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ABSTRACT
The services of the theater groups in the republic in the years of the Second World War in mobilizing the people to
fight against fascism, providing cultural services to the population and thereby further increasing the productivity of
labor are scientifically covered in this article based on the information in the Uzbek national newspapers published
during the war.
KEYWORDS
World War II, theater groups, the Muqimi Theater, the Hamza Theater, the Opera and Ballet Theater, regional theater
groups, wartime plays.
INTRODUCTION
The role of the theater groups in Uzbekistan was
incomparable in the victory over fascism during the
Second World War. They have made a great cultural
contribution to increase the labor productivity of the
people behind the front, and to raise the fighting spirit
of the Uzbek fighters at the front. Funds collected as a
result of this activity were transferred to strengthen
the defense of the country. There is a lot of information
on the pages of the press about the activities of theater
groups during the war years and their tours around the
country.
With the beginning of the war, the question of
subordinating everything in the country to the
interests of the front came to the fore in the Soviet
Union. Theater teams had the task of strengthening
people's feelings of hatred against the enemy,
explaining the essence of fascism, and further raising
the fighting spirit. In the early stages of the war, the
organization of concerts dedicated to defense took the
lead in fulfilling this task. In this regard, the musical
drama and comedy theater named after Muqimi, the
Uzbek academic drama theater named after Hamza
(now the Uzbek national academic drama theater) and
Research Article
COVERAGE OF THEATER ACTIVITIES IN UZBEK NATIONAL PRESS DURING
WORLD WAR II
Submission Date:
June 06, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 11, 2023,
Published Date:
June 16, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue06-05
Akbarov Rahmatillo Murtozali
O‘G‘Li
Trainee-Researcher Of Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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21-28
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the Uzbek Opera and Ballet Theater (now the Alisher
Navoi State Academic Grand Theater) made great
contributions. Information about the field given in
wartime newspapers can be a proof of this
According to the information given in the July 30, 1941
issue of the Kyzil Uzbekistan newspaper, the repertoire
of concerts dedicated to defense in Tashkent by the
musical drama and comedy theater named after
Muqimi included «Miltiq», «Warriors», «Ukraine», «the
song about Stalin» and included choruses. Theater
singers Lutfikhanim Sarimsaqova, Shahodatkhan
Rahimova, Nazira Nizgamova, folk singers J. Ghiyosov,
Kh. Akhmedov, Jorakhan Sultanov, Ma'murjon Uzokov
performed solo songs. Okhunjon Huzurjanov, a
comedian person, took part in the concerts with
humorous stories such as «Question-Answer» and
«Shirvan Old Woman» aimed at exposing fascism.
Playwrights Lohutiy, Chustiy and Sabir Abdulla began
to write new plays for the theater on the theme of
defense.[1] After reviewing the announcements of the
theaters on the pages of the newspaper the «Qizil
Uzbekistan», , two-part concerts were given at the
Muqimiy Theater on July 20, 21, 26, 27, 31, August 3, 7,
10, 14, 17. The play «Tahir and Zuhra» was shown in the
theater on days when the concerts were not given.
In addition, the team of the Muqimi Theater divided
into brigades and provided cultural services to workers
and collective farmers throughout the Republic. As
evidence, according to the information given in the
“Bukhara Haqiqati” newspaper, the 125
-member
creative team of the Muqimi Theater organized a tour
to Bukhara in October 1941.[2] In January 1942, the
artist of the Muqimi theater, national singer, Jamalqori
Ghiyosov, came to Namangan region. Together with
local artists, he performed the plays «Qurban Umarov»
and «Tahir and Zuhra» and played the leading part in
them.[3]
The concert repertoire of the Khamza State Academic
Drama Theater team includes battle tunes and songs,
as well as poems of call to action by Hamid Olimjon,
Amin Umari, Oybek published in the press.[1]
According to the information given in the newspaper
the « Stalin haqiqati», on August 6, 1941, the creative
team of the Hamza Theater started its tour dedicated
to the defense of the Motherland in the city of
Namangan by staging the play «The Gunman», and
during the tour they also showed the works
Shakespeare's
«Otello»,
«Bahodir»,
«Vatan»,
«Kholiskhan», «The rich man and his servant» to the
people.[4]
Talented artists of the Uzbek State Opera and Ballet
Theater such as Halima Nasirova, Mukarrama
Turgunbayeva,
Qori
Yaqubov,
Karim
Zokirov,
Boborahim Mirzayev, Nazira Ahmedova, Roziya
Karimova, Halima Rahimova gave concerts urging the
people to fight against the enemy.[5] On August 24,
1941, the 18-member troupe of the Uzbek Opera and
Ballet Theater, consisting of Karim Zakirov, Abdugadir
Ismailov, Fatima Borukhova, Fakhriya Jamilov, and
others, toured Urganch and gave a concert dedicated
to the defense of the homeland [6], Another 40-person
brigade of the theater, under the leadership of
Halimakhanim Nosirova, Mukarrama Turgunbayeva,
and Boborahim Mirzayev, organized a 2-part concert
program in Namangan region on August 26, 1941.[7]
Due to wartime conditions, concerts were performed
in the evenings during non-working hours.
