Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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Pages:
29-35
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ABSTRACT
In the history of Uzbek statehood The Khorezmshahs, who were of great importance, were a state with great
borders. Under such conditions, in the early 13th century, Genghis Khan united the Mongols in a single state on
the territory of present day Mongolia. The territories of the two great kingdoms remained adjacent, and so he
wanted to expand his territory even further. Gengis Khan and Khorezmshah Alouddin Muhammad began to
prepare for battle againts each other. This article discusses the relations of Genghis Khan and the Mongols with
the Khorezmshah state, their attacks and their consequences.
KEYWORDS
Genghis Khan, Alouddin Muhammad, Jaloliddin Manguberdi, Temur Malik, Bukhara, Samarkand, fortress, Otrar,
Termez, Urgench, Kipchak, Mongols.
INTRODUCTION
The study of historical processes in the current process
of globalization, their holistic assessment and
comparative analysis of historical events are
considered one of the pressing problems of the current
era. Genghis Khan had invaded many territories prior
to his invasion of the Khwarezm region. As a result of
this, the border of the Mongol state remained adjacent
to the borders of the Khwarezmshahid state, which
existed in the Middle Ages. The fact that these two
states with large territories strive to expand their
territory at the expense of each other's territories is
considered an urgent aspect of the topic.
ANALYSIS OF THEMATIC LITERATURE
The article covers the Mongol invasion of the
Khwarezmshah state, in particular, the laying of the
foundation for the Khwarezmshah state, the socio
–
Research Article
MONGOLIA'S INVASION OF THE KHOREZMSHOHS
Submission Date:
June 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 11, 2023,
Published Date:
June 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue06-06
Yakubova Dilorom Tadjiyevna
Senior Lecturer Of The Department Of History And Philosophy Of The Denau Institute Of Entrepreneurship
And Pedagogy, Doctor Of Philosophy In History (Phd), Uzbekistan
Boborahimov Shohruh Innoyatillo Oglu
Denau Institute Of Entrepreneurship And Pedagogy 3rd Year Student, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
30
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
29-35
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
political situation of the Khwarezmshahs during this
period, information on khwarezmshahs and the
Mongol embassy ties on the principles of science,
historicism, holism.
In its place, the subject is mentioned in a number of
Khwarezmian
Chronicles,
notably
Abulghazi
Bahodirkhan's "Shajarai turk", Sadriddin Salim
Bukhari's "the Great Khwarezmians", Bayani's
"Shajarai Khwarezmshohiy", Isa Jabborov's "the state
of the Great Khwarezmshahs", and historian scholars
A. Scientific research work by the likes of Asqarov,
Matyakubov, Bunyakov gives several facts about
khwarezmshahs,
khwarezmshahs
and
Mongol
relations.
RESEARCH RESULTS
In the history of the development of Uzbek statehood,
the oasis of Khorezm occupies a special place. The
political processes that took place in it, in many cases,
had a direct impact on the state of the entire region. In
this sense, the political process that took place in the
early 11th
–
13th centuries in Kohn Khwarazm, where the
genesis of our statehood was decided, and its influence
on the end region is of great interest. During the period
before that in khwarazm, many dynasties exchanged.
Of these, the dynasty that went beyond the framework
of Khwarezm and reached the dynastic level of
governance by pushing horses in the country, region
miqiyas and not being limited to this either is the
anushteginis (1097-1221). The initiator of the
anushteginian dynasty was considered Anushtegin. In
the second half of the 11th century, it was the times
when the luck of the Seljuq state was running.
Anushtegin was one of the officials of the Seljuq ruler
Sultan Malikshah, and in return for his exemplary
service was elevated to the rank of high and one of the
immediate nobles of the ruler. Around 1077, he was
appointed to the position of Khwarezm shahnag
(meaning comenant). Thus the foundation of the
Khwarezmshah dynasty was laid. Gradually this state
became one of the largest and most visible States of
the XII
–
XIII century[1].
Under such circumstances, at the beginning of the XIII
century, Genghis Khan founded the Mongol state.
