Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
18
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
18-22
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Life, political and military struggles of Jalaluddin Manguberdi, betrayals committed against him. In addition, there are
opinions about his place on the world scale.
KEYWORDS
Oychechak Turkman, Turkon Khotun, Kipchak, Kirman, Genghis Khan, India.
INTRODUCTION
Jalaluddin Manguberdi was the last ruler of the
Khorezmshahs state (1220-31), which existed in the
territory of Khorezm from ancient times to the middle
of the 13th century, a skilled general. One of the major
dynasties in the Uzbek state system is the Anushtegins.
After the death of Takash, Qutbuddin Muhammad sat
on the throne of the Khorezmshahs. He adopted his
father's nickname Aloiddin, and later Sanjar (the
second). His mother, Oychechak, was a Turkmen
concubine. Jalaluddin was named Mankburni because
he had a hollow (mank) on his nose. Later this name
changed in pronunciation and became known as
"Manguberdi". When Jalaluddin Manguberdi came of
age, his father appointed him governor and heir to the
throne of Ghazna, Bamiyan, Ghur, Bust, Takinabad,
Zamindovar and the lands up to India (1215). However,
the mother of Muhammad Khorezmshah was deprived
of the succession in favor of Qutbiddin Ozloqshah, the
youngest son of Muhammad Khorezmshah, due to the
strong objection of Turkon Khatun and Kipchak emirs.
Jalaluddin Manguberdi participated in his father's
military campaigns and showed himself to be a brave
warrior and a talented general. When the Mongol army
led by Genghis Khan invaded Movarounnahr and
captured one city after another, and approached
Samarkand, Khorezmshah Muhammad was on the
island of Ashur, near the city of Obeskun, located on
the shore of the Caspian Sea. Muhammad, who was
seriously ill, called his sons to him and at the last
moment appointed Jalaluddin Manguberdi as
Research Article
THE ROLE OF JALALUDDIN MANGUBERDI IN WORLD HISTORY
Submission Date:
May 09, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 14, 2023,
Published Date:
May 19, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume03Issue05-05
Eraliyeva Munira Zaylobidin Qizi
Teacher Of History At Vocational School No. 2, Rishton District, Fergana Region, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
19
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
18-22
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Khorezmshah in his place. Jalaluddin Manguberdi
rushed to the defense of Gurganj along with his
brothers Akshah and Qutbuddin Ozlakshah. But the
Kipchak emirs of Gurganj announced Turkon Khatun's
brother Khumortegin as the sultan and tried to
organize
an
assassination
against
Jalaluddin
Manguberdi. Jalaluddin Manguberdi, who learned
about this, left Gurganj with 300 cavalry led by his
comrade, general Temur Malik, and headed for
Khurasan. Near the city of Nisa, 700 Mongolian cavalry
were waiting for him. Jalaluddin Manguberdi defeated
them after a fierce battle and came to Nishapur. From
here, he sent letters to all governors of the region,
urging them to unite in the fight against the Mongol
invaders, and after a month, he marched towards
Ghazni. On the way, Aminalmulk, the father-in-law of
Herat governor (governor), joined him with an army of
10,000 people. During the 3-day battle with the Mongol
army besieging Kandahar, Jalaluddin Manguberdi
defeated them. In 1221 he came to Ghazni. Here he was
joined by the head of the Khalaj tribe, Saifuddin Ig'raq,
the governor of Balkh, Azam Malik, the commander of
the Afghans, Muzaffar Malik, and the leader of the
Qarluqs, Hasan Qarluq. Each of them had an army of 30
thousand people. Jalaluddin Manguberdi's forces were
60,000 cavalry. Jalaluddin Manguberdi attacked the
Mongol army led by Takajuk and Malghur besieging the
Valian fortress and defeated them after 3 days of
battle, more than 1000 Mongolian soldiers were killed.
the surviving part crossed the Panjshir river and
destroyed
the
bridge.
This
was
Jalaluddin
Manguberdi's first major victory over the Mongols.
