Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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VOLUME
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AGES
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16-23
OCLC
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Servi
ABSTRACT
Periodic study of pronouns in the Uzbek language, comparing their forms in ancient written monuments with their
modern forms, is one of the main goals of our topic. In the article, the phonetic, semantic, lexical meanings, number
and agreement categories of the reflexive pronoun and its forms and characteristics in ancient Turkic language
monuments, its function in the sentence were studied, compared and analyzed through examples. Changes in the
historical development of each language primarily affect its lexicon and vocabulary. We focus on pronouns because
despite constituting only a tiny fraction of the available words in the English language, they are among the most
frequently used (Pennebaker, 2011). Furthermore, extensive research has established that pronouns play a
fundamental role in people’s everyday experiences
.
KEYWORDS
Reflexive pronoun, conjugation, numerical category, synonymy, formative features in ancient writings, monuments
of the ancient Turkic language, “Kutadgu bilig”, “Devonu Lugyotit Turk”, “Shaibaniinoma”, etc.
.
INTRODUCTION
Changes in the historical development of each
language primarily affect its lexicon and vocabulary.
Periodic study of pronouns in the Uzbek language,
comparing their forms in ancient written monuments
Research Article
HISTORICAL FORMATION OF PRONOUNS IN UZBEK LANGUAGE
Submission Date:
June 07, 2024,
Accepted Date:
June 12, 2024,
Published Date:
June 17, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume04Issue06-04
Azimova Zuhro Ismatilloyevna
Doctoral researcher of Samarkand State university, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
17
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
16-23
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
with their modern forms, is one of the main goals of
our topic.
It became clear from our research materials that the
linguist separately analyzed the synonymy, homonymy
and
grammatical
categories
of
personal,
demonstrative, interrogative, personal pronouns in the
ancient Turkic language.
Literature Review
Above, we consider the study of the historical
development of pronouns in three stages. In the 1st
stage, we will analyze the pronouns from ancient
written monuments (IV-X centuries) to the Middle
Ages. Our research shows that S.Mutallibov paid
special attention to the variants of pronouns in Oghuz,
Kipchak, and Qarluq dialects.
M. Koshgari used the comparative method to describe
the construction of Turkic languages and became one
of the founders of the comparative-historical method
in linguistics.
The work consists of three volumes and was published
in Istanbul in 1915-1917. The same publication Karl
Brockelmann published this work in German
translation in 1929 under the name "Medieval Turkish
Dictionary" ("Mitteltürkischer Wortschatz").
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
16-23
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In 1939, it was published in Turkish in Ankara,
translated by Basim Atalay. Scientist S.Mutallibov
worked effectively on the translation of the Devan and
published it in Uzbek in three volumes during 1960-
1963.
The work of M. Koshgari consists of an introduction
and a glossary. In the introduction, the author
describes the reasons for the creation of "Devon", his
work style, the structure of the work, the letters used
in the structure of Turkish words, what is said and what
is not said in the book, the description of Turkic classes
and tribes, the characteristics of the Turkish language,
language and dialects. reflects on the differences.
The famous linguist Jamaluddin Muhammad Abdullah
Turki has a special place in the development of ancient
Turkic linguistics. His work "Kitobulugat al mushtaq fi
lug'at it turk wo qafchaq" ("A book of interest to the
Mushtaqs of Turkic and Kipchak languages"), written
around the 13th-14th centuries, is devoted to the
comparison of Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Mongolian
languages. This work serves as a valuable source for
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
19
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
06
P
AGES
:
16-23
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
studying the historical development of Turkish
languages.
II stage. In the formation and development of old
Uzbek linguistics, the linguistic views and works of the
great thinker poet Alisher Navoi, Zahiriddin Babur,
Aloyi Binni Muhibi, Mirzo Mehdikhan, Ishaqkhan Ibrat
are important for the classification of pronouns.
By the end of the 19th century, as a result of the need
to study the culture, customs and language of the local
people of the Russian invaders, several grammars of
practical importance were created in Uzbek linguistics.
"Grammar of the Turkish, Persian, Kyrgyz and Uzbek
languages" (1875) by M. ATerentyev, "A companion of
Ruskish in Central Asia" (1878) by A. Starlevsky,
"Language of Sort" by Z. A. Aleksev and V.
Vishnegorsky for learners" (1884), M. Andreyev's
"Guide for first-time learners of Sort language" (1896),
F. Mashkovsev's "Sort language lessons" (1899), V.P.
Nalivkin's "Practical study of Sort language "A study
guide" (1898), N. Budzinsky's "Sort language
textbook" (1910) can be cited as an example.
III stage. As a literal science, Uzbek linguistics began to
take shape in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century and
reached one of its highest peaks by the end of this
century.
Abdurauf Fitrat, Ghazi Olirn Yunusov, Ulug' Tursunov,
YE.D. Polivanov, Qayum Ramazon, Fakhri Karaolov and
Ayub Ghulomov contributed greatly to the formation
of Uzbek linguistics in the 20th century.