There are many M'lumot about the Mongols, who are
first mentioned in the Chinese Tan dynasty (618-908)
Chronicle under the name menu (menwa). It is unlikely
that they were closely related to the Turkic tribes of
Altai and southern Siberia. And in the 10th-11th
centuries, a separate, moxe (Mongol) tribe was said to
have formed into one of their seeds as a component of
the Tatars, which were divided into 16 seeds that lived
along the banks of the originally Amur River. By the
middle of the 12th century, many of the Turkic and
tunguz
–
manjur tribes living in the vicinity of Lake
Baikal, in what is now Mongolia, began to fall under the
influence of the Mongol Monk Yesugay Bahadir. But
after Yesugai was treacherously killed during a Tatar
banquet, the influence of his son Temuchin (Genghis
Khan) began to rise within the Mongols.
Temuchin (1155-1227) (Mongolian
–
master of temur)
was a powerful and enterprising, cunning commander
who united retail tribes under his own hands in various
ways. After fully consolidating his power, Temuchin
called a general congress of Mongols (popularly
hohishi
–
Mongolian)in 1206. At the Congress, he was
solemnly proclaimed as the Supreme Mongol ruler
–
Khan, giving him the honorific name “Genghis Khan” of
the chief shaman Thebes. The word” Genghis“,
according to historian Rashididdin, means“ strong“,”
Great". He subjugated the tanguts in 1209, the Uyghurs
in 1211, and the northern Chinese capital, Chijundun
(Beijing), in 1215. No doubt later he turned his attention
to his biggest rival and neighbor in the West, the
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
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(2023:
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Khwarazmshahs
–
the Anushteginid state (1097-1221)
[2].
By the beginning of the 13th century, while the
Khwarezmshah dynasty appeared as a powerful
kingdom from the outside, tobor was weakening with
a decline from the inside. Even the progress made in
the expansion of the country's borders during the
reign of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah (1200-1220)
could not stop this jarayan. Under Sultan Muhammad,
the state of Ghur was occupied in 1203, Herat in 1204,
and Bukhar in 1207. In September 1210, the karakhitoi
were tormented in an isolated steppe on Syrdarya. On
the territory of the country, the territories of
Movaraunnah, Khuroson, Mozondoro, Kirmon, Iraqi
Ajam, Azerbaijan, Seiston, Ghazna, Balkh and Kandahar
were included. During the reign of Sultan Muhammad
Khwarazmshah, protests and uprisings began due to
the abuse of the population by the administrators,
injustices, large amounts of taxes and obligations. At
the same time that the domestic situation in the
country was a fertilizer, the borders were adjacent to
the Mongol state. During the Dashti Kipchak March of
1215, Khoramzshah's troops fought with parts of the
Mongol Jōji Cantonment. Zhuji's troops did not receive
orders from Genghis Khan to fight Muhammad
Khwarazmshah's army, so this accidental clash
brought no results. But Genghis Khan's interest in the
Khwarezmshah state increased even more[3].
In the spring of 1218, Genghis Khan sent the merchant
Mahmud Yalavoch as ambassador to Khwarezm with a
large caravan of valuable gifts. The ambassadors were
charged with the payment of espionage information.
Genghis Khan's special Noma had hinted that
Muhammad would see Khwarazmshah among his
sons. The statement is a reference to the subordination
of the Khwarezmshah state to the Mongol Khan in
Zamiri. The emissary was sent in response to the
activities of Khwarezmshah's emissaries, led by
Bahawuddin Rozi, who was sent to Genghis Khan in
1215. In 1218, Muhammad Khwarazmshah had sent
Ahmad Khojandi and Ahmad Balkhi as ambassadors. As
early as this year, Genghis Khan sent 500 camels with a
Muslim caravan of 450 people, loading expensive
fabrics. The caravan was robbed and people were
executed in the meadow. An excuse was found for
Genghis Khan. The inevitable war is imminent[4]. At
this time, Muhammad Khwarazmshah, who believed in
the great power of the Khwarazm dynasty and
overestimated his invincible military leadership
abilities, was now determined to march over Baghdad,
subjugate the Caliph himself to Khwarazmshah, and
teach himself by adding his name to the Khutba in the
center of the caliphate.