Genghis Khan sends an army of 45 thousand people
under the leadership of Shiki Hutukhu against
Jaloliddin Manguberdi. In the Battle of Parwan (1221)
near Ghazni, Jalaluddin Manguberdi won a great
victory over the Mongols. However, after the battle,
Jalaluddin Manguberdi's generals quarreled among
themselves over the booty. As a result, Saifuddin
Ig'raq, Azam Malik and Muzaffar Malik leave Jalaluddin
Manguberdi. Only Aminalmulk and his army remain
next to Jalaluddin Manguberdi. Enraged by the defeat
in the Battle of Parvan, Genghis Khan gathered a large
army and personally marched against Jalaluddin
Manguberdi. In the battle near the Gardiz fortress,
Jalaluddin Manguberdi defeats the advance (part of
the front) of Genghis Khan's army and retreats
towards the Sindh (Indus) river due to his weakness.
Genghis
Khan's
army
surrounds
Jalaluddin
Manguberdi, not allowing him to cross the river.
Defeated in an unequal battle on November 25, 1221,
Jalaluddin Manguberdi with 4000 warriors sailed to the
right bank of Sind and entered the desert (this desert
is still called Choli Jalali). Genghis Khan was surprised
by this bravery of Jalaluddin Manguberdi and looked at
his sons and said: "This is how a father and a son should
be!" A few days later, Jalaluddin Manguberdi's army
reached 7,000. Commanders such as Kolbars Bahadir,
Kabkuh and Sa'diddin Ali ash-Sharabdar came and
joined him with their men. Jalaluddin Manguberdi
wanders in the unfamiliar desert of North India with his
hungry, ragged warriors. The rana (king) of Shatra
region, who wanted to take advantage of this
situation, attacked Jalaluddin Manguberdi. In the
battle, Rana was killed by a bow arrow shot by
Jalaluddin Manguberdi, and his army fled in disarray.
Jalaluddin Manguberdi gets the big booty. After this
victory, the governor of Sind, Uchcha, Molton, Lahore
and Peshawar, Nasiruddin Qubacha (1205-27), the
deputy of Nandana and Sakun, Qamariddin Karmoni,
expressed his goodwill and sent gifts to Manguberdi. .
By this time, the emirs who had separated from
Jalaluddin Manguberdi's brother Ghiyaziddin Pirshah -
Sanjokhan Khan, Elchi Pahlavon, Orkhan, Soyircha,
Tekjoruq Khankishi, joined Jalaluddin Manguberdi with
their armies. Jalaluddin Manguberdi captures Kalor
city, Parosravar, Tarnuj forts. Deprived of most of his
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
20
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
18-22
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
possessions, Qubacha fought against Jalaluddin
Manguberdi with 10,000 cavalry and reinforcements
from Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Eltutmish, but was
defeated. His treasure and weapons are taken as booty
by Jalaluddin Manguberdi. 1222 Genghis Khan sends
Torbay Tokshin and Bola Noyon with an army of 20
thousand people against Jaloliddin Manguberdi. But
they can't go as far as Molton and take the city, they
can't stand the heat and turn back. Jalaluddin
Manguberdi heard that Mongol troops were sent
against him after taking Parosravar fort. Jalaluddin
Manguberdi besieged Uchcha, Sadusan, Khatisor,
Deval and Damril from Qubacha estates on his way to
Molton, and because of the need for camels for his
army, he sent an army under the leadership of
Khoskhan to Nahrwal, the center of Gujarat province.
Meanwhile, Shamsuddin Eltutmish Jalaluddin drew a
large army (30,000 cavalry, 100,000 infantry, 300
elephants)
against
Manguberdi.
Jalaluddin
Manguberdi
bravely
confronts
his
opponent.
Jalaluddin Manguberdi's advance under the command
of Uzbek Toy Jahan Pahlavon clashed with Eltutmish's
advance and won over his opponent. Eltutmish
Jalaluddin sent an ambassador to Manguberdi and
asked for peace. Jalaluddin Manguberdi minted silver
and copper coins in his name in India, and his name was
added to the sermon in the Indian estates under him.
