Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
24
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
24-29
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
He ancient period is about the tombs, which is an important source in the study of ancient culture. Through these
settlements, we get a lot of information about the ancient settlements of the Bukhara oasis.
KEYWORDS
Grave, archeological find, funeral, coffin, spool items, bones, Sarmatians, Sugdians, catacombs, work items.
INTRODUCTION
Under all the excavated mounds, except for
cenotaphs, one type of burial - inhumation - was found
in grave structures of various shapes. As a result of
research, no traces of cremation (burning of the dead)
were found on the hill. All burial rites from the 7th
century BC to the 7th century AD provide one stable
rite - inhumation. Most of the people were buried
alone, but there were cases where they were buried in
pairs and several times in the same place. Burials and
those buried in coffins from the later period are located
in one grave. In the catacombs of the II century BC,
people buried in coffins were found. The wooden
coffins in the mounds of the tomb in question are made
of boards, which are fixed with iron brackets and iron
nails. The shape of the coffin could not be determined
except for one grave due to grave-robbery, but iron
brackets were found in the burials and all were of the
same design.
Paired burials were found in mound 4 of the Lavandak
burial mound, where two skeletons lay with their
heads turned in opposite directions. In Mound 2 of the
same burial mound, in addition to the main burial
represented by a single skeleton, an earlier skeletal
burial was found near the eastern wall of the
catacomb. In mound 37 of the Kuyimozor burial
mound, the bones of the previous grave were gathered
in a pile next to the wall of the deep grave. The same
thing happened in mound 43 of the Hazora cemetery.
There, the bones of the previous grave were moved to
the wall of the catacomb. Burials were found on the
Research Article
THE MATERIAL CULTURE OF THE TOMBS OF THE ANCIENT AND EARLY
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Submission Date:
November 10, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 13, 2023,
Published Date:
November 20, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue11-06
Bobohusenov Akmal Ashurovich
History Teacher At The "History And Philology" Department Of The International University Of Asia,
Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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VOLUME
03
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AGES
:
24-29
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
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described mounds of Lavandak and Kuyimozor tombs.
Two or more human bones were buried in one grave in
the mounds of Sogdian burial mounds. It should be
noted that there are not many burials in the mounds of
the first period. They are found in burials in Sogd
fortifications dating back to the period before our era.
A few of them were found in fortifications dating back
to the first centuries of our era. In the period before
the Arab conquest of Central Asia, Zoroastrian burials
of bones are more common. The first Sarmatian burial
mounds on the banks of the Lower Volga, where a
woman and a man with a child or a woman with a child
were buried.
The 11th mound graves of Qiziltepa burial mound are
clear evidence of the transition of the burial tradition
from mound burial to Zoroastrianism. The bones of
eleven people were buried in a row in the catacomb of
this mound, the entrance to which was closed by two
humms covered with large pieces of other humms,
which, according to Zoroastrian burial rites, also
contained bones on top. The catacomb of the 3rd
mound next to the Soinov mound in the Kuyimozor
burial-mound was also used for burial many times, and
the bones in the hum, which were brought down to the
mound next to the mound, were also collective (three
people), one of them had the same skull deformity. The
practice of burying the corpse above the ground, often
made of wood or reeds, and placing a bed under the
corpse belongs to the ancient Panjikent tomb-mound.
The custom of placing a blanket under the corpse
during burial in the Sogdian fortifications was written
above, and analogies to the traditions that existed until
recently were also given. Therefore, it should be noted
here that the desire to separate the corpse from the
ground is present even in grave burial.
Zoroastrian burial not only involved burying the bones
in an underground pit, but also for the naus in the
desert area, the sand hill served as an ancient mound.
This is confirmed by the excavation materials of burial
mounds in the Zarafshan Valley and ossuary finds on
one of the islands of the Kuyimozor reservoir. Not
always, after cleaning them, the bones were placed in
a pot made of baked clay. Ossuaries are bags made of
cloth, sometimes plain cloth, often more expensive
pieces of cloth. The bones were placed wrapped in
cloth, placed in bags, and sometimes simply without
any ossuary. It is well known that the bones were
removed from their soft coverings and piled up, as in
the Taroz Necropolis, or simply dumped in a storage
place, such as the Frinkent Ossuary near Samarkand.