After taking Baghdad, Alovuddin was in the appetite to
conquer Gurjizistan and then the Byzantine Sham land
and Egypt. With this intention, in the autumn of 1217, a
huge army of the Khwarezmian dynasty set out
towards Baghdad. This army numbered 600,000
according to some authors and 400,000 only cavalry
according to An
–
nasawi. His army was also
approaching the asabad pass near Khulwon, so that
the snow that he unexpectedly liked did not stop for
three days and three days. Khwarezmian soldiers could
not withstand the cold.
But Alovuddin Muhammad had the intention of
continuing the March of Baghdad sar against any
daxshat. However, on February 10, 1218, a chopar from
Khwarezm heard from the East that the Mongol
–
tatar
army was preparing to attack Movarounnahr under the
leadership
of
Genghis
Khan.
Knowing
this,
Khwarazmshah Muhammad stopped the Baghdad
March and returned to Movarounnahr in March 1218.
But he does not go to Urganch, but comes to
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Samarkand. Urganch was at the disposal of a Turkon
wife at this time (mother of Alovuddin Muhammad)[5].
Genghis Khan began a military campaign in 1219 with
his sons chieftain about 200,000 major military forces
into the long-carefully trained Khwarezmshah
Anushteginid state. He gathered his army near the city
of O'tror and divided it into 4 parts. Genghis Khan and
part of the army of the Artsakh were left to besiege
and occupy Oatror. The second, under the command of
Joshi, was sent to invade the upper reaches of
Syrdarya, the cities of Jand, Yangikent, Borchiglikent,
Sigismund. The five-thousand-strong army in the third
part was given the task of occupying Khojand and
Banokand by marching south of O'roor, where Alaq
Noyan and Suketu Cherbi were Chief. The fourth main
part, headed by Genghis Khan (which also included the
famous warlords Jebe and Subutoy), headed towards
the Zarafshan Oasis to invade Bukhara and Samarkand.
According to historical data, the total number of
Khwarazmshahs troops at this time reached up to
400,000, which was more than the Mongol troops[2].
The initial attack will focus on the Meadow. O'tror is
a fortified city fortress, whose defenders fight against
the Mongols for six months. Inalkhan (Göyirkhan), the
governor of otror, led 20,000 cavalry and the 50,000-
strong “lashkar birun “troops th
at Khwarazmshah sent
as a relief, and The Defenders of the city were again
aided by a 10,000-strong unit led by Black Hajib. The
Mongols occupied and destroyed the city after a long
siege[3].
Genghis Khan, who was on his way to Bukhara, was
surrendered without a fight by Zarnuq (Zerinuh) and
the Fortress of Nur. Genghis Khan appeared near
Bukhara at the beginning of February 1220 (some
literature say February 7), The Dome of the Islamic
religion in the East, the “center of Islamic Sciences“,
which bears
the name “ Mother of all Muslim cities“. A
three-day siege of the city begins. Bukhara at this time
had a city garrison of 12,000, a “lashkari birun“ of
20,000. The armies were headed by the influential
warlords Ishtoriddin, Qushlu, Inanchkhan, Ulugh Haji,
Hamid Pura Qorahitoy, Suyunchkhan, Uyghur
sarkardasi Kokhan (Gorkhan) from the Mongols. From
them, Inanchkhan bazor manages to get rid of
Amudarya, Hamid Pura Karakhitoy mardonavor is killed
in battle, while the rest of the armed forces are forced
to retreat back to Bukhara. A group of Elders led by
Bukhara Kazi Badriddin Kazi were sent to Genghis Khan
in order to keep the lives of the townsfolk intact. On
February 10, 1220, the Mongols entered Bukhara. Most
of the townspeople continued their resistance again,
while at night they secretly helped the soldiers and
launched an attack against the Mongol soldiers.
Genghis Khan responded by ordering the burning of
the city. The 400 defenders, led by kokhan, resisted
fiercely for another 12 days in the Bukhara arc. The
Mongol movement, which was made to occupy the
arch, went to zoe. The pits in the castle were filled with
human and animal dead. It was not until after the
heroic deaths of kokhan and The Defenders led by him
that the ark was taken. Bukharian resistance greatly
angered the Mongols. The Mongols massacred 30,000
of
the
shahat
people.
