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ABSTRACT
The article describes the state of cattle breeding in the Namangan region during the Great Patriotic War, the
importance of horses in agriculture, the dynamics of the increase and decrease in the number of livestock in
Uzbekistan, in particular the Namangan region, the activities of livestock farms in the region based on the analysis of
primary documents.
KEYWORDS
Namangan region, livestock farms, hectares, cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, young animals, alfalfa, wool, meat,
Yangikurgan, Chust, Pop, Uychi, Kosonsoy districts.
INTRODUCTION
In the years of the Second World War, along with all the
Republics of the Soviet Union, cattle breeding was
considered one of the leading industries in the territory
of Uzbekistan, in particular, in the Namangan region,
and great attention was paid to the development of
the livestock sector and increasing the productivity of
livestock. Because animal husbandry played an
important role in providing the population with
important food products such as meat and milk.
Through the development of animal husbandry, during
the war years, the transfer of products to the state in
the republic increased significantly, for example: in
1940, the transfer of wool to the state amounted to
32.3 thousand centners, in 1941 it was 39.3 thousand, in
1942 it was 45.5 thousand, and in 1943 it was 43
thousand centners. The plan for the delivery of meat to
the state was fulfilled - 32,800 centners in 1940, 34,200
centners in 1941, 42,500 centners in 1942, and 38,900
centners in 1943 [1].
However, this network has not yet recovered from
serious mistakes made in the early years of the Soviet
state, and with the beginning of the war, it was going
through great difficulties again. As a result, the number
of livestock in the republic was drastically reduced. For
Research Article
CATTLE BREEDING OF THE NAMANGAN REGION DURING THE SECOND
WORLD WAR
Submission Date:
June 05, 2023,
Accepted Date:
June 10, 2023,
Published Date:
June 15, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue06-04
Bunyod K. Hasanov
Phd Student Of Namangan State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
15
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
06
Pages:
14-20
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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example, on January 1, 1941, there were 8403.1
thousand livestock in the public sector, and by January
1, 1944, this number decreased to 7798.9 thousand.
Significant reductions also occurred in the private
sector, for example, on January 1, 1941, the number of
all types of livestock in private use was 3249.7
thousand heads, but by 1944 their number had
decreased to 1385.8 thousand heads, or 46,2% of the
amount in 1941 was left [2].
Analysis of literature on the topic.
The economic, political, cultural and military
contribution of the republic to the Second World War
and the participation of Uzbeks at the front were
studied by a number of scientists, in particular, during
the Soviet period, F. Vavilov, E. Abdurakhmanov, S.
Ismailova, A. Safaev, R. Khalikova [3]. During the years
of independence, Z. Khaidarov covered the socio-
economic life of the Namangan region during the
Soviet period and the years of independence [4], but
he did not cover the livestock farming of the
Namangan region, R. Although Djuraev studied the
situation and problems of cattle breeding in
Uzbekistan in 1917-1941[5], the condition of cattle
breeding in the Namangan region during the Second
World War was not studied as a separate research
object, but other information about the life of the
region was sufficiently studied by the author.
Research methodology.
In the course of the research, with the help of
historical-comparative,
problem-chronological,
objective, systematic analysis, the positive and
negative aspects of the activity of livestock farms of
the Namangan region during the Second World War,
their contribution to the war, were researched on the
basis of the press, new sources and archival
documents.
Analysis and results.
During the war years, a number of measures
were taken by the government in order to increase
livestock in collective farms and state farms. In
particular, as a result of the adoption of decisions and
other decrees and orders of the Soviet of People’s
Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of
the VKP(b) on the measures for the development of
public animal husbandry and on the payment of
additional wages to collective farmers who increased
the productivity of animal husbandry[6], livestock
farms began to be established in almost all collective
farms in Uzbekistan.
As a result, collective farm animal husbandry
also developed in Uzbekistan, and in 1942, the number
of cattle in the republic's collective farms increased by
17.4%, black sheep by 11.5%, goats by 12.5%, and humped
sheep by 9.3%[7]. In 1942, the collective farms of the
republic handed over to the state more meat, wool,
milk, brinza, hides and other obligations of animal
husbandry than in the previous year.
