Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
41
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Globalization, the growing interconnectedness and interdependence of States, the integration of their economies,
and the internationalization of all spheres of public life are among the most characteristic features of our time. It is
this factor that underlies the transformation of national-traditional societies and the modernization of their political
institutions.
KEYWORDS
Economic, social, ethnic and cultural factors is not a discovery of the XX-XXI centuries, it is still found in the works of
Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli and other thinkers.
INTRODUCTION
The idea that the development of the political system
and institutions is conditioned by economic, social,
ethnic and cultural factors is not a discovery of the XX-
XXI centuries, it is still found in the works of Plato,
Aristotle, Machiavelli and other thinkers. The
sociodynamic character of the state was noted by
Plato and Aristotle, who considered " each form of
state corresponds to its own definition of the concept
of citizen, its own grounds for granting a particular
circle of persons a set of civil rights. Together with
changes in the concept of a citizen and, consequently,
the norms of the state, the state itself also
changes."[1.60] After all, civil rights are an expression
of a person's position in economic, social and cultural
life and reflect their essence.
The first theories, scientifically based concepts of
modernization of society and its political institutions
appeared in the middle of the last XX century. These
theories, later called "the theory of political
modernization"
or"
the
theory
of
political
development", consider the concrete historical
Research Article
MODERNIZATION IS AN IMMANENT PROPERTY OF POLITICAL
INSTITUTIONS
Submission Date:
June 11, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 16, 2023,
Published Date:
June 21, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue06-08
Khozhageldiev A.
Doctor Of Political Science, Associate Professor Of The Department Of Social Disciplines Karakalpak State
University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
42
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
process of transformation of traditional political
systems into modern ones, identify internal
(endogenous) and external (exogenous) mechanisms
of socio-political changes that societies and their
political institutions are forced to obey, leading to
modernization. I should note that these theories
clearly distinguish or contrast modern and traditional
society, democratic and non-democratic political
institutions.
In the 70-80 years, the theory of modernization turned
into a justification of a general model of the
development of human society and civilization, the
essence of which is to study the transition from a
traditional society to a rational¬and technical
modernist one. During this period, the works of G.
Almond and A. Powell, D. Anter, S. Verba, L. Pai, S.
Eisenstadt, and S. Hansington appeared, which put
forward two concepts of modernization: 1) original
upgrade and 2) secondary upgrade. The original
modernization referred to the socio-political changes
that occurred as a result of long-term internal
development in the United States and Western Europe
after World War II. Secondary modernization is typical
for countries that have fallen behind in their
development and are trying to catch up with the
advanced ones in a more accelerated way by using the
socio-political and economic experience of the latter.
Considering modernization as a process of borrowing
other people's experience was not enough, it was
necessary to take into account the internal features of
modernizing societies and their systems. Therefore, in
recent years, a number of theoretical and analytical
works have appeared where researchers: 1) expanded
the geography of studying the objects of
modernization; 2) shifted the focus to studying the
problems of objective conditionality, crises of political
changes, ways and forms of overcoming them; 3)
political processes were studied taking into account
their national and cultural context. The experience of
some countries has shown that modernization is
possible not if the traditional model of culture is
weakened, but even if it is strengthened." [2.6]
Therefore, modernization should naturally be
considered in the context of the economic, social,
cultural and political development of society, and it is
especially important to take into account the
traditional model of culture, the national identity of the
functioning of socio-political institutions. [2]
Quite a lot has been written about the socio-economic
situation of the former USSR in the pre-modernization
period. Here we want to give just a few examples that
served as an impetus for the modernization (economic
modernization) of socio-economic life. Uzbekistan and
Karakalpakstan.
The socialist economy was built on collective¬state
ownership, it deprived people of the right to economic
freedom, individual development of a person, and his
creative potentials. The lack of institutionalized private
property and economic freedom hindered the
development of not only the individual and the
economy, but also society as a whole, including its
political institutions. "Property has many meanings for
the state, law, individual, society, as an economic, legal
and political category. As is well known, the form of
government in the state, the regime of power, and the
scope of individual rights and freedoms depend on the
certainty of the property relationship. Property has
defined in the history of mankind the relations of
power and subordination to the development of
civilization, the philosophy of equality and inequality,
justice and democracy, and it has also become one of
the important criteria for the specifics of the" West
"and"East". [3.114] Therefore, ignoring the institution
of private property led to the collapse of the socialist
economy and socialist relations of production.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
43
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Therefore, the first step of the independent states in
economic modernization was the restoration of the
institution of private property.
