Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
12
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
12-18
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
the article talks about the manifestation of gender stereotypes in different families and the methods that can be used
to determine its level today. In this, the issues of complex research, synthesising the theoretical and practical methods
of socio-cultural anthropology, gender anthropology, gender psychology, family psychology, ethnopsychology and
ethnosociology, are covered.
KEYWORDS
Gender, gender stereotype, stereotyping, masculinity, femininity, method, methodology, family, family
relationships.
INTRODUCTION
It is known that in many studies, different aspects of
gender and gender stereotypes have been studied only
one-sidedly by each field of science based on its
research method. In today's global societies, it is not
enough to study the issues of gender stereotypes in a
separate field of science, which requires a
comprehensive study together with other disciplines.
For example, the first studies on stereotyping of sex
roles were conducted by psychologists in order to
distinguish the typical differences associated with the
perceptions of men and women about each other and
themselves Although this is very important and, in
some ways, basic material for gender studies, how
gender stereotypes are defined, their impact on
gender stratification, as well as, gender stereotypes
have not helped to reveal the issues of modeling the
gender reality of culture [Usacheva, N.]
Our research is focused on the methods that can be
used to determine the manifestation of gender
stereotypes in the family, which is considered the
smallest institution of society, and its level today. n
which the issues of complex research are covered by
synthesizing the theoretical and practical methods of
socio-cultural anthropology, gender anthropology,
Research Article
SOME REMARKS ON GENDER STEREOTYPE RESEARCH METHODS
Submission Date:
December 02, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 07, 2023,
Published Date:
December 12, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue12-03
M. M. Abdullaeva
Lecturer, Department Of "Anthropology And Ethnology" National University Of Uzbekistan Named After Mirzo
Ulugbek, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
13
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
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:
12-18
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
gender
psychology,
family
psychology,
ethnopsychology and ethnosociology.
RESEARCH METHODS
Studies on research methods of gender stereotypes
were analyzed based on the following methodologies:
- comparative comparison (scientific views of
anthropologists, sociologists, psychologists, historians
and lawyers on gender stereotypes were compared);
–
periodicity (previous and subsequent changes in
theories related to gender stereotypes are presented
chronologically);
–
objectivity (negative or positive evaluation of the
gender stereotype did not exceed the threshold value)
was studied using the main methodological principles.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Gender
stereotypes
usually
mean
schematic,
normative, generalized ideas about male and female
roles, images of masculinity and femininity according
to public expectations. The field for the study of
gender stereotypes is very wide. Gender studies covers
all new social groups, state institutions: education,
production, politics, culture, religion. In this case, the
functioning of stereotypes is determined by the
interaction of people belonging to two opposite sex
categories [Stephanie Bornstein, 2012].
According to the results of the latest research, existing
gender stereotypes can be divided into three groups:
1)
stereotypes of masculinity and femininity
–
normative concepts about somatic, mental, behavioral
characteristics of men and women. For example, men
are dominant, independent, aggressive, self-confident,
logical, and able to control their emotions. Women are
more passive, dependent, emotional, caring and milde;
2)
stereotypes related to the content of men's
and women's work
–
it is understood that traditional
service provision for women and instrumental, creative
activities for men are characteristic;
3)
stereotypes related to the combination of
family and professional roles according to sex - in
which the main roles for men reflect the importance of
professional work, and for women the importance of
family. That is, men in society strive for professional
success in work and career; and women want to get
married and have children, manage the household.
These stereotypes are remarkably durable. The fact
that they are firmly rooted in the minds of a large part
of the population contributes to the transfer of
stereotypes from generation to generation in the
process of socialization [Duskazieva, 2010, p. 42 ].
Today, a separate science of genderology has been
formed for gender studies, and its goal, like
feminology, is not to replace patriarchal society with
matriarchal society, but to eliminate the contradiction
between the sexes and ensure the harmony of the
male and female halves of humanity, that is, the
harmony of social development [Karkishchenko, 2013,
p. 21-22].
There are 3 stages in the development of gender
studies in the West [Duskazieva, 2010, p. 6-8]:
The first stage (70s of the 20th century): liberal
feminism - the period of researching the idea of
equality of the sexes, taking into account the aspect of
gender neutrality in legal documents and political
decisions. In this period, the theory of structural-
functionalism prevails in social sciences. According to
it, the relationship between the sexes is determined by
the concept of gender-role division. If we consider the
family as an example, then it is necessary to separate
the functions: the woman performs the expressive
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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SJIF
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(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
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(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
function (establishing internal balance in the family),
and the man performs the instrumental function
(regulating the relationship between the family and
other social structures). Liberal feminists focused their
activities on "disrupting" stereotypes (linking women
with nurturing, care and service and men with
management) in the public mind about women and
men through a program of large-scale social change
that ensured equality in the educational, industrial,
political and legislative spheres.
The second stage (the first half of the 1980s): the
period of radical feminism, if liberal feminism solved
the binary problem of "similarity and difference
between the sexes" through the homogeneity of men
and women, radical feminism built its theory on the
basis of the differences between men and women.