During the Second World War, regional theaters were
also active. They have increased the number of
employees and the number of plays devoted to the
theme of defense.
With the beginning of the war, the creative team of the
Namangan regional theater started putting on Bil
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Beloserkovsky's «Frontiers» and presented it to the
residents of the region on July 11, 1941.[8], the agitators
read and broadcast the news of the Soviet information
bureau, episodes of the battle in the theater.
The Namangan regional Department of Art organized
an ensemble of songs and foot games dedicated to the
defense of the country under the regional Music and
Drama Theater. The ensemble, which started its tour
on July 29, performed in collective farms throughout
the Fergana Valley. The repertoire of the ensemble
includes the post-show «For the Motherland» and
other performances.[9] During the same cotton
picking season, the 55-member team of the Namangan
Theater began to perform the play «Qurban Umarov»
on a 15-day tour in the autumn of 1941 in Kosonsoy,
Yangikurgan and Uychi regions.[10] The Namangan
Theater, together with the regional Russian Drama
Theater, the Uzbek State Philharmonic and the
ensemble of the city's music school, organized a gala
concert in March-April 1942, and all the proceeds from
the concert were donated to the aid fund for displaced
children.[11]
Analyzing the information given in the press, it can be
seen that the theater group of Namangan region took
an active part in public constructions in the republic.
During 1942, it rendered good cultural service in the
construction of the Uchkurgan, Chust canals,
Khaqqulabad channel in the region. They were also
involved in the construction of the North Tashkent
Channel. A creative team of 25 people from the theater
was also mobilized for the construction of Farhod HPS,
which began in 1943.[12]
During the war, there was a period of creative growth
in theater groups in all regions of the republic. For
example, according to M. Sattorov, director of the
Bukhara region State Theater, he told the newspaper
«Bukhara Haqiqati» that before the war, the United
State Musical Drama Theater of Bukhara staged 5 plays
in one season, but with the beginning of the war, their
number increased to 9. The concert department of the
theater is also enriched with new repertoires on the
theme of defense. Theater artists Nematova and
Bobokhanov, head of the concert brigade, organized
concerts dedicated to defense throughout the region.
[13] By the end of 1941, Sabir Abdulla's work «Tahir and
Zuhra» began to be staged independently in the
Bukhara regional musical drama theater. [14]
In the years of the Second World War, theater groups
provided cultural services to the collective farmers in
the process of raising labor productivity in agricultural
works and implementing state plans.
In 1943, the failure of the cotton cultivation plan in the
Uzbek SSR led to the strengthening of the cotton
policy throughout the republic in 1944. In this place, the
responsibility of theater groups in the country
increased. As a result of this, the theater groups took
the collective farms of the regions and regions under
their leadership, carried out propaganda work to fulfill
the cotton cultivation plan in time in 1944, and gave
concerts in brigades. For example, the Muqimi theater
group took the collective farmers of Surkhandarya and
Bukhara region under their fatherhood and vowed to
help in every possible way to fulfill the cotton plan. [15]
Playwright Kamil Yashin wrote the play «Mother» that
expresses the struggle of the Uzbek people in the field
of cotton. The propaganda group of the theater, led by
Lutfikhanim Sarimsaqova, gave 104 concerts in the
districts of Bukhara region during one and a half
months. Another group led by Tokhtasin Jalilov served
in Khorezm and Karakalpakstan ASSR. [16]
In February 1944, at a meeting attended by about 800
employees of the Uzbek Opera and Ballet Theater and
the Sverdlov Russian Opera and Ballet Theater, the two
theaters took over Tashkent, Andijan and Fergana
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regions to help them get a high cotton harvest. [17] The
15-person team of the theater, led by Khalima
Nosirova, consisting of Karim Zokirov, Nazira
Akhmedova, Halima Rahimov, and others, came to
Namangan region in September 1944 to provide artistic
support in the promotion of cotton cultivation. [18]
In order to further develop the cotton industry, the
rendering artistic services to agricultural workers was
intensified in Samarkand region. as other groups, a
total of 21 art brigades gave concerts to collective
farmers in the fields.[19] The service of theaters in this
regard is not limited to giving concerts or plays. During
the war, they took an active part in such things as
preparing wall newspapers, «war leaflets», holding
political talks, and assisting in the accounting work of
collective farms. In addition, newspapers were read to
collective farmers.
