Vol. 5 No. 07 (2025): Volume 05 Issue 07

In the current global aviation system, the safety, reliability, and legal protection of passenger and cargo transportation by air are among the top priorities. In this context, the institution of carrier liability holds a central position. The carrier's liability determines the procedures for compensating damages that occur during air transportation. This article analyzes the stages of legal development of this institution within the framework of international aviation conventions. The evolution from the Warsaw system to the Montreal Convention is thoroughly examined, along with the carrier liability mechanisms based on the provisions of the Guadalajara Convention and the Montreal Protocols of 1975.

This article examines the significance of systematizing legal norms, the appropriate terminology for this process, and the main types of legislation systematization. It provides an analysis of scholars’ views on each issue, explores the experiences of other countries, and compares them with existing norms and practices reflected in the normative-legal acts of our country. Based on this analysis, the article attempts to offer comprehensive solutions and proposals to the identified scientific and theoretical problems. The discussion includes the positions of various groups of scholars and the underlying reasons for their perspectives, along with the author’s own viewpoint on the matter.

A conflict occurs between two or more courts, such as the conflict that occurs between the ordinary judiciary and the administrative judiciary in countries that adopt a dual judicial system. All or some of the courts refuse to consider the case, claiming that it is not within their jurisdiction, so they refer it to another court, or each court maintains its jurisdiction to consider the case. In this case, the competent authority must be determined from among the judicial authorities or bodies with judicial jurisdiction. The Iraqi legislator adopted this principle by Law No. (106) of 1989, the second amendment to the Council of State Law No. (65) of 1979, and the federal system adopted it by virtue of the Law of Administration of the State for the Transitional Period in 2004 and the Permanent Constitution of 2005, due to the possibility of a conflict of jurisdiction occurring between the ordinary judiciary and the administrative judiciary. This article aims to define this conflict and its application in the event that a conflict of jurisdiction occurs between the Federal Supreme Court and the Administrative Judiciary Court in appealing administrative decisions in Iraq.

Since nullity encompasses a broad scope in the law and raises complex legal issues, it is essential to examine and study them to find the necessary solutions to ensure the smooth operation of the criminal justice system. This is particularly true given that the majority of criminal jurisprudence believes that nullity is the key to constructing every law and the best guarantee for the proper application of the law. The law cannot be applied without the validity of correct procedural actions. This means that it requires the validity of criminal procedures. Therefore, the nullity of these procedures affects the validity of the judicial decision. Consequently, it has become an absolute duty to find appropriate solutions to ensure the proper functioning of the criminal justice system, especially after the scope of issues has expanded. Criminal procedures have evolved in response to theto the progress and development of societies, enablingenabling them to address issuesaddress related issues related to the diverse interests that courtscourts consider. Things have turned to establishing a penalty for violating general legal rules, so that they become binding. The best of this is the theory of invalidity, and the basis of this theory is based on the principle of punishment for defective legal action. Therefore, most criminal legislation has tended to regulate cases of invalidity with texts in its laws. However, the Iraqi legislator did not specify this theory in the texts regulating it in the Code of Criminal Procedure; instead, it was scattered throughout the texts without being unified by a single purpose. Therefore, we consider it an essential and unavoidable duty to address the issue of invalid criminal procedures and the consequences and penalties that result from their violation.

Consequently, we have embarked on writing this research to demonstrate the role and importance of invalidity in criminal procedures, as outlined in a research plan consisting of two sections. In the first section, we will address the nature of invalidity in criminal procedures, and in three subsequent sections. In the first section, we will explain the definition of invalidity, and in the second, we will examine the basis of criminal protection for invalidity. We will devote the third section to distinguishing invalidity from similar concepts in other legal systems. The second section is dedicated to invalidity, its types, and causes, and in three sections, we will explain the doctrines of invalidity in the first section, and the second will address the kinds of invalidity. In the third section, we will examine the causes of invalidity, addressing them sequentially according to the plan prepared for this purpose, as follows. This is the summary of the research, and success comes from God.

This article examines the socio-legal significance and necessity of introducing information technologies into judicial activities. It also reviews proposals and opinions presented in legal literature on this topic, and analyzes the legislative experience of foreign countries.

In this study, the role, main functions, and legal powers of the constitutional oversight body in the Republic of Karakalpakstan are analyzed. The constitutional oversight mechanism plays a crucial role in ensuring the rule of law in the country, monitoring the compliance of state bodies’ activities with the Constitution, and protecting citizens' constitutional rights. Furthermore, the relationships of this body with the Jokargi Kenes of the Republic of Karakalpakstan and the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as the legal foundations established in the current legislation and the practical challenges encountered, are also examined.

This article is devoted to the implementation of the institution of a plea agreement in cases of juvenile delinquency.

The article analyzes the legislation related to the introduction of the institution of a plea agreement in cases of juvenile delinquency.

This article provides a comparative legal analysis of national regulations governing the law applicable to alimony (maintenance) obligations in various countries. It explores how different legal systems—namely those of the United Kingdom, Turkey, South Korea, France, and Germany—approach the determination of applicable law in cross-border maintenance cases. The study focuses on both substantive and conflict-of-law rules, addressing the role of international treaties such as the Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance. By examining legislative frameworks and judicial practices, the article highlights key differences and commonalities in national approaches, contributing to a broader understanding of the harmonization challenges in private international family law.

This study provides a comparative analysis of the statutes of limitations for criminal prosecution across different national legal systems. Limitation periods determine the maximum time after an offense during which legal proceedings may be initiated, and they reflect a balance between the rights of the accused and the interests of justice. The research examines the legal frameworks of selected countries, highlighting how historical, cultural, and legal traditions shape variations in limitation rules. Particular focus is given to the classification of crimes, duration thresholds, exceptions for severe offenses, and provisions for suspension or interruption of limitation periods. Through legal doctrine review and comparative jurisprudence, the study identifies patterns, inconsistencies, and emerging trends, such as the extension of time limits for crimes involving sexual abuse or corruption. The findings contribute to ongoing discussions about harmonizing limitation laws in transnational crime prosecution and improving access to justice.

This article examines the theoretical, legal, and practical aspects of the crime of hostage-taking. The criminological characteristics of hostage-taking crimes, their causes, the activities of law enforcement agencies, and effective methods of combating such crimes are investigated. The threat these crimes pose to public safety, the role of information and communication technologies in their prevention, and the importance of legal advocacy are specifically highlighted.