfounded conclusions
from a Eurocentric point of view. In particular, Y. A.
Davidovich Based on information from Chinese
sources, distinguished three stages of the historical
development of the Yuechi in Bactria. In the first stage
(139-125 BC), the Great Yuechis occupied the territory
of Northern Bactria, more precisely, the right bank of
the Guyshuy (Amu Darya) river, and the lands on the
left bank of the river were subject to the Great
Yuechjis.
In the second stage (according to the “Tsyanxanshu”
source, the period until 25 BC), the formation and
development of the great Yueji state took place.
According to the researcher, the capital of the state is
located north of the Amudarya, and the southern
border is considered to be Gibin, that is, the territory of
Kashmir or Ganhara.
In the third stage (the period until 125 AD according to
the “Xouxanshu” chronicle), the great Yuechi state
faced a crisis and split, and the process of the
formation of independent states took place. During
this period, the capital city was Lanshi, and Kiotsyuko
(Kudjula Kadphiz (30-57 BC)) from the Guishuan clan
subdued the other four clans and founded the Kushan
state.
Y. A. Davidovich believes that in the second stage of
the history of the Kushan Kingdom, which was formed
by the union of Yuechi tribes, its capital was on the
right bank of the Amudarya. However, according to the
opinion of some mutatis, the capital city of Ganshi,
mentioned in Siankhanshu, is compared to the city of
Bakhtar, which is located in the territory of Northern
Afghanistan. As mentioned above, according to G. A.
Pugachenkova, at the first stage, the capital of the
Kushan state was the city of Khodzo, which operated
on the right bank of the river at the site of
Dalvarzintepa.
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On the right bank of the Amudarya, archaeological
monuments of the material culture of nomadic cattle-
breeding tribes, in particular, settlements, ruins of old
cities and burial mounds have provided valuable
information about the Kushan state and its founder,
the Yuechi. However, due to the lack of sufficient
information on the exact or absolute date of the
material sources, some issues have not yet been
clarified.
After settling in the lands of Northern Bactria, the
Yuechji tribe continued their ancient nomadic lifestyle
for some time and lived in the mountain and foothills.
At the next stage approx. During the 1st centuries AD,
it began to move to a sedentary lifestyle. The
formation of the second stage of Dalvarzintepa,
Kholchayon settlements and the Zartepa settlement in
Northern Bactria belong to this period and were
appropriated by the Yuechi.
After the Yuechji people moved to a sedentary
lifestyle, the representatives of the statesman and
official strata of the nomads took over the settlements
and cities of the settled population, and carried out
reconstruction and improvement works in them. The
next stage of development of the city in the place of
Dalvarzintepa belongs to the Yuechi period, and in its
second stage, In the 2nd and 1st centuries AD., it was
strengthened by reconstruction works, that is, by an
additional protective wall, and it became a developed
center, that is, the capital of the Yuechi union. During
this period, the city center was formed in the place of
Zartepa. According to the evidence of archaeological
data, the defensive wall of the city is it was built in the
1st century AD, that is, during the settlement period of
the Yueji people.
Grave structures that provide valuable information on
the material culture of the Yuechjis can be found in the
regions of Charjuy region of neighboring Turkmenistan
(Babasov), which in their time entered the
northwestern region of Bactria, in the lands of the
Kafirnhar oasis in southern Tajikistan, on the
southwestern slopes of Bobotog (Tulhar, Oriqtov), and
in the regions of Dangara district (Kserov). determined.
Until recent years, the burial structures belonging to
cattle-breeding tribes belonging to the history of the
early Kushan period were not found and studied in the
territory of Surkhandarya region. In the last century,
the burial structures found in Ayritom were believed to
belong to the local settled peasant population.
At the end of the last century, the researchers believed
that the material objects from the burial structures,
which were studied in the village of Rabat, Boysun
district, belong to the first century AD. In 2017-2018,
research work was reorganized in the village of Rabat
by the joint archaeological expedition of Uzbekistan
and China.
He excavated 94 groat-catacomb (lat) graves. Graves
2nd century - belongs to the 1st centuries AD. Also, this
expedition studied the grave remains of the people
who lived in the Beshkapa city-type settlement of the
Yuech people, who settled in the village of Serharakat,
Uzun district.