The restoration of the institution of private property
was accompanied by the privatization of state
property.
Privatization,
denationalization
and
unbundling dealt a crushing blow to the former
socialist economy, industrial giants, and gave a
powerful impetus to the development of the private
sector of business and entrepreneurship.
The next step in economic modernization was price
liberalization. The real reform of the economy in all
countries practically began with the liberalization of
prices, in full or in part. "The meaning of this
mechanism was to break down the commodity-
management activities of socialist states, in other
words, to destroy their load-bearing structures, to
form (in any way) the social base of transformation."
[4.153]
Monopolization of production was a factor in the
modernization of the socialist economy. In order to
simplify management, the Soviet state concentrated
all activities on large enterprises, which gave it the
opportunity not only to manage enterprises, but also
to control all socio-economic relations. Therefore, the
French researcher I. Samson is absolutely right when
he wrote about the Soviet economy: "There is no need
to analyze the origins of the weak efficiency of this
economic system. We can only point out that it kills the
initiative of enterprises, innovative engineers, and
competent workers, and slows down demand
satisfaction and technological progress. The whole
system of values is based on inertia, social security, risk-
free and egalitarianism. At the same time, the socialist
system, thanks to its integrity, has demonstrated
stability in the face of various external, political, and
technological shocks and extraordinary resistance to
change." [4.164]
Social factors that caused the modernization of society
are primarily related to the social structure of Soviet
society. In this society, there were workers, collective
farmers, and employees; this simplified description of
social relations ignored the diversity and diversity of
human communities and their existing forms of
interaction. In such a narrow dogmatic scheme, there
was no place for those who were engaged in private
subsidiary farming, outside of public production.
Studying the features of the social structure of the
transition period, A. K. Taksanov and A. A. Taksanov
write: "The transition period is a stage of
denationalization and privatization, initial capital
accumulation and the formation of private enterprises
and farms, individual possessions on this basis,
attracting foreign investment and developing joint and
joint-stock associations and firms on this basis. Thanks
to the radicalization and democratization of the
economy, society receives new types of production
workers and producers, as well as new types and areas
of employment and professional employment. There is
a sharp division of the population into three main
groups: producers, service providers, and consumers.
In the social aspect, the process of stratification of
labor resources into employees, owners and
unemployed began. At the same time, the trend
towards extreme polarization of the population in
terms of material income and consumption, social
security and security, and opportunities for
harmonious development is increasing." [5.5] Thus, the
development showed the inconsistency of the Marxist
dogma of building a classless society: all norms of
social interaction imply stratification, the division of
people by occupation, social status, interests, relations
to property, and labor.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
44
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Under the socialist system, state control over wages
and prices was carried out, which hindered the
development of social activity of people. Therefore,
during the transition period, the liberalization of prices,
wages and interest rates became one of the main
elements of modernization. Market conditions
gradually began to determine the price level more and
more. "The transition to a market economy was
accompanied by the elimination of subsidies for
consumption. Since these subsidies were primarily
used to meet basic needs, their elimination could lead
to real income inequality. Conversely, the formation of
consumer prices through a market mechanism works
against the previously existing practice of a non-
market method of distributing income by standing in
queues or on the basis of privileges. Prices set on the
basis of achieving a balance between supply and
demand give consumers equal access to goods. This
situation
creates
its
own
advantages
and
disadvantages across the entire socio-economic range.