Enlightened
subtle
interpretation, cultured and learned Bukhara people
were subjected to a whirlwind of oppression and
humiliation by the conquerors[2].
After Bukhara, Genghis Khan headed towards the city
of Samarkand. In early March 1220, " he reached
Samarkand and razed the nearby villages to the
ground. The cities also had a military garrison of
110,000 men (out of which 60,000 were Turkic, 50,000
Persian), 20 military science-trained elephants. Sultan
Muhammad's uncle Tughaihan was the city's Viceroy,
and the city was also for some time ready for defense.
Genghis Khan himself led the siege of the city from the
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Koksaroy stronghold outside the city. From March
1220, the city was heavily besieged and a continuous
offensive began. On the fifth day of the siege, ulamo, a
nobleman, the military chiefs of the city decided to
surrender to the Mongols with the goal that “further
resistance is not suitable for the goal and mass
dest
ruction must be prevented.“ The city was visited
by ambassadors on behalf of the people of Samarkand
before Genghis Khan, led by Kazi and shaykhulislom.
The Mughals demolished the Samarkand main water
structure
–
“Joyi arziz “–“ Horn novasi“and gyroftored
the city into a whirlpool of thirst. The 20,000-man
defenders of the floodplain bois surrendered. About
1,000 defenders, on the other hand, entered the Jome
–
mosque built by the Sultan in 1211-1214 and began to
strike at the dushmn. The Mongols set fire to the
mosque and condemned the defenders to death alive.
Of the 50,000,000 people who were taken outside by
the authority of the city's judge, shaykhulislom, all the
population layers were unconditionally looted. 30,000
tradesmen were presented to the relatives of Genghis
Khan. A tribute of 200,000 dinars was imposed on the
surviving townspeople. Only ¼ of the total population
survived in Samarkand. The city, which had passed in
the direction of the Mongols, the Viceroy Togaykhan,
was soon massacred with his 30,000 men on Genghis
Khan's orders.
Due to the looting of the surrendered city by the
Mongols,
the
once
flourishing
capital
of
Movarounnahr, which was glorified as "Saikali roi
zamin ast", was considered one of the great cities of
the East, was destroyed and razed to the ground. This
terrible incident happened due to the irresponsibility
of Sultan Muhammed Khorezmshah, the lack of mutual
alliance between the military leaders, and the fact that
the people left the fate of the country to their own
devices [2].
According to the plan, the Mongol invaders led by
Genghis Khan's eldest son Joji were supposed to
occupy the upper part of the Syr Darya. The invaders
captured the cities of Sighnoq and Borchiligkent, and
then attacked Khojand, which was considered a strong
fortress. The Mongols gathered 20,000 troops and
50,000 captives around Khojand. The governor of
Khojand, Temur Malik, was originally from the Turkic
generals and was a familiar figure to the sultan and his
family, who made a name for himself in the
Khorezmshah state.
Sensing that it was impossible to resist the Mongols,
Temur Malik (in the sense of ruler-ruler) settled on the
Mojazhgina island of Sirdarya, one kilometer away
from Khojand, with about 1,000 soldiers. According to
his order, 12 boats were made, covered with felt,
soaked in vinegar and watered with mud in order to
prevent bullets from passing through. Timur Malik
realized that it is not appropriate to stand up to the
island for a long defense, so he placed a supply of food
on 70 ships and sailed down the river. The Mongols
continuously attacked the ships of Timur Malik along
the two coasts.
The Mongol warlord Ulus Idi Borchiligkend and
manjaniqs (stone otar cannons) set up near Jand,
catching boats and blocking him from his path. After
long battles Temur Malik arrives in Urganch and takes
an active part in Jaloliddin's freedom struggle. Later,
arriving in his homeland as darvesh, he heroically dies
at the hands of the Mongolian military.
