Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
58
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
–
2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
58-65
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article, the conceptual basis of political modernization is emphasized, which is an important factor in social-
spiritual development, the creation of conditions for sociocultural growth in a new stage of state development,
Strengthening democracy and economic competitiveness, ensuring prosperity and national foundations that are the
basis of spiritual growth, transition to national modernization in accordance with the principle of «human dignity»
based on legal norms. Theoretical foundations are shown.
KEYWORDS
Political modernization, development, moral foundations, independence, national identity, national ideology,
spirituality, the well-being of the people.
INTRODUCTION
Since the formation of societies they are constantly
changing, dependent on renewal, and become the
basis for promoting new views and strategies in
management, which is its locomotive. Any changes and
updates include unique aspects of the worldview, ways
of thinking, customs, and traditions of each nation and
people, which depend on the ideological foundations
and spiritual criteria of that nation.
This, in turn, provides a framework for the pursuit of
common national interests and objectives of nations
and peoples. These processes are essentially leading to
the modernization of society. ensures the survival of
leading political systems.
In the modern era, social and political modernization is
considered a complex mechanism that acquires
priority and topical importance in the life of the state
and society.
Research Article
CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF POLITICAL MODERNIZATION AS AN
IMPORTANT FACTOR OF SOCIAL AND SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
Submission Date:
November 20, 2024,
Accepted Date:
November 30, 2024,
Published Date:
December 05, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/Volume04Issue12-10
Farrukh Eshmamatov Eshkobil ugli
UzSWLU independent researcher, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijhps
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 12-2024
59
International Journal Of History And Political Sciences
(ISSN
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2771-2222)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
58-65
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
When we talk about modernization, it is important to
mention its role in political activities.
According to Daniel Lerner, a scientist in this field,
modernization is «a process that has certain qualitative
characteristics and organizes life by its laws, while
giving people a sense of modernity in general».
It is determined not only by industrial-technological
development but also by the change in the worldview
of the human being, his methodological approach, way
of thinking, and even lifestyle. Fundamental changes in
these principles lead to a change in the concepts used
by people [1].
Within the modernization paradigm's framework,
many scientific and theoretical approaches and models
have emerged, reflecting different aspects of social
development. The main representatives of such
models are representatives of many foreign socio-
political spheres (W. Eisenstadt, M. Levi, P. Stumpke, R.
Robertson, U. Beck, W. Rostow, A. Organsky, D.
Lerner, K. Müller, V. Sapfa, A. Turen, N. Lukman, G.
Bort, S. Huntington, T. Piernan, T. Parsons) were
reviewed and unique. has content. The common view
of Western scholars is that all of them recognize the
idea of progress through various changes to improve
society's economic, social, political, and cultural
spheres.
The goal of modernization is, above all, the
introduction of such social values as economic growth,
equality, democracy, stability, prosperity, justice,
order, and their complete opposites: poverty,
inequality, oppression, violence, strong attachment of
the person to someone, society or state as a system-
free through modernization - this is the emergence of
changes», - says a famous scientist. S. Huntington [2].
There is also a tradition of research on this concept in
classical and modern theories. For example, if the main
goal of classical modernization is to form an economy
and civil society based on capitalist relations in
developing and developed societies, and systematize
its theoretical foundations.
In the modern form of modernization, unique national
and regional traditions, spiritual and cultural changes,
and results of socio-ideological activities are of great
importance in the development of each society. In such
conditions, all spheres of society are involved in the
process of modernization both horizontally and
vertically.
The term was largely redefined in the 1880s and
considered a function, not a condition of development.
The priority objective was recognized as being to
change social, economic, and political structures [3].
The conceptual basis of modernization processes are
different ideas of traditional sociocultural studies and
complex historical processes. These foundations are
reflected in the multidisciplinary modern concept of
diffusion of the 19th century, the sociocultural
movement, and concepts of functional organizational
development of a complex organized system.
In the case of major modernization, two interrelated
processes can be observed: on the one hand, the crisis
of the former (traditional) statehood, and on the other
hand, the creation of prerequisites for strengthening
state control over society.
The fact that the weakening of central authority,
inevitable in global changes in public life, at some
stage, begins to contradict planned changes and
reforms, slows them down, which creates a need for
strengthening the political system, Increasing the role
of power, that is, bureaucracy and so on [4].