Thus, the elimination of administrative prices acts
against the interests of the poor, who were previously
willing to stand in queues. But, on the other hand, the
elimination of such prices contributes to the
establishment of equality, since those who have
privileges and "connections" lose special access to
goods and services." [6.27]
The entire social sphere
–
medicine, education,
insurance, legal, technical and social services-was in
the hands of the state. The state itself was ahead of
where, when to build cultural institutions, and how
many specialists and employees they will have. For
example, S. Savas and G. Gedik describe the health care
system of the former Soviet Union as follows: "The
health care system of the Soviet Union was managed
by the central Ministry of Health in Moscow, which
performed the functions of planning, standard
regulation, consultation and general management. For
this purpose, the Ministry of Health had technical
departments for medical services, environmental
protection, pharmacy, professional medical training,
financial and planning departments, as well as
international relations in the field of health. The
Academy of Medical Sciences under the Ministry of
Health oversees many research institutes scattered
throughout the country. Each of the 15 Union republics
had its own Ministry of Health, whose structure and
functions largely reflected the structure and functions
of the Union Ministry in Moscow. The basic
organizational structure of the health care system of
the former USSR republics was built parallel to the
general administrative structure. Each region had a
regional (district) health department, which was
accountable to both the regional administration and
the Ministry of Health of the Republic. The region
consisted of districts where the management of
medical services was under the authority of the chief
physician of the district hospital, who in turn was
subordinate to the regional health administration."
[7.170-171] Such rigid centralized management did not
take into account regional and national behaviors,
norms and orders. This did not contribute to sufficient
satisfaction of the population's needs for medical
services and the development of health care. "The
inefficiency of healthcare at the regional level is mainly
due to neglect of the needs of the population. Most of
the resources are spent on inpatient treatment, and
technical backwardness was observed, along with
excessive treatment with inappropriate methods. One
of the main features of the existing health care system
is that the role of hospitals is exaggerated, and
outpatient treatment is used inefficiently. In addition,
the healthcare system focuses on quantitative
standards of service, for example, the number of beds,
doctors, and treatment facilities for every 1,000 people
in the population. These standards serve as a starting
point for planning and determining budget allocations,
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
45
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
which leads to excessively large hospitals, high
maintenance fees, unjustified hospitalization, long
hospital stays and a large number of medical staff, but
at the same time to a low level of service. The lack of
management culture and professionalism is a serious
obstacle to improving the efficiency of healthcare."
[7.173] All this required modernization of the social
sphere, through the introduction of market
mechanisms and the development of non-state
medical services. But this modernization is not copied
from the West, but corresponds to the specifics of the
development of new independent states, and market
mechanisms are socially oriented to the solvency and
mentality of the population.
The cultural or socio-cultural factors that caused the
modernization of society include the Soviet regime's
disregard for the ethno-cultural characteristics of the
republics, the imposition of the dogmas of communist
ideology on the peoples, the division of popular culture
into proletarian and bourgeois, and thus the
opposition of these cultures to each other, the
thoughtless praise of socialist culture as the pinnacle of
the development of human civilization. "A person
enters humanity," wrote N. A. Berdyaev, " through
individuality, as a national person, and not an involved
person, like a Russian, a Frenchman, a German or an
Englishman. A person cannot jump over a whole stage
of existence, this would make him impoverished less
than a simple person, he has generic features,
individually-national.
One
can
wish
for
the
brotherhood and unity of Russians, French, English,
Germans and all the peoples of the earth, but one
cannot wish for the expressions of national faces,
national spiritual types and cultures to disappear from
the face of the earth... Culture has never been and
never will be abstractly human; it is always concretely
¬human, i.e., national, individual-folk, and only in this
capacity does it ascend to universal [8.144] humanity."
In the thoughts of N. A. Berdyaev, answers to those
who neglect ethno-national and ethno-cultural identity
will not betray the prospects of nations, including in
their individual and human dimension. Unfortunately,
the Soviet regime ignored the role and influence of
ethno-culture on social relations, the formation of the
individual, everything was reduced to the class nature
of culture and its internationalization.
In the works devoted to the problems of culture,
several propositions from the works of Marx and Lenin
were established as the initial postulates on which all
the buildings of cultural science were built at that time.