In the mounds downstream of Zarafshan, the
dominant type of div position is supine, with the legs
and arms lying along the long axis of the grave. But
there were also deviations from this type. All these
seemingly insignificant deviations are not random. The
arms of the skeletons are bent at the elbows, the hand
is lying on the stomach or pelvis, or the hands are
slightly bent aside. The position of the skeleton, in
which the arms are slightly bent at the elbows and
removed from the div, K. F. Smirnov calls the "free"
position and considers it the result of rotting of the
grass bed and displacement of the bones of the corpse.
The arms are bent at the elbows, and the hand rests on
the pelvis, which he attributes to some unknown cult,
and notes that this custom was common in later
Sarmatian graves. About 11% of those buried during the
Sauromatian period, regardless of gender, age, and
property status, placed their hands on the pelvis. Most
importantly, according to K. F. Smirnov, this custom
was widespread among the Sarmatians of the Don-
Volga steppes.
The depicted state of skeletons is found in mounds not
only in Sogd, but also in other regions of Central Asia.
There are several graves where skeletons lie in a bent
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
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03
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OCLC
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position. This situation is very characteristic: the legs of
the skeletons were bent at the knees and set aside, and
the heels were not touched, and there was a
noticeable gap between them. The left arms of all the
skeletons are slightly bent at the elbow and laid slightly
to the side. The right arm of some skeletons is also bent
at the elbow, but to a lesser extent and laid to the side;
in some skeletons, the right hands lay along the div.
This type of posture is commonly known as the "rider
stance" or "dancing posture," as opposed to the other
type of bent posture.
The custom of burying dead bodies in graves dates
back to the Paleolithic era. The tradition of Chokich was
mainly characteristic of the archaic period and was
widespread. However, squatting skeletons were also
found in burial mounds of the first centuries BC, and
they were found in the same position as in the burial
mounds of the Zarafshan Valley. Based on the
information obtained during the excavation of mounds
in the eastern part of the Bukhara oasis, a broad
explanation of the origin of this type of drowned
corpse cannot be considered completely satisfactory.
It should be noted that the position of the skeleton in
the "horseman's position" is found in mounds dating
from the end of the II century - the I century BC. An
exception is the burial in mound 4 of the Lavandak
tomb-mound, which belongs to later periods. In none
of the graves of the previous period were skeletons
found in a bent position. In the burials of the first and
later centuries of our era, there was no order of
squatting. This is a very important situation, which
shows the difference from the burials of other periods,
which will be explained when considering the question
of the origin of these burials. Here we add to all that
has been said about the existence of this type of burials
only in the medieval Holchayan tomb-mound.
As mentioned above, in each chronological group of
graves in ancient Sogd tombs, regardless of their
location, as well as the structure of the grave, a certain
type of orientation of skeletons prevails. In the first,
the oldest burial group of the VII-III centuries BC,
regardless of the soil, the type of grave, the northern
orientation of the skeletons prevails. There are isolated
burials in which the skeletons were laid with their
heads facing south, and only one burial head was
facing west in the ancient day surface in mound 22 of
the Hazora tomb-mound. There is absolutely no way
that the heads of the skeletons are oriented to the
east. In the burials of the next period, that is, in the II-I
centuries BC, on all hills, regardless of whether there
were chambers or catacombs under the shore,
skeletons lay with their heads turned only to the south,
west or east. There are no other types of skeletal
orientation in this group. From the first centuries of our
era to the 7th century, burials were directed with the
heads of the skeletons to the north and east with a
slight deviation. In the tombs of this group, the
northern direction of the skeletons was recorded in the
soil, in the side graves, and in the catacombs. The
eastern direction of the skeletons was not in any
earthen graves or side graves, but only in the
catacombs. It should also be noted that the northern
direction of the skeletons in the burial mounds of this
group was found in the burial mounds of the II-IV
centuries. During this period, he lived together with
the eastern direction. In the late period of Zarafshan
fortifications, only one direction - the eastern direction
- was preserved.
Thus, we can say that in the mounds of the
Zarafshan Valley there are three main burials with
twisted human skulls, corresponding to three
chronological periods. These are the northern,
southern and eastern directions.
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