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Category «modernization» - definition of social laws in
accordance with the socio-ideological needs of society;
assimilation and development of society and individual
behavior; social groups imply, The organization of
interest groups in relation to spiritual and ideological
activities and formation of political-cultural aspects is
also defined.
It should also be borne in mind that the conditions
under which the process of modernization of society
began and was carried out require reform of all aspects
of its life. Therefore, along with the positive aspects of
democratic changes, difficulties and conflicts related
to unpleasant situations have arisen in the life of
society as a result of the principles of free thought and
deep reform of social and economic relations, based on
the path of secular development, as well as the
openness of society to external influences.
Modernization processes in Uzbekistan, first, in the
context of the country’s historical development;
secondly, choosing an optimal goal compatible with
many aspects of the country, development models,
and their strategy; thirdly, to be aware of the
established forms of reform, It is necessary to consider
that they are in some way contradictory.
These circumstances place the spiritual sphere, the
modern thinking sphere, the ideological formation of a
new generation, and reform as a priority for the public
in Uzbekistan. In particular, the processes of
modernization in the society of Uzbekistan are
accompanied by a process of historical development of
the nation, cultural symbols and values, and spiritual
and moral criteria.
In the last decade of the 20th century, after the fall of
the autocratic regime, independent states appeared
on the territory of the former Soviet state, Which is the
basis of modernization in the context of awareness of
national identity without denying global trends of
cultural development.
After independence, in the transition to the phase of
independent political construction, the former union
republics faced the need to choose their own political
model of development and create new legal bases for
the modernization of the system of government. The
priority areas were specified and reflected in the
«Declaration on State Sovereignty of the Republic of
Uzbekistan», the Law «On the Foundations of the State
Independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan» and the
Constitution of the Republic of Uzbekistan, which is
the main legal document. The basis of modernization
changes. These priorities include democratization of
society, secular development, economic and political
rationality, the priority of common human values, etc.
If we look at the recent history, then the experience of
reconstruction of Uzbekistan society shows us that
modernization based on national traditions, national
interests and not based on them, is not only an
obstacle to economic and social development, but also
affects sociocultural and spiritual aspects. -educational
changes necessary for the development of society
cannot do this, a situation arises of circumvention of
the concept of human interests in society, and civil
peace becomes a secondary issue. also possible. That
is why, from the very first day when Uzbekistan
embarked on a path of independent development, it
was necessary to use tactics to restore national
traditions and enhance the importance of national
identity. The process of strengthening democratic
values in society, transformation of sociocultural
relations, modernization process with a stronger link
of
ideological
foundations
began
to
occur
systematically.
In particular, the development of society is reflected in
the unity of traditional and modern values, and the
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adoption of laws necessary for reforms serves as a
basic normative basis, as well as social and spiritual
development of society, whose strategic directions are
strong. social policy, restoration of national values and
historical memory, the growth of national identity
determines the nature of its modernization.
At the beginning of independence, First President of
Uzbekistan I.Karimov said the following: «Our main
long-term and strategic task remains the same - it is to
deepen the processes of building a democratic state,
civil society and market reforms». , to strengthen
democratic values in the minds of people, to move
forward consistently and persistently. When it comes
to our country’s development strategy, I would like to
emphasize that we are not at all satisfied with the
models of so-called «managed economy» or
«controlled democracy». Of course, we will strictly
adhere to the principle of gradualism, which is an
important component of the «Uzbek model» in
reforming and modernizing the state and society»[5].
Modernization
can
be
seen
as
an
active
implementation, a transition from the traditional path
of development of the chosen social model to the
modern one. On the other hand, it is changes in the
political-legal, socio-economic and spiritual spheres
during a short historical period. That is why, based on
the initial objective conditions of change in the state of
society and life, the reasons for national priority and
the objective origin of modernization can be
considered as the results of contradictions in society.
In Uzbek society, the achievement of civil peace and
unity was assessed as short-term political tasks, and
the construction of a humane democratic rule of law
and civil society was defined as a strategic goal. From
the first days of independence, the state’s reform
policy has provided citizens with the opportunity to
protect their rights and freedoms regardless of gender,
race, nationality, language, religion, social origin,
beliefs, and status in society, and to show equality
before society. the right to participate in the
administration of the State, aimed at creating
conditions for its free expression[6]. These conditions,
in turn, have become seen as an important and
necessary condition for the modernization of society.