The performances staged during the Second World
War can be divided into two groups. The first is the
works created in the years before the war, and the
second is the works created during the war. The works
of the first type include «The rich man and his servant»,
«Poisonous Life or Victims of Love», «Farhod and
Shirin», «Tahir and Zuhra», «Bahodir» written about the
life of border guards, «Vatan» by Medevani, «Kholis
Khan» and other works. These works were thematically
diverse and corresponded to the Soviet ideology or
were reworked accordingly.
With the beginning of the war, writers began to write
works based on a strict thematic plan, i.e. works
dedicated to the defense of the homeland. Poet
Tuygun's «Daughter of the Motherland», Sabir Abdulla
and Chusti's «Brave Family», Yuriy Arbat and Nikolay
Zvezdin's
«Fight
against
enemy
paratrooper
saboteurs», Mikhail Yanovsky's «The First Day of the
Attack» and other one- and two-act plays were written
and submitted to theaters.[20]
“Qurban Umarov” written by Sabir Abdulla and
Chustiy, «Revenge» by Shorakhim Tuygun, Amin Umari
and others, «Davron Ota» (1942) by Uygun, Sabir
Abdullah, Chustiy and Kamil Yashin, «Nurkhan» by
Kamil Yashin, «Death to the Invaders» ( 1942), Hamid
Olimjon's «Muqanna» (1943), Turob Tola and
Ahmedov's «Vafa», Uygun and Izzat Sultan's «Alisher
Navoiy» [21:526] were created during the war years. In
1944, as a result of the cotton theme coming to the
fore, we see an increase in the number of plays
dedicated to the development of the industry. During
the first four months of 1944, Uzbek playwrights
created a number of works dedicated to the selfless
work of collective farmers in the cotton fields. For
example, Kamil Yashin's «Mother», «Oftobkhan», Sabir
Abdulla's «Sevaman», Uygun's «War and Peace»
(dedicated to the zeal of old collective farmers in the
fields), Tuygun's one-act drama «Brigada» his works
were presented to theater groups.[22] Writers from
Samarkand, Sharof Rashidov and Hakim Zohidov,
wrote the play «Azamat» about selfless workers in
collective farms.[23] In 1944, Uygun's comedy «Qaltis
Hazil» was staged by Hamza Theater. This work also set
itself the task of showing the struggle of the Uzbek
people for cotton.[24]
During the war years, these works called upon the
working people in all spheres of society to work more
intensively and to show selflessness for the defense of
the homeland.
During the war, one of the performances that
increased the spirit of self-sacrifice and patriotism in
the population was the play «Qurban Umarov». On
September 3, 1941, the Mukimi Theater was the first to
stage the play «Qurban Umarov» by the playwright.
The play consists of 6 scenes in 4 acts and is dedicated
to the brave warrior of the Uzbek people, Qurban
Umarov.[25] The play «Qurban Umarov» was
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considered valuable for its wealth of impressive
scenes. Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme
Soviet of the Uzbek SSR, Yoldosh Okhunbobayov,
awarded Ali Ashur Yusupov, a musician of Muqimi
theater, for skillfully performing the play «Qurban
Umarov» and gave the title of Honored Artist of
Uzbekistan SSR on October 16, 1941, by the order of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.[26] The
play «Qurban Umarov» was included in the repertoires
of all theater groups in the republic.