However, the situation was getting more and more
complicated. It becomes clear that Eltutmish,
Qubacha, as well as other provincial governors of India
are trying to form an alliance against Jalaluddin
Manguberdi. Jalaliddin Manguberdi's two army chiefs,
Yazidak Pahlawan and Sunqurjiq Toysilar, also betray
and go to Eltutmish's side. To get rid of the difficult
situation, Jalaluddin Manguberdi calls a military
council. Many of the Amirs proposed to march towards
Iraq and wrest it from Ghiyasuddin Pirshah at a time of
political chaos in Iraq. Jalaluddin Manguberdi leaves
the Uzbek Toy Jahan Pahlavon for the properties he
conquered in India, and Hasan Qarluq for the provinces
of Ghur and Ghazni, and leaves for Iraq. Many of
Jalaluddin Manguberdi's warriors die while crossing
the desert deserts, and finally he reaches Kirman with
4 thousand warriors. Ghiaziddin Pirshah's deputy in
Kerman, Barak Hajib, declares his subordination to
Jalaliddin
Manguberdi.
After
that,
Jalaluddin
Manguberdi will come to Shiraz, the center of Fars
province. The governor of Persia, Sa'd ibn Zangi, and
the governor of Yazd, Alouddavla ibn Toganshah, are
subject to him. When Jalaluddin Manguberdi arrives in
Isfahan, the population greets him with great
celebration, and his army is provided with weapons.
Ghiyasiddin Pirshah does not like this situation, he sets
out against his brother with 30 thousand cavalry.
However, Jalaluddin Manguberdi sends him Odek as an
ambassador with gifts and settles the dispute
peacefully. The commanders of the army go to the side
of Jalaluddin Manguberdi.
In 1225, Jalaluddin Manguberdi marched to Azerbaijan.
Then he prepares to march against Baghdad. Caliph
sends an ambassador to Nasser and calls for unity
against the Mongols. In response, the Mamluk emir
Jamaluddin Qushtemur sent an army of 20,000 people
against Khalifa Jalaluddin Manguberdi. In the battle
near Basra, the Caliph's forces are defeated. The Caliph
is busy with the defense of Baghdad. Jalaluddin
Manguberdi stays around Baghdad for 12 days and
then goes to Azerbaijan. Uzbek, the ruler of Azerbaijan
and Arron, indulged in alcoholism and life, and left the
affairs of the state to his own devices. In May 1225,
Jalaluddin Manguberdi captured the city of Maroga
without a fight. The mayors of Damascus and Erbil
agree to form an alliance with him. Uzbek fled Tabriz to
Ganja, then to Alinjo fortress and died there. Jalaluddin
Manguberdi marries Malika Khotuna. After staying in
Tabriz for a few days, he starts his army towards
Georgia.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
21
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
18-22
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
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(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In August 1225, Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, the chief of
Georgians, defeated an army of 60 thousand people
near the Garni fortress and marched towards Tiflis.
Princess Rusudana of Georgia moves to Kutaisi.
Jalaluddin Manguberdi occupies the cities of Dvin, Lori,
the mayor of Surmari declares his subordination. In
September 1227, near the village of Sin, 30 miles east of
Isfahan, Jalaluddin Manguberdi defeated the Mongol
army of Tainol Noyan chieftain. Tainol Noyon said
about Jaloliddin Manguberdi: "He is a real valuer of his
time, he is the leader of his peers." Jalaluddin
Manguberdi's writing letters to Sultan Alauddin
Kayqubad of Konya, governor of Jazira al-Malik al-
Ashraf Muzaffariddin Musa, governor of Damascus al-
Malik al-Muazzam Sharafuddin Isa and governor of
Egypt al-Malik al-Kamil Muhammad in the fight against
the Mongols. their efforts to unite them will be in vain.