It is worth noting that ensuring the stability of society,
strengthening independence, and democratization of
all aspects of life of our society are directly related to
modernization.
In this sense, the process of modernization in the
society of Uzbekistan, first of all, occurred with the
implementation of necessary measures related to the
reform of the system of public administration, based
on the requirements of modern democracy and the
gradual transfer of many powers of governance to
lower levels and local self-government, its effective
functioning will be further strengthened, The increase
is noticeable in harmony with the development and
improvement of the institutional framework of civil
society in society, the development of political-legal
consciousness and culture of members of society.
Political modernization is a complex process. It links
the socio-economic, political-legal, and socio-cultural
spheres and gives each other meaning; if there is a
separation between them, then modernization will be
partial. Effective economic growth cannot be achieved
if the incomes of social groups in a society are sharply
differentiated; market structures do not form until a
culturally mature person is formed; Without the
development of civil society institutions, democratic
values will not evolve. Each requirement and criterion
is interrelated, and if fully addressed, the process will
take years. Even in European countries, this lasted for
two hundred years.[7] In fact, positive changes in the
socio-economic, political, legal, and socio-cultural
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spheres of the country and, the development of
education are factors that accelerate and modernize
the process of modernization. In our view, the
modernization of society is related to the development
and activities of civil society institutions.
It is known that the main goal of modernization of
society involves the analysis of specific models of
development and, the determination of trends and
conditions of socio-political and cultural-spiritual
changes. In such conditions, the formula of
development from the platform «state-society-
people» to the platform «civil society-state» grows and
develops according to the module, and on this basis,
the standards of efficiency are adopted.
It is necessary to constantly update society and adapt
it to new reforms. In today’s exciting age, in a space
where fast information activity has become a huge
force, all the signs and criteria of traditional society
may not work.
Political scientist B. Omonov divides the political
modernization of society from a scientific and
theoretical point of view into the following systems:
first, the concept of modernization means that there is
an urgent need for comprehensive political updates in
connection with the situation in historical reality is no
longer compatible with our present way of life;
Secondly, before modernization in traditional society
objective conditions, economic and political resources
of a particular place are taken into account; Third, the
transition from an agrarian society to a modern society
will be completely renewed and reformed not only in
certain areas of personal life, society, and state but also
in the political life of society; Fourth, if this process is
continued systematically and consistently, positive
changes will occur in the social, political, economic,
spiritual and scientific-technical spheres of the country,
the thinking and worldview of people will be
enhanced[8].
The modernization of society actually implies the use
of new strategies for regulating social, political,
economic, and cultural relations in this society,
harmonizing processes of activity, Support the
activities of civil society institutions by accelerating
democratic processes. Processes in society and
reliance on ideological foundations in the development
of political culture create a community with a view to
increasing.
Today, in countries that have embarked on a radical
modernization path, an authoritarian style of
government prevails, changes are hardly carried out
«from above», and opposition is suppressed to some
extent by legitimate forces. methods. This is mainly
due to the characteristics of «catching up
modernization», such as the weakness of the «middle»
class and the need to implement reforms in a short
time[9]. On the other hand, traditions of administrative
and command law are personal restrictions, the
development of norms of personal freedom makes it
possible to develop pluralistic foundations of political
modernism.
In assessing the phenomenon of modernization, it
should be noted that its basis is national
consciousness, national politics, and ideological
principles in Uzbek society. It should be borne in mind
that this, in turn, is linked to the stabilization of the
economy, politics, culture, and education.
C. Huntington, an American modernization expert,
stated that «The processes of modernization carried
out in many spheres of society, particularly economic,
social, scientific, educational and cultural spheres,
cannot be considered as having no impact on the
democratization of society»[10].
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The need for political modernization is therefore to
ensure a gradual rise of the state and society. As a
result, we can see great strides and results in the
political and economic spheres of our country.
Second, because of the complexity of modernization,
this process needs to be studied together with a set of
transition problems. In particular, the renewal of
political power, economic and social reforms,
formation of political thinking, raising the economic
level of society, open dialogue with the people, and
ensuring transparency in the activities of public bodies
require great courage and responsibility from political
actors. leader.
Third, the modernization of society is now an objective
necessity for every country and progress cannot be
achieved without passing through this process.
Fourth, the introduction of Western modernization
and democratization without regard to national values
and traditions in the East can have negative
consequences.
Fifth, the main objective of political modernization is
the renewal of the legislative, executive, and judicial
branches[11].