Genghis Khan intends to spend the summer of 1220
south of Movarounnahr. Because, he was personally
the head of the occupation of Southern cities. After all,
in the south there were a number of rich provinces and
cities that had not yet reached the stage of the
invaders. First he invades Nahshab. The people of
Nahshab fell into disfavor and handed over the city to
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the Mongols. Genghis Khan, after spending the
summer in Nahshab, begins his march to Termiz in the
autumn of 1220. Termez was located on favorable land
at the junction of the Indian and Central Asian trade
routes, and his stronghold adjacent to the amudaryo
Coast was strong in its time. The governor of Termez,
Fakhriddin Khabash, decided to respond to the Mongol
invasion by standing valiantly. On the eleventh day of
the defense, the city was occupied. The city was
sacked butkul and chonavayran. The people of the city
were driven into the steppe and massacred. When the
Asiatic parts of movarounnahr
–
the Syrdarya Basin,
Zarafshan, Kashkadarya valleys, Bukhara Oasis, Shosh
and Fergana Valley-were occupied, Genghis Khan now
shifted his main focus to the khwarezmshah State
center Khorezm region. In this walk, his sons made
responsible the Chick, The chick, the sharpshooters. In
particular, Khan attached great importance to the
conquest of the wealthy ancient Urganch (Gurganj),
the largest city in the Muslim East, madania, where
trade flourished. [2]
In April 1220, Alouvddin Muhammad comes to
Nishapur. However, the Sultan overhears Noah
wearing it and hides in a number of towns and castles.
Nowhere was he warmly welcomed. Finally, on the
Caspian Sea island of Ashura, his son Jaloliddin
Manguberdi is appointed crown prince and dies in
December 1220. His sons, Özlükşah, Özgöh, fell to the
Mongols and were killed. Unable to come to terms
with the king and having built a kingdom within the
kingdom, his mother Turkon khotynati also ends
tragically. The Mongols captured him and sent himself
to Mongolia, demanding an uncounted Treasury[4].
The town of Urganch, located in Khorezm, was
besieged by Mongol invaders in early 1221. Before the
siege of Urganch, Jaloliddin Manguberdi arrived in the
city. Due to intrigue and other disputes that have been
waged by opposing forces against jalaliddin, Jalaliddin
Manguberidi is forced to abandon the city. Humortegin
(nephew of the Turkish wife), who relies on the
Kipchak Warlords, is proclaimed Sultan. The Mongols
would raise 100,000 troops for the siege. The siege
lasts 7 months, no matter how hard the enemy tries to
capture the city. More than 100ming Patriots die in
defensive battles. Huddy is actively involved in one
such battle, Najmiddin al
–
Kubro (founder of the
“kubrovia“ sect, where 1145
-1221 lived). Confusion
begins between the defenders. In a threatening
situation, Humortegin takes the initiative and, instead
of strengthening the army's fighting ability, orders the
city gates open to save his life and surrenders to the
enemy. The enemy does not spare those who
surrender. 100ming artisans are separated from the
princes and the rest of the population is massacred. For
Anashu reason, he had marched to Georgia in 1226-
1228.
In 1227, Jaloliddin Manguberi is active in the struggle
against the Mongols, who began their march against
Iran. On August 25, 1228, the Mongol invasion led by
Taynal Noyon, who had arrived to conquer Iran, was
crushed. But the relationship between Jalaliddin
Manguberdi and the local government is strained. On
August 10, 1230, a combined force of local governors
would strike Jalaliddin's Army. Jaloliddin Manguberdi,
who was isolated from the army, was killed by a
Kurdish man who wanted to obtain a relative Khuni
between 17 and 20 August 1231. After the death of
jalaliddin, the anushteginid dynasty is terminated. The
Mongol government in movarounnahr was established
in full [4].
Conclusion. Summing up, the Khwarezmshah
state, which developed in its time, had very large
territories, and during the same period, the second
largest Dawat waged war with the Mongol Dawalat.
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This war ended with the defeat of the khwarezmshahs.
The fact that the externally large state was not in good
internal condition and that the state ruler Sultan
Muhammad khwarazmshah was incompetent, and
that the military chiefs were not in alliance were the
main reasons why the battle ended in defeat.
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O’quv
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Sh.Q.Alimova, E.Q.Arifdjanov, A.V.Narbekova,
N.S.Rasulova, Q.B.Qodirov;
Mas’ul muharrir
tarix fanlar nomzodi .A.V.Narbekov.
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“O’zbekiston tarixi: davlat va jamiyat
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–
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“Vatan tarixi“: Rustambek Shamsutdinov,
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