A. M. Madelshtam and the Babashovs built the Oriktov
and Tulhar burial. It is believed to belong to the II-I
centuries and is associated with the nomadic Yuechi
tribes[21]. On the contrary, B. A. Litvinsky and Z. A.
Sedov believe that most of these burial mounds belong
to the local nomadic population of Bactria or cattle
herders who migrated after the emergence of the
Kushan state.
Y. P. Denisov dated the oldest of the Kserov or burial
mounds in the Dangara district to at least a thousand
BC. It belongs to the end of the II century. It has been
noted that the materials found in them, in particular,
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the shapes of some ceramic items, are similar to the
finds of Babashov and Tulhar burial mounds. V. M.
Masson believes that the low, wide-bottomed jugs
found in the Yueji-Kushon cultural layer of the
Dalvarzintepa site were brought to Northern Bactria by
nomadic herders. Examples of similar ceramics were
also found and studied in Babashov and Orikhtov
graves. We do not have information on the
radiocarbon analysis of the Yuechi or early Kushan
period settlements of northwestern Bactria or the
cultural layers of these periods. The settlements of
Kholchayon and Zartepa here also belong to this
period. The second phase of Dalvarzintepa settlement
is contemporaneous with these monuments. These
monuments formed the city center of the settled Yueji
tribes. According to H. Falk’s map, the Gaofu clan of the
Yuechi is located on the western edge of
Surkhandarya, and its center is located in the city of
Zartepa. Numismatic materials play an important role
in studying the socio-political and economic life of the
Yuechji period. After the emergence of the nomadic
Yuechi state in Northern Bactria, the government was
tasked with restoring the economy of the country in
crisis. In order to launch it, first of all, based on the
requirements of the domestic market, it was required
to mint coins. In the early stage of the Kushan state,
the Greco-Bactrian ruler Heliocles minted in a nomadic
style in the Northern Bactrian region, coins minted in
imitation of King Eucratides (171-150 BC), Parthian
Phraates IV (38-3 BC)/2) yy) coins minted in imitation of
Phraatak coins (III BC-III BC), Sapadbiz coins, Kushan
(Geray) tetradirahma and obols were found. Examples
of these coins were found in Western Bactria, where
they were minted and circulated. The oldest of the
coins is considered to be an example issued in imitation
of the coins of the Greek-Bactrian king Heliocles (the
head of an unknown ruler on the front, the image of
the Greek god Zeus on the back). Such coins are rare in
the territory of Southern Tajikistan, and only a few of
them were found in North-Eastern Afghanistan. Over
time, coins were replaced with the image of a horse
instead of Zeus. The horse plays an important role in
the life of nomadic herding tribes, and researchers
describe it as a sign of the emergence of a new state.
Such coins were mostly found in Dalvarzintepa and
Kholchayan settlements of Surkhandarya oasis and
their surroundings, which G. A. Pugachenkova had
reason to conclude that the capital of the new state
was located in Dalvarzintepa.
At the next stage of the development of the new state,
the image of the king on the front side of the coin also
changed, and researchers noted that his face was
similar to the figurines found in the settlement of
Holchayan. On the reverse side of the coin is an image
of a horseman and the words ruler, Geray, an illegible
word, and guyshuan-kushon written in Greek letters.
So the first ruler of the new kingdom was a person
named Geray. Dated to the end of the 1st century or the
first half of the 1st century AD.
In the western part of Surkhandarya, Sapadbiz and
Agiselez coins minted with a ruler on the front and a
monster and a stamp on the back were found. These
coins are according to E. V. Rtveladze, who dated from
the end of the 1st century to the beginning of the 1st
century AD and was in circulation until the mass issue
of Soter Megas (Vima Takto) coins, this region was
ruled by a ruler named Sapadbiz. Sapadbiz was the
chieftain of the Gaofu clan, or Yagbus, located in the
western part of the Yueji.