Culture was defined as " the totality of achievements in
science, art, and literature combined with cultural and
educational work based on the principle of the
connection between culture and politics as the most
important principle of socialist culture, which all Soviet
cultural figures follow and expose hypocritical fictions
about the "apolitical nature of culture." [9.406] The
main conclusions of these works were that " only
socialist culture creates the necessary prerequisites for
the harmonious development of the individual, only
national in form and socialist in content culture is able
to preserve and multiply all the achievements of world
culture." [9.409]
Many examples and thoughts can be given about the
failure of the Marxist-Leninist theory of culture, its
postulates about "socialist civilization", "Soviet
culture", "the communist way of development of
civilization" , etc. Without exposing the inconsistency
of these postulates and slogans, it was impossible to
modernize society and introduce democratic values
into people's minds. "We," says I. A. Karimov, " have
abandoned the totalitarian system, which is
ideologized in every respect and does not recognize
our national traditions, and have chosen the path of
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
46
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
building an open democratic and rule-of-law state and
forming a socially-oriented market economy.
We have embarked on a path and made a choice that
meets the age-old aspirations of our people, opens up
huge opportunities and prospects for our country and
for future generations of people. Although we were
well aware, and we are seeing this today, of how
difficult and difficult it is to achieve the difficult, I would
say great goals that we have set for ourselves.
The most important thing is that these goals are to
build an independent state, a free society, to achieve a
decent standard of living for our people, in other
words, to live the life that people live in developed
democratic countries. These goals are becoming more
and more firmly embedded in people's minds and
occupy more and more place in their practical affairs."
[10.4-5]
Modernization is not just a change in the structure of
interaction, the creation of new divisions or jobs, even
it is not proclaimed by any new slogans or doctrines.
Modernization should involve not only a change of
government or political regimes, but also a change of
the social system and its structure; the mechanisms of
market relations and economic democracy should be
widely introduced; reforms in the economic, political
and socio-cultural spheres should be implemented
simultaneously, which lead to a qualitative change in
the life of the people; the creation of a multi-party
system that revitalizes the legal framework for the
development of democracy, ensuring human rights
and freedoms.
Modernization follows from the inner awareness of
change, from the logical content of the development
of an object, an institution. Only an immanent
condition can have a favorable impact on
modernization processes and support external
challenges. Reforms that do not follow from the
specifics of the object's development will sooner or
later be rejected. Therefore, modernization should be
based on the ethno-social and ethno-cultural traditions
of society. At the same time, any social organism that
wants to exist and develop as an equal subject of the
global democratic community cannot ignore the
requirements of globalization. Modernization is a
characteristic feature of globalization. Today,
globalization not only draws new peoples, states, and
institutions into its circle, but it also enters more deeply
into their inner essence and, thus, turns modernization
into their immanent property.
REFERENCES
1.
History of political and legal doctrines.
Textbook, Moscow: NORMA-INFRA Publishing
House, 1999, p. 60.
2.
Political
modernization,
http://www.tspu.tula.ru/res/other/politolog/le
c://www.tspu.tula.ru/res/other/politolog/lec 12.
html. - p. 6.
3.
Umarova K. Political culture of the peoples of
Uzbekistan and Karakalpakstan: historical
experience
of
formation.
-
Nukus:
Karakalpakstan, 1935.
–
P. 114.
4.
Danilov A. N. Transitional society: Problemy
sistemnoy transformatsii [Problems of system
transformation], Moscow: Harvest LLC, 1998,
p. 153.
5.
Taksanov A. K., Taksanov A. A. Social structure
of Uzbekistan in the conditions of state
independence and democracy. - T.: FAN, 1992. -
p. 5.
6.
Yun S., Schimitsu M., Gedik G., Fulkingham J.,
Pomfret R. Initial conditions at the beginning of
the transition period / Central Asia 2010.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
47
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
41-47
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Prospects for human development.
–
Finland:
Published by Scan Web, 2010.
–
С. 27.
7.
Savas S., Gedik G. Health care reforms in
Central Asia// Central Asia 2010. Prospects for
human development.
–
Finland: Published by
Scan Web, 2010.
–
P. 170-171.
8.
Berdyaev
N.
A.
Samopoznanie
[Self-
knowledge], Moscow: DEM, 1990, p. 144.
9.
Philosophy of culture. St. Petersburg: Lan
Publ., 1998, p. 406.
10.
Karimov I. A. Osnovnye napravleniya further in-
depth
democratic
transformations
and
formation of the foundations of civil society in
Uzbekistan / / Izbrannyy nami put
–
eto put
demokraticheskogo razvitiya i sotrudnichestvo
s progressivnom mir [The chosen path is the
path of democratic development and
cooperation with the progressive world].