During this period, livestock breeding in Namangan
region also developed year by year, and its productivity
increased. In 1941, the number of cattle in the region
increased by 9.8%, sheep by 18.1%, goats by 23.2%, and
pigs by 20.9%. In the first quarter of 1942, livestock
farms in Kosonsoy, Uchkurgan, Pop districts expanded
and the number of livestock increased [8].
In 1942, the number of cattle in regional collective
farms increased by 19.2% compared to 1941, the number
of goats by 16.8%, and the number of fat sheep by 9.3%.
In the same year, regional collective farms increased
the number of livestock, fulfilled the plans of
mandatory meat delivery to the state, and compared
to 1941, they delivered 5,000 quintals more meat[9].
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
16
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
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Pages:
14-20
SJIF
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MPACT
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(2021:
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705
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(2022:
5.
705
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(2023:
6.
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Publisher:
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However, in 1941, there were livestock farms that did
not fulfill the state plan for livestock development. For
example, the situation in the farms of Uychi and
Yangikurgan districts is unsatisfactory, and in the first
quarter of 1942, only 6.6% of the calves born on
collective farms in Uychi district were saved[10]. The
situation in Yangikurgan district did not meet the
demand. In addition, instead of an increase in the
number of cattle, the number of pigs decreased by 3.4%
and 22.1% in the last six months compared to January 1,
1942. Implementation of the plan for sheep and goats
was very poor, at 81.3 percent, and for cattle at 77.9
percent. In Yangikurgan district, the first half-year plan
of 1942 was fulfilled by 88.5% for sheep and goats,
80.4% for cattle, and 35.7% for pigs. Nevertheless, the
number of cattle in Yangikurgan district decreased by
9 heads, i.e. by 2%, and pigs by 44.6%[11].
These indicators were unsatisfactory, the main reason
for the literal breakdown in some places was that the
party district committees and district executive
committees did not seriously deal with livestock issues,
and the land management authorities reduced their
funds allocated for livestock farms. And the collective
farms refrained from concrete practical work on animal
husbandry and tried to collect inaccurate reports.
He did not adequately control the main activities of
livestock, including breeding and breeding campaigns,
feeding and keeping young animals, preparing
livestock for transfer to the state, filling farms with
livestock, as a result of which livestock in agriculture
decreased during the first half of 1942. The number of
young animals in the entire Namangan region: mares
decreased by 6.6%, calves by 6.4%, lambs and goats by
4.1%, and pigs by 15%. During this period, cases of forced
slaughter of adult livestock also increased. By region,
this process was 1.7%, cattle 1.1%, pigs 6.4%, sheep and
goats 3.6% [12]. Pop district alone was reduced to 3,650
sheep and goats during the first half of 1942 due to the
irresponsibility of the district leaders in the matter of
livestock protection[13]. The highest percentage of
deaths of young animals was recorded in Chust district,
where 20.7% of young livestock, 16.6% of cattle and
13.1% of cattle, 16.3% of sheep, 19.6% of lambs and 44.7%
of pigs died in Yangikurgan district[14]. Collective farm
employees of some district party and Soviet
organizations did not pay attention to the
development of cattle breeding, using only cotton as
an excuse.
In 1942, based on the decision on the implementation
of the state plan for the development of animal
husbandry, the organizational committee and the
organizational bureau adopted a decision that
provided for the removal of the state plan of the state
plan, the removal of the livestock collective farms in
the Namangan region from an unsatisfactory state.
In October 1942, the regional public herd of horses
increased by only 100 heads, cattle by 490 heads, and
small livestock by 5460 heads. But a number of districts
did not use all opportunities to implement the plan. As
a result, the livestock development plan has led to a
decrease in the number of livestock in some cases. In
October, the number of horses in Norin district
increased by 1.3%, in Namangan district by 0.6%, in
Uchkurgan district by 1.8%, cattle in Chust district by
6.8%, sheep and goats in Pop district by 1.7%, in
Torakurgan district by 0.8%, in Uychi district by 2. It
decreased by 4%, in Uchkurgan district by 4%.