During the reign of Geray Sanab, the Guishuan clan
grew stronger and united the other four clans. Coins
issued in the name of Geray Sanab were mostly found
in the regions of Surkhandarya and South Tajikistan,
located on the right bank of the Amudarya. Therefore,
Geray Sanab first occupied the lands on the right bank
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of the Amudarya, and then exerted influence on the
left banks of the Amudarya.
According to the information given in the ancient
Chinese annals "Houhanshu", more than a hundred
years after the five clans of the Yueji settled on the
right side of the Guishuan River, the chieftain of the
Guishuan clan, “Kiodzyukyu” (Kudjula Kadphiz),
subdued the remaining four clans in the struggle for
the throne, and declared himself Guishuan (Kushon). )
announced as the ruler.
Kudjula Kadphiz fought against Parthian invasions of
southwestern Bactria. However, the political situation
and the ratio of military forces forced him to go to
Kabul. Kudjula Kadphiz’s gradual increase in military
power allowed him to conquer neighboring territories.
As a result, during the reign of Kudjula Kadphiz, the
lands of Northern Afghanistan were annexed.
Coins minted by Kudjula Kadphiz also bear the word
“Soter Megas”. G. A. Pugachenkova believes that this
was the title of the ruler. V. M. Masson expressed the
opinion that Kudjula Kadphiz received this title after
conquering all of Bactria. B. Y. Staviysky, referring to
the discovery of a small number of copies of Kudjula
Kadphiz coins from the northern Bactrian region, came
to the conclusion that the Surkhandarya oasis was part
of the Kushan state for a certain period of time during
the reign of its founder.
During the reign of Kudjula Kadphiz, the Kushan
kingdom settled in Bactria. The capital of the country
was moved to the city of Baktr in the territory of
present-day Northern Afghanistan. The capital of the
country is mentioned in Chinese sources as the city of
Lanshi. During the successors of Kudjula Kadfiz, Vima
Takto (80-90 AD) and Vima Kadfiz (80-103 AD), the
country was strengthened in every way, and its power
became stronger. Especially during the period of king
Kanishka I (127-150 AD), the territory of the country
expanded to the northern part of India, and during the
period when the power of the country increased, the
Northwest Bactrian lands retained their importance as
one of the important socio-political and cultural
centers of the Kushan Empire.
During the reign of Kanishka I, the territory of the
country expanded to the northern lands of India,
became one of the largest empires, and the capital was
moved to Peshawar. North-western Bactria formed a
region of strategic importance in the northern part of
the country. Since the military threat to the Kushan
state was mainly from the northwest, special attention
was paid to this area. Surkhqotal (Chashmai Shir)
inscriptions mention a viceroy named Nakonzok, and
an inscription written in the Bactrian language at the
Khuvishka temple in Ayritom mentions the name of a
person named Shodiya or Rodiya. According to E. V.
Rtveladze, he was the representative of the Kushan
state in North-West Bactria, i.e. viceroy [22]. In general,
the North-West Bactrian lands were formed from large
and small administrative-territorial structures of the
Kushan state and played an important role in its social
and economic life.
During the reign of Kanishka’s successors (Vasudeva,
Kanishka III), the power of the country began to wane.
Some researchers also expressed the opinion that the
Kushan state was divided into southern and northern
parts during this period.
At the end of the second quarter of the 3rd century, the
lands of Northern Bactria were conquered by the
Iranian Sasanians and became dependent on them. The
Kushan state was ruled by Sasanian rulers.
CONCLUSION
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
37
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
30-38
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In the article, based on the scientific developments
related to the history of the Yuezhites in Bactria, we
came to the conclusion that the statehood founded by
them left a deep mark on the history of the ancient
period of Central Asia and India.
After the establishment of the Kushan state, the
development of the culture of urban planning, the
establishment of peace within the state played an
important role in the growth of the country's economic
power. The location of northwestern Bactria at the
crossroads of the Great Silk Road ensured the entry of
new cultural achievements into the country, and they
had a positive effect on the overall development of the
country. After the collapse of the Kushan state, the
cities of the country went through a period of
stagnation. During the Kushan-Sasanian period, the
development of many cities of the country began to
slow down and eventually ended with their collapse.
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Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
38
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
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30-38
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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705
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(2022:
5.
705
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713
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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