The ideology of radical feminism emphasized
oppression and discrimination against women.
Classical psychoanalysis was actively criticized, in
particular, Z. Freud's interpretation of women's
weak position in society in terms of biological
characteristics was opposed. Questions were also
raised about the unfair distribution of power between
men and women in any social sphere. Women's
research on women's perception of the world, family,
relationships with men was formed.
The third stage (the second half of the 1980s): the
feminism movement was divided into several branches
((feminism
of
color,
postmodern,
humanist,
existential, cultural feminism, etc.), the basis of which
was the clarification of the deconstruction of gender
relations. Also, the transition from the analysis of
patriarchy to the analysis of the gender system and the
factors determining the formation of sex begins.
During this period, much attention is paid to the
distinction between the concepts of "gender" and
"sex" and to the understanding of gender as a socially
constructed relation of gender inequality.
Russian philosopher O. Voronina [Voronina, 2018]
distinguishes 3 gender theories that do not negate
each other, but rather reveal different aspects of the
problem. These are:
The first is the social system theory of gender, in which
gender is studied as a model of relations between men
and women formed by the main institutions of society;
The second is the stratified category theory of gender,
in which gender is considered as a network, structure
or process (process) in categories such as class, race,
age;
The third is the theory of the concept of gender as a
cultural metaphor, in which the ontological and
epistemological level of masculinity and femininity are
considered as cultural-symbolic elements.
Now, based on the subject of our research, the main
issue is the methodology of gender stereotypes. As
you know, social psychology excels in researching
stereotypes. There is also a lot of research in socio-
cultural anthropology, which has the advantage of
determining the cultural specificity, intensity and
distribution of phenomena. Culture is crucial for the
development of stereotypes. Although there is an
innate potential of a person to stereotype people with
certain characteristics, but they take a specific form
under social influence [Juraj Jonáš, 2013].
According to American lawyer Stephanie [Bornstein
Stephanie Bornstein, 2012], the concept of "gender
stereotypes" firstly refers to the usually depicted
virtues and characteristics of men and women.
Secondly, gender stereotypes include normative
models of behaviour traditionally attributed to men or
women. Thirdly, gender stereotypes reflect common
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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AGES
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SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
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(2023:
6.
713
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
thoughts, judgments, and ideas about how men and
women differ from each other. And finally, fourthly,
gender stereotypes depend on the cultural context
and the environment in which they find their
application. At the same time, gender stereotypes are
usually considered in two positions: in the self-
awareness of men and women; and in the collective
public mind.
A comprehensive study of the role of gender
stereotypes in families, synthesising the theoretical
and practical studies of socio-cultural anthropology,
gender anthropology, gender psychology, family
psychology, ethnopsychology and ethnosociology,
increases the scientific value of the research. Now let's
talk about them separately.
In particular, anthropology means the perception of a
person and seeks answers to the questions of his
cultural or unnaturalness in scientific and practical
contexts. Trying to understand what "man" is in
general, it researches the existence or absence of a
single world for all living on earth, and what role
culture plays in the formation of this world. It was
anthropology that made the influence of cultural
diversity on the formation of human behaviour its
subject of scientific research [Jerebkinoy, 2001, p. 371].
It is the anthropologists who have questioned the right
of Western culture as a single institution to judge other
cultures [Jerebkinoy, 2001, p. 371]. Anthropology as a
separate scientific discipline appeared in the 19th
century when a "scientific" explanation was required
for the existence of other societies with different
values and priorities during industrialized colonialism.
The formation of cultural (social) anthropology as a
scientific discipline on the basis of anthropology was
scientifically dependent on the colonial policy of
Europeans based on the ideas of evolutionism,
progressivism
and
eurocentrism.
Therefore,
historically, the main method of cultural anthropology
has
been
the
comparative
method.
Today,
anthropological research is conducted using all general
theoretical knowledge of social sciences and
humanities [Dictionary of gender terms, 2002].
The formation of gender anthropology, one of the
branches of anthropology, is connected with the
evolution of philosophical anthropology, it became a
separate branch of science after the Second World
War, when moral values were fundamentally re-
evaluated in the fields of European philosophy and
humanities. That is, the social changes associated with
the involvement of women in mass production in the
war and post-war period led to a revision of the
traditional theoretical schemes about the role of
women in society and social production. Accordingly,
gender anthropology - studies the place and role of
women and men in the world of culture [Dictionary of
gender terms, 2002].
Gender psychology
–
it is a branch of psychology that
studies the laws of formation and development of
personal characteristics as a representative of a certain
gender conditioned by sexual differentiation,
stratification and hierarchization. The subject of
gender psychology does not have clear boundaries, it
includes the study of the following problems:
-
psychological differences between people of
different sexes;
-
social gender-role differentiation and stratification;
-
cultural stereotypes of masculinity and femininity;
-
characteristics of socialisation of boys and girls,
men and women;
-
psychological identification of a person as a
representative of a certain sex [Duskazieva, 2010,
p. 20].
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
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SJIF
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(2023:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Gender psychology has developed mainly at the
intersection of fields of knowledge such as the
psychology of gender differences and the psychology
of the family [Duskazieva, 2010, p. 20-21].