In this place, the renewal of political power, economic
and social reforms, the formation of political thinking,
the affirmation of political culture in society, the
emphasis on the socioeconomic foundations of
society, and the movement towards cultural
development create ample conditions for national
modernization of society.
In this place, the principle of uniqueness, inherent to
mentality, becomes the basis for the stabilization of
common thoughts and attitudes, systems, and skills
that strengthen the common interests of society and
national ideology.
The revival of basic national values, cultural experience
of the nation, spiritual traditions and national self-
consciousness has become a powerful tool of
ideological influence on people’s thinking, serves as a
spiritual-spiritual source of transformation, and
awakens social activity[12].
Modernization processes of all aspects of the activity
of the Uzbek society are brought into conformity with
traditional forms of social relations, national character,
the identity of a specific person, the necessity of fast
connection with the community, demands of time, and
Ideological factors of the world.
The question of morality and spirituality has always
been a priority in the modernization and reform of
society. Knowledge and thinking are the basis of
maturity, worldview, and activity in society.
Knowledge and thinking open the way to new
initiatives, new ideas, new reforms.
In particular, the development of Uzbekistan is
characterized by dynamic changes in the socio-
economic
and
political
spheres
of
society.
Implementation of the medium and long-term strategy
for the socio-economic development of Uzbekistan will
contribute to sustainable growth in conditions of
socio-economic and political reforms and ensure
further integration of the economy of the republic into
the world economy on the basis of equal competition.
possibility.
Modernization of social development requires the
state to continue reforms of social protection policies,
which are different from today’s approaches to social
protection and income generation.
Today, in the new Uzbekistan, modernization of
society, in particular, the process of political
modernization of society requires organization
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according to the new reforms. This in turn implies
improvement of the political and legal activities.
Commenting
on
this,
our
head
of
state
Sh.M.Mirziyoyev emphasizes the following: Ensuring
legitimacy in the evaluation of the activities of state
bodies and officials, protection of citizens' rights and
freedoms, quality and openness of public assistance.
Service to them should be our main criterion. Not the
people should serve the state bodies, but the state
bodies should serve our people»[13].
It should be noted that the state administration has
started a completely new system of handling citizens'
appeals. In particular, the mechanism of working with
citizens' appeals through «Virtual Presidential Lobby»
and «People’s Lobby» was formed. In turn
, this is a sign
that it is the most effective and modern option of
direct cooperation of state bodies with members of
society.
This indicates that collectivism refers to the
development of civil society and its basic institutional
framework. Indeed, it would be fair to say that the
modernization process in Uzbekistan is combined with
the goal of ensuring socio-economic and cultural
development of citizens by supporting the activities of
modern civil society and its institutions. Indeed, in the
implementation of the principle «for human dignity» it
is important to rely on the factor of national
modernization.
Today, there is every reason to say that the process of
modernization of society has accelerated in
Uzbekistan. The goal is to create conditions for high
economic growth, strengthen democracy and ensure
the well-being of people by increasing the
competitiveness of the economy. Moreover, as the
head of our state noted, «The richer people, the richer
and stronger state». Ensuring the transparency of the
activities of public authorities and administration,
eliminating corruption is one of our priority tasks. Since
human dignity is inviolable, the state authorities are
obliged to respect and protect it by law. After all, an
important condition for rapid political modernization in
Uzbekistan is the implementation of the principles of
the social state at the expense of improving the
welfare of the people.
In modern activities, modernization of society
implements the use of political mechanisms necessary
to prevent ideological problems of different form and
content.
In particular, today not only at the national level but
also at the regional level the most influential
ideological problems are regional conflicts that cause
international,
inter-state,
and
inter-national
confrontation, Various extremist and fundamentalist
movements,
aggressive
nationalism,
situations
involving mutual mistrust between peoples, ethnic and
inter-ethnic conflicts, attempts to restrict our external
economic relations, organized crime and corruption,
Ecology a major tool and main force of solving
environmental problems is the modernization of
society and stabilization of social-political processes.
This requires taking into account the factors that
create a common ideological paradigm - national
ideology and platform while assessing sociocultural
perspectives of ideological processes in society.
However, it is pertinent to consider that a unifying
ideology based on the criteria of national identity and
national development - awareness of national identity
and ideology of national advancement - accelerates the
process of national modernization based on values.
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zbekiston, 2016.
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