During the war years, the play «Tahir and Zuhra» was
well received by the audience. It is said that the
removal of the play «Tahir and Zuhra» from the
repertoire at the meeting dedicated to the discussion
of the repertoire of the Muqimi Theater in 1943 led to a
decrease in the number of viewers.[27] This work,
which is considered an ancient folk epic, was reworked
by Sabir Abdullah in accordance with the Soviet
ideology. In connection with the performance of the
play at the Khorezm region theater, in an article
published in the newspaper «Khorazm Haqiqati», the
poet Egam Rahim wrote about the importance of the
play during the war, “The love problem of Tahir and
Zuhra was inextricably linked with the people’s
revenge against the enemy”.[34:83]
This period is also significant for the writing of the
historical drama «Muqanna». The historical drama
«Muqanna» was staged for the first time in September
1943 at the Academic Drama Theater named after
Hamza. Famous Uzbek actor Abror Khidoyatov played
the role of Muqanna, the main character of the play,
and Sora Eshontorayeva played the role of Guloyin.[28]
It is known that the Soviet government pursued a
policy against emdiving the history of peoples,
especially the Uzbek people. However, due to the war,
this issue was postponed a little. It was said about the
work in the article of «Qizil Uzbekistan» newspaper,
published on September 19, 1943, “The occasion of the
staging of the drama «Muqanna» lead our patriotic
nation to look at its glorious past, to emdiv the most
wonderful qualities of the heroes of this past, that is,
to make history serve the struggle in the Second World
War.»[28]
During the war years, it can be seen that the weight of
national stage works in theater repertoires increased
significantly. It is probably for this reason that in 1944,
the Art Affairs Committee of the USSR recommended
the Republican Art Affairs Department to include
dramatic and musical works on the theme of the
Second World War, Russian classics and plays of
Russian dramatists of the war period in the repertoire
of theaters. He recommended to supplement the
programs of organizations that give concerts with
works of Russian and Western European composers.
[29] After this decision, the Uzbek State Opera and
Ballet Theater staged the opera «Carmen» by the
French composer Georges Bizet. [30]
In the years of the Second World War, Uzbek theaters
rose again in their stage of development. The number
and variety of national stage productions increased.
The Soviet government, which well understood the
importance of theater in defeating the enemy, paved
the way for their development to a certain extent.
Analysis of newspapers published in the Uzbek
language shows that these processes intensified,
especially in 1944.
For example, on February 14, 1944, the Tashkent
Institute of Theater Arts was established in order to
train highly qualified directors, artists and theater
experts for Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. [31]
The number of theaters began to increase. In January
1944, the Committee of Arts under the USSR Central
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Committee decided to establish the Uygur musical
drama and comedy theater in Andijan, the Uzbek
musical drama and comedy theater and the Russian
drama theater in Samarkand.[32] ] Later, in August
1944, the committee decided to expand the network of
theaters in Uzbekistan, the Uzbek Drama Theater of
the Tashkent City Council, the Theater of Farhod
Construction, the Russian Theater in Andijan,
Namangan, Kokan in 1944-1945. , Samarkand, Bukhara,
Tortkol and Andijan, it was decided to open a theater
of young audiences. In addition, new educational
institutions were established in the Republic - a ballet
school, an artist school, a seven-year music school,
studios at the Namangan, Samarkand and Karakalpak
theaters, opera and choreography studios at the
Tashkent Opera and Ballet Theater.[29] The
establishment of theaters in the regional centers of the
republic increased. In particular, theaters were
established in Tomdi and Karakol regions of the region
in 1944 by the decision of the executive committee of
Bukhara region.[33]
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research on the activities of
Uzbek theaters during the Second World War, the
following conclusions can be reached:
–
With the beginning of the war, there was a sharp
change in the repertoires of theater groups. They have
increased the number of works on the topic of
defense;
–
The theater groups were divided into brigades and
organized tours both at the front and behind the front
to increase combat and labor productivity;
–
The theater groups donated the proceeds from the
concerts they organized to the defense fund, providing
for displaced children, as well as other areas;
–
During the war, theaters of the region also took an
active part in the field of rendering cultural services to
working people. They organized tours to regions in the
territory or neighboring regions. Regional theaters also
took an active part in public constructions
implemented in the republic;
–
Throughout the war, the domestic activity of theaters
was aimed at increasing labor productivity in all sectors
of the national economy. In 1944, as a result of the
strengthening of the cotton policy, the number of
tours organized by theater groups to collective farms
and state farms in the republic increased, and on the
other hand, it also caused the theme of cotton to come
to the fore in their repertoires;
–
In the years of the Second World War, the number of
employees in the theaters increased, and the
productions of stage plays singing the battle and work,
and the spirit of victory, were multiplied. As a result of
this, performances such as «Qurban Umarov», «Death
to the invaders», «Nurkhan», «Muqanna» appeared on
the stage. At the same time, the works of Russian and
European authors urging the people to fight against
the enemy were staged and shown in theaters.
As a final conclusion, it should be said that during the
war years, theaters in the republic made a worthy
contribution to the great victory over fascism by
selflessly working to increase the spirit of love for the
country and hatred for the enemy.
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(5890). 1944, 2
февраль
. (Toxtasin Jalilov. Our
artists to get a high yield from cotton. // Red
Uzbekistan.
–№.23 (5890). 1944, February 2.)
16.
Ра
ҳ
монов
М
.
Мажбуриятларимизни
шараф
билан
бажарамиз
. //
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.96
(6008). 1944, 17
май
. (Rahmonov M. We fulfill our
obligations with honor. // Red Uzbekistan.