There are several gender theories in developing a
gender approach. Among the main theories of gender
accepted in social and humanities today, the theory of
social construction of gender is important, which
means understanding gender as a category of
stratification and interpreting gender as a cultural
symbol. The social construction theory of gender is
based on two postulates [Dictionary of gender terms,
2002]:
1) gender is constructed through socialization, division
of labor, the system of gender roles, family, and mass
media;
2) gender is constructed by individuals themselves -
from the level of their consciousness (that is, gender
identification), acceptance of norms and roles
established by society, and adaptation to them
(clothing, appearance, behavior, etc.).
In particular, gender identity refers to a person's
acceptance of the definitions of masculinity and
femininity in his culture. Gender ideology is a system of
ideas that justify gender differences and gender
differentiation socially, including in terms of "natural"
differences
or
"unnatural"
beliefs.
Gender
differentiation is defined as the process of assigning
social meaning to biological differences between men
and women and using them as a means of social
classification. Gender role is understood as the
fulfilment of certain social instructions, that is, gender-
appropriate behaviour in the form of speech,
behaviour, clothing, and other things [Dictionary of
gender terms, 2002].
When the social production of gender becomes an
object of study, it is usually considered how gender is
constructed through socialization, the division of
labour, the family, and the media. The main topics
include gender roles, gender stereotypes, gender
identity, gender differentiation, and inequality
problems. Our research aims to determine the role and
importance of gender stereotypes in the family in the
context of the theory of social construction of gender.
This allows us to analyze the impact of the
standardized image of behavior patterns and character
traits that correspond to the concepts of "male" and
"female" on family relations, in particular, on marital
relations. The idea of gender constructivism also allows
us to consider the history and cultural context in the
analysis of gender stereotypes [Karkishchenko, 2013, p.
58].
Since our research is to determine the role of gender
stereotypes in family relations, it should be said that
inequality
in
historical,
and
socio-economic
development, and different natural and geographical
conditions have created certain psychological
differences between people. The non-uniformity of
relations between family members in different nations,
differences in customs and traditions, and diversity in
perception of things can be explained only by
ethnopsychological characteristics. It should be said
that the family as a social phenomenon is an etic
category, but to fully study and understand the family,
it is necessary to study its emic characteristics as well
[Rasulova, 2018, p. 39]. If the problem is studied from
both the inside (etic) and the outside (emic) in the
research, it helps to reveal the problem fully and
truthfully.
In
the
research,
an
integral
approach
of
ethnosociology is also a methodological basis. An
integral basis is a unified view of individuality and
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
collectiveness. The integral approach not only tries to
cover all features, aspects, and phenomena of national
life in their entirety but also reveals the internal integral
national ties that have been in the shadows until now -
connecting people and generations to a single
collective unity with deep psychological threads
[Rasulova, 2018, p. 40]. Based on this approach, it can
be used to reveal the gender stereotypes formed in
family relationships and the ethnopsychological
reasons for their strict adherence.
Currently, several psychodiagnostic tools designed to
study family problems are used in world psychological
practice. It is appropriate to use the methods of
comparative and complex analysis, comparison, and
periodization (chronology) based on the point of view
of typological and objective assessment of each issue
to cover the topic truthfully and objectively. At the
same time, if the researcher can use the following
methods used in socio-cultural anthropology, gender
anthropology, family psychology, ethnopsychology,
and ethnosociology in the research, the researcher can
achieve their goal:
observation - external, internal;
direct inquiry - oral, conversation;
indirect survey - written survey - specially selected and
modified psychodiagnostic questionnaires for this
research: "I am a woman (man)" questionnaire (L. N.
Ojigova variant); "questionnaire of gender roles" (S.
Bem); "family role identification" test (the test
developed by Yu.E. Aleshina, L. Ya. Gozman, E.M.
Dubovskaya);
expedition;
study of written sources;
content analysis.
Also, to be objective, gender stereotypes in their
families, male and female relations are observed from
the outside based on external observation (etic), and
for complete understanding based on internal
observation (emic) lived with them, joined them, and
gathered in natural conditions.
CONCLUSION
Above, we focused on the issues of what methods to
use in the research of gender stereotypes based on the
methods and methodologies of the social and
humanitarian sciences, and we came to the following
conclusions in this regard:
- the manifestation of gender stereotypes in the family
based on the theory of the social system of gender -
means to study as a formed model of relations
between men and women, to interpret gender as a
cultural sign;
- the study of gender stereotypes as part of the
problems of gender identity (identification), gender
differentiation, and inequality allows us to determine
the transformations of behavior patterns and
character traits corresponding to the concepts of
"male" and "female";
- a comprehensive study of the manifestation of
gender stereotypes by synthesizing the theoretical and
practical methods of socio-cultural anthropology,
gender anthropology, gender psychology, family
psychology, ethnopsychology, and ethnosociology
allows to study the problems of families of every
nationality in a modern interpretation;
- it helps to define the influence of culture, custom,
tradition, and values in the causes of problems in
couple relations, and to solve these problems in the
national cultural context.
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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