Moreover, Alauddin Kayqubad managed to unite the
opposing forces against Jalaluddin Manguberdi, and
on August 10, 1230, he defeated Jalaluddin Manguberdi
in a battle near Arzinjan. Taking advantage of the
weakening of Jalaluddin Manguberdi, the Mongols
invaded Azerbaijan with a large army and captured
Maroga, Tabriz (1231) and pursued Jalaluddin
Manguberdi. In one of the villages of Mayofariqin
province, the Mongols crushed the small army of
Jaloliddin Manguberdi as a result of a night attack, and
Jaloliddin Manguberdi himself left for the mountains of
Kurdistan to escape from the pursuit. Here the bandit
was captured by the Kurds and died tragically. About
Jalaluddin Manguberdi, his personal secretary,
historian, governor of the Khurandiz fortress near
Ashgabat, Nasavi writes: "Jalaluddin was a middle-
aged man from Karacha, with a Turkish accent. He also
knew Persian well. When it comes to his bravery, it
must be said that the Sultan was the strongest lion
among lions. He was a one-worded, open-minded,
honest person. He was a serious person. He never
laughed. He would smile even if he went far. He hated
injustice. Jalaluddin was extremely determined,
extremely strong-willed, an extraordinarily brave and
brave leader who did not lose himself in difficult
situations and in the trials of fate." In 1998, in order to
appreciate his unparalleled bravery, loyalty and
endless love for the homeland and his people, and to
perpetuate his bright spirit, he decided to "celebrate
the 800th anniversary of the birth of Jalaluddin
Manguberdi" (1998). was established, a large street,
square, etc. were named after him. A video film, epic,
play, etc. were created about Jalaluddin Manguberdi.
The Order of "Jalaluddin Manguberdi" (highest military
award) was established (30, 2000 At this point, it is
appropriate to dwell on the artistic works created
about the national hero. In this regard, there are also
cases of non-compliance with today's requirements,
dissatisfaction and one-sidedness. Such an opinion can
be expressed about the novel "Chingiz Khan" by Vasily
Yan, which was read and studied by several
generations of Uzbek readers. In it, the state of not
being able to clearly imagine Jalaluddin Manguberdi's
personality, his descendants, and the national image in
general is evident. During the series of events, his
image was not fully reflected. The author chose to
remain silent about the last life and bravery of
Jalaluddin Manguberdi after crossing the Sind River.
This is understandable. Because
The novel "Genghis Khan" was created at the end of
the terrible 30s of the last century. For this reason, the
writer was afraid of meeting the wrath of the "father
of nations". It is no wonder that Genghis Khan, who did
not repent even at the end of his life, but left this world
with great dreams, tried to show him as an example to
this "father" to whom he had a secret devotion. During
this period, V. Yan could not show Jalaluddin
Manguberdi as the main character of the work.
Therefore, he could not name his work after him.
Maybe he didn't want it. In any case, it can be said that
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
22
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
18-22
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
713
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the work of "Chingiz Khan" did not satisfy today's
reader in any way.
This situation requires our scientists and writers to re-
study the life of Jalaluddin Manguberdi based on
ancient and later sources, analyze the events
objectively and deeply, express relations from the
perspective of the new era, and create new works.
Jalaluddin
Maguberdi's
personal
secretary,
Shahobuddin An Nasavi, writes, "He was the lion of
lions and the bravest among the horsemen. He was
gentle, he didn't get angry, he didn't swear, he was
serious, he never laughed, he only smiled and spoke
very little. He loved justice, but the hard years he faced
won him over and changed his character. He liked to
make life easier for citizens, but he went to the extent
of suffering because he ruled during the recession.''
REFERENCES
1.
Shahabeddin Muhammad al-Nasawi, Details of the
life of Sultan Jalaluddin Manguberdi, T., 1999;
2.
Jaloliddin Manguberdi (in Uzbek, English, Russian),
T., 1999;
3.
Jaloliddin
Manguberdi,
Defender
of
the
Fatherland, T., 1999;
4.
Bunyotov, Anushtagin Khorezmshahs state (1097-
1231), T., 1998;
5.
Toshev N., Jaloliddin Manguberdi, T., 1999; 6.
Boriyev O., Toshev N., Jaloliddin Manguberdi, T.,
1999;
6.
http://khorazmiy.uz/jaloliddin_manguberdi