–№
.96
(6008). May 17, 1944.)
17.
Халима
Носирова.
Ўзбекистон
санъат
ходимларининг
қ
асами
. //
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.
26 (5893). 1944, 6
февраль
. (Halima Nosirova. Oath
of Uzbek art officials. // Red Uzbekistan.
–
№
. 26
(5893). 1944, February 6.)
18.
Халимахон Носирова Наманганда. // Сталин
ҳ
а
қ
и
қ
ати
.
–№.172 (3171). 1944, 5 сентябрь.
(Halimakhan Nosirova in Namangan. // Stalin's
truth.
–№.172 (3171). September 5, 1944.)
19.
В. Висмонт. Самар
қ
анд
санъаткорлари
пахта
далаларида
. //
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.94 (6006).
1944, 14
май
. (V. Vismont. Samarkand artists in the
cotton fields. // Red Uzbekistan.
–№.94 (6006).
May 14, 1944.)
20.
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–
№
.164 (5144). 1941, 13
июль
.
(Red Uzbekistan.
–
№
.164 (5144 ). July 13, 1941.)
21.
Шамсутдинов Р. Иккинчи жа
ҳ
он
уруши
ва
фронт
газеталари
. 1-
китоб
.
–Т
.:
“
Akademnashr
”
, 2017.
–
Б
.526. (Shamsutdinov R. World War II and front
newspapers. Book 1.
–
T .:
“
Akademnashr
”
, 2017.
–
P.526)
22.
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–
№
.99 (6011). 1944, 21
май
.
(Red Uzbekistan.
–
№.99 (6011). 1944, 21 May.)
23.
Янги пьесалар. //
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.111
(6023). 1944, 7
июнь
. (New plays. // Red
Uzbekistan.
–№
.111 (6023). June 7, 1944.)
24.
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.169 (6081). 1944, 27
августь
. (Red Uzbekistan.
–№
.169 (6081). August
27, 1944.)
25.
Ба
ҳ
ром
Акбаров
.
“
Қ
урбон
Умаров”
. //
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.211 (5191). 1941, 6
сентябрь
.(
Bahrom Akbarov.
“
Qurbon Umarov
”
. // Red
Uzbekistan.
–№
.211 (5191). September 6, 1941.)
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
28
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
21-28
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
26.
Бухоро
ҳ
а
қ
и
қ
ати
.
–№
248 (1049). 1941, 19
октябрь
.
(The truth of Bukhara.
–№248 (1049). October 19,
1941.)
27.
Хоразм
ҳ
а
қ
и
қ
ати
.
–№
.165 (4735). 1944, 23
августь
.
(The truth of Khorezm.
–№
.165 (4735 ). August 23,
1944.)
28.
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
. 195 (5795). 1943, 19
сентябрь
. (Red Uzbekistan.
–
№
. 195 (5795).
September 19, 1943.)
29.
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–
№
.158 (6070). 1944, 12
августь
. (Red Uzbekistan.
–
№
.158 (6070). August
12, 1944.)
30.
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–
№
.156 (6068). 1944, 9
август
.
( Red Uzbekistan.
–
№
. 156 (6068). 1944, August 9.)
31.
Ўзбек совет энциклопедияси. 11
-
жилд. –Т.: ЎзСЭ
Бош нашриёти, 1978. –Б. 240 (Uzbek Soviet
Encyclopedia. Volume 11.
–
T.: UzSE General
Publishing, 1978.
–
P. 240)
32.
Андижон ва Самар
қ
андда
янги
театрлар
. //
Қ
изил
Ўзбекистон
.
–№
.14 (5881). 1944, 19
январь
. (New
theaters in Andijan and Samarkand. // Red
Uzbekistan.
–№.14 (5881). January 19, 1944.)
33.
Tomdi va Qorako‘l rayonlarida yangi teatr. // Qizil
O‘zbekiston. –№.58 (5970) 1944, 22 март. (A new
theater in the Tomdi and Qorakol districts. // Red
Uzbekistan.
–№.58 (5970) 1944, 2
2 March.)
34.
Сафарова З.С. Иккинчи жа
ҳ
он
уруши
йилларида
Ўзбекистон
маданияти
.
Тарих
фанлари
бўйича
фалсафа
доктори
(PhD)
диссертация
.
–
Самар
қ
анд
. 2020.
–Б
.83 (Safarova Z.S. Culture of
Uzbekistan during World War II. Doctor of
Philosophy in History (PhD) dissertation.
–
Samarkand. 2020.
–
P.83)