In addition, the plan for the purchase of livestock was
not completed on time. Instead of the planned 9923
head of cattle, 4757 head or 47.5 percent were
purchased. 6159 heads or 76.5 percent of sheep and
goats were purchased instead of 8052 heads. The
purchase plan for cattle was not implemented by any
district, the purchase plan for small livestock was
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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VOLUME
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Pages:
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implemented only by Chust, Pop and Yangikurgan
districts. In October-November 1942, Uychi district did
not buy any head of cattle or small-horned cattle[15].
In order to increase the number of livestock in regional
collective farms by 2%, the following requirements
were set in the state plan for the development of the
number of cattle for 1943:
First, collective farms artificially inseminate cattle.
Second, the collective farm councils increased
livestock farms during 1943 with an average of 30-40
head per bull, primarily using breeding and
crossbreeding bulls.
Thirdly, prohibiting collective farms from slaughtering
and selling young animals under one year of age during
the war. Slaughter and sale with the permission of the
veterinary and zootechnical staff only if livestock is
found to be unfit.
Fourthly, the main tasks were set to maintain district
breeding books, to identify the best local breeds of
cattle[16].
1943 was the most difficult year for growers of the
republic, due to the change in the structure of
cultivated areas, the increase in the weight of food
crops, cotton areas were reduced throughout
Uzbekistan. As a result, the state cotton plan was
fulfilled by 57.7% [17]. In the clothing industry, cotton
fiber was replaced by fine wool sheep and goat wool.
In all regions of the republic, attention was paid to
breeding and breeding of goats with soft wool, Angora
breed.
For example, in 1944, 13 breeding farms were
established in the Pop and Chust districts of the region,
and a total of 25,650 goats were raised in them, of
which 289 were of Angora breed [18].
At the end of 1944, there were 68,000 goats in the
Chust and Pop districts of the Namangan region,
15,800 of which were of Angora breed [19].
During the war, horse breeding in Uzbekistan also
played a big role in getting horses for the army. As the
importance of horses in agriculture increased, they
became central to field work and as a means of
transport. During this period, the number of horses in
the republic decreased by 20.2%, and the total
consumption of horses was about 200,000. For 1943,
the plan for the development of yearling was fulfilled
by 87.8 percent. Livestock consumption was 56.1
thousand heads or 16.7 percent, including state order
2.2 percent, mortality 6.2 percent, and other losses 8.3
percent [20].
All this is explained by the fact that the best, healthy
part of the existing horses went to the army, and the
condition of the herds deteriorated significantly.
During this period, 10.1% of horses aged 15 to 18 years,
6.3% of horses over 18 years of age, 16.4% of old age
horses, and during the war years, the load on horses
increased significantly, and their involvement in labor
increased. If in 1940 one horse plowed 3.7 hectares of
land, in 1943 plowing was 6.5 hectares of land. If we
take into account the increase in transport work, the
load per horse has almost tripled compared to the pre-
war period. As a result, the number of horses working
at the same time decreased by 30 thousand [21].
The increase in the volume of cargo transportation by
horses, the significant deterioration of horse nutrition,
i.e., the reduction of areas planted with alfalfa, had a
negative impact not only on the yearling, but also on
the development of the entire livestock sector. In the
districts of Namangan region, plowing of old alfalfa
land areas in 1943, new alfalfa planting plan and the
Volume 03 Issue 06-2023
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International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
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VOLUME
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ISSUE
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Pages:
14-20
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
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705
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(2022:
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705
)
(2023:
6.
713
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OCLC
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general condition of alfalfa can be seen in the table
below [22].
Districts
1942 Fields of
alfalfa cultivation
Field clearing in the
fall of 1942 and
spring of 1943
Old alfalfa
remnants for 1943
1942 1942 1942
Fall 1942 and
Spring 1943
Alfalfa Planting
Plan
Chust
2604
320
2284
400
Pop
2811
100
2711
676
To‘raqo‘rg‘on
3117
300
2817
1000
Kosonsoy
1828
-
1826
250
Namangan
3725
526
3200
1319
Uychi
2717
416
2301
967
Yangiqo‘rg‘on
3678
299
3577
1376
Norin
3188
649
2539
1419
Uchqo‘rg‘on
3343
500
2843
700
Total:
27009
3409
23900
8400
As can be seen from the data presented in this table, in
1942, Namangan district was the leader in terms of the
area of land devoted to alfalfa cultivation, and by 1943,
Yangikurgan district was the leader. A small part of the
land allocated for alfalfa fell to Kosonsoy district.
The decrease in the number of livestock during the war
years was caused by the supply of large quantities of
meat products for the front, the continuous use of
livestock labor behind the front, as well as the spread
of various infectious diseases such as yashur, emkar,
scabies among them. Information about farm animals
infected in the Uzbek SSR in 1944 can be seen in the
following table [23].
Туман
Касалланган ҳайвонлар
Horses
Cattle
Small
horned
cattle
Pigs
Donkeys
Camels
Tashkent
2744
20058
20135
371
25
78
Ferghana
991
5164
3332
8
6
61
Namangan
2663
7033
11415
10
53
2
Andijan
1462
8226
3628
-
68
4
Samarkand
2271
16467
29489
114
62
139
Bukhara
174
4219
16212
-
47
308
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VOLUME
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Kashkadarya
2170
2927
30049
8
12
126
Surkhandarya
1228
10953
13780
-
-
-
Khorezm
197
889
2807
-
-
225
KK ASSR
2844
7059
15783
-
10
784
Total 1944g.
16744
82995
146630
511
283
1727
1943г. 30677
55137
158865
724
553
1673
CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research, the following
conclusions were reached:
Firstly, in the years of the Second World War, there
were several types of livestock in Uzbekistan,
particularly in the Namangan region, the most
common of which were goats, sheep, cattle and sheep.
Livestock numbers fluctuated during the war and were
influenced by several factors.
Secondly, in the early years of the war, many experts
and experienced cattlemen were drafted into the
army. Mostly old people, women and children came to
engage in animal husbandry. That is, experts have been
replaced by advanced practitioners. All these were
new young personnel, which required a lot of attention
and care to systematically train and improve their skills.
At the same time, the important branch of training
livestock personnel, which operated in the pre-war
period, almost stopped.
Thirdly, as a result of the decrease in the area of
livestock crops, a number of difficulties have arisen in
feeding and caring for livestock. Also, the spread of
infectious diseases such as yashur, emkar, scabies
among livestock had a negative impact on the
development of livestock breeding. In particular, in
1944, the total number of animal diseases in the
republic was 248,890, of which 21,176 were in
Namangan region.
REFERENCES
1.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 4057, sheet 1.
2.
New history of Uzbekistan. The second book. -
Tashkent: Sharq, 2000. - B. 450.
3.
Vavilov F.I. Fergana region and the Great Patriotic
War. - Tashkent, 1988. - S. 128.
4.
Khaidarov Z.U. Socio-political and cultural history
of Namangan region during the Soviet era and
years of independence: a comparative analysis.
candidate of historical sciences ... diss. - Namangan,
2007.
5.
Djuraev R.Kh. Livestock breeding in Uzbekistan:
situation and problems (1917-1941). History is a
science. Doctor of Philosophy (RhD) dis. - Tashkent,
2021.
6.
Red Uzbekistan. October 8, 1941.
7.
Red Uzbekistan. June 4, 1943.
8.
Red Uzbekistan. May 6, 1942.
9.
UzMA, fund R- 837, list 32, case 3928, sheet 7.
10.
Red Uzbekistan. May 6, 1942.
11.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 3477, sheet 80.
12.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 3477, page 80.
13.
UzMA, fund R- 837, list 32, case 3477, back of sheet
80.
14.
UzMA, fund R- 837, list 32, case 3477, page 218.
15.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 3477, sheet 218.
16.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 3928, sheet 9.
17.
New history of Uzbekistan. The second book. -
Tashkent: “Sharq", 2000.
- B. 449.
18.
UzMA, R-90 fund, list 8, case 6242, sheet 37.
19.
UzMA, R-90 fund, list 8, case 6241, sheet 120.
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20.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 4057, sheet 9
21.
UzMA, fund R-837, list 32, case 4057, sheet 9.
22.
UzMA, fund R- 837, list 32, case 3477, page 99.
23.
UzMA, R-90 fund, list 8, case 6264, page 82.