RESULTS
In ancient manuscripts of the 7th-8th centuries, the
pronoun denoting the singularity of the speaker
(personal pronoun) appears as bän ben (I) in blue
Turkish inscriptions, män, män or min (I) in monuments
with Uyghur and Moni writing. Plural pronoun
–
we
(biz), which denotes you (siz) one listener or many
listeners, he/she/it-ol, and for they- olar, ular, anlar
which denotes another person, and ole, which denotes
other people the form of olul ,ul (he/she), which means
one person, is used when it is formed with conjugation
suffixes, such as departure, meaning, a, anda.(him,
her) In the modern Uzbek language, when the pronoun
u (he, she) is combined with the conjunctions of
departure, place, and exit, the consonant -n is formed;
(unga, unda) to him. These were used in the old Uzbek
language (Chigatai Turkic) in the form of ana, andin
(him, from him). However, the -n between the stem
and the suffix is not a suffix. It is a remnant of the case
of the personal pronoun used with the suffix - ning Old
Turkic: u-n-da (<a-nin-din//a-nin from him (<a-nin-da), u-
undan (from him)
In the old Turkic language, personal pronouns are
found in two forms: öz (self) and kentü kendü. Öz
actually means "soul". It also means "person,
somediv, people".
Declination of personal pronouns in cases:
Kelishiklar
Olmoshlar
Nominativ
Akkusativ
Genetiv
Dativ
Dativ
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Men
(I)
ich
bän ben
män men min;
bäni beni
mäni meni
mini
bänin benin;
mänin menin
minin
bänä benä bana
mänä menä
maņa; mändä
mendä mindä
mintä, mindidä,
mintäda;
menidin
minidin
Sen
(You)
Du
sän sen;
säni seni sini sänin senin
sinin;
sänä senä sarja;
sändä sendä
sindä, sintädä,
sinidä, sintidä;
sänidin
senidin
sinitin
U
(he, she, it)
er, sie, es
ol;
anï;
anïn
aņa, anar; anta
anda, antada;
antin,
anïndïn
Biz
(we)
Wir
biz; biziņ;
bizni
biznin
bizkä bizgä,
biziņā
,bizintä
bizindä, biznidä
, biznidin
Siz
(you)
ihr
siz, sizlär;
sizni,
sizlärni;
siziņ,
siznin,
sizlärniŋ;
Sizlärinä, siziņā,
sizä, sizintä,
siznidä, sizlärkä,
sizlärdä, sizdä;
siznidin
Ular (they)
Sie/Sie
Olar
olarnï
olarnin
olarqa; olarda;
olardïn
Mahmud az-Zamakhshari, who added priceless
masterpieces to the treasury of scientific science, has a
unique place in ancient Turkic linguistics.
As a great linguist, Zamakhshari is a scientist who made
a great contribution to the development of Arabic
linguistics. However, special attention is paid to Turkish
words in his dictionaries, which reflect the lexicon of
the Turkish literary language of Central Asia of the 12th-
13th centuries. For example, in "Kutadgu Bilig":
Munar menzätü keldi emdi bu söz,
Esitkil munï sen, aya esgü öz
–
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Now the corresponding word is: This was clearly stated
by the brave man. Listen to this, O good man. In "Irq
Bitigi": özün uzun bolzun the meaning of "Live a long
life" is: May your life be long In "Irq Bitigi": meaning:
May your life be long (umring uzun bo'lsin) (IB, 47). In
written monuments, kântü and öz (self) pronouns can
be used in pairs, meaning "myself". For example
K(ä)ntü özümüzni küntä ayda öŋibiz tidimiz ärsär.
Meaning: “we beat ourselves and suffer”: (o'zimizni
urib, azoblanamiz (QB. 139-140). Demonstrative
pronouns in the work: bu, ol, ošbu ušbu, šul, ošu, ošul
Ayiğ qilinčqa ančükä käntü özümüzni ämgätir
-biz
Meaning: Being alert helps us. (Hushyor bo‘lish bizga
yordam beradi)
This demonstrative pronoun takes the form of mu-
under the influence of the sonor in the suffix when it is
formed with diffraction suffixes. For example this
(muni, mundin mundun). The variation of this
demonstrative pronoun is as follows: Singular: bu; buni
(this); muni; bunun munun; muna, bunar munar; anda,
munda, munda, muntada, muntuda; mundina
Pluralform: bular; bularni; (these; these); bularnin;
bularqa; bularda; bulardin (of these; to these; in these;
this) is great; when the demonstrative pronoun
bulardin is modified, it takes the form an-,
–
dan, from:
anug, andin andan.
Interrogative pronouns: for people who? (kim?),
things-items, for events-
events nača?, na?, nekü?,
nelüg?, nekülüg?, nečük?, nečüke? what? galt? (how,
how often?), kayu? (which?), qani? qanta? qantan?
qanta? qačan? (where?) qayu?, qani?, qanta?, qantan?,
q
anča?, qačan? (how much? When?) pronouns are
used. Among these năča?, nă? nekül?, nelig?, nekülüg?,
nečük?, nečükin?, nädä? All of the pronouns are nä ne?
(Why) made from what?, where?, how much?, how
much?, how much?, when? Pronouns also have the
same root - kayu kanu? (Where?)is connected to when
the pronoun is made from kai+čağ+ïn.
Indefinitive pronouns: qamuğ qamağ (all), qamağı (all
of), bari (all). Yodgorliklar tilida nän (no, no one) is used
as pronoun in the language of monuments.
7500 words in «Devonu lug'otit turk» are
explained in eight sections in the dictionary part
More than 40 pronouns are explained in the work. We
will analyze some of them below:
Anda-
there, from there
, t
hat's it
(u yerda, u yerdan)
Andag
’
-so (shundoq)
Andin- from him (undan)
An
ȉ
n
ɳ
-his, her (uning, a
н
ȉ
ɳ
)
Анча
I
–
much (shuncha)
Анча
II- so (shunday)
a
ɳ
a
р
-him (unga)
э
jlä-so, (shunday) (137-bet)
бу
-this (bu),
бу
ғ
jy
м
ғ
- all
together
(hamma, birlikda),
k
ȉ
m- who?
interrogative pronoun
(kim so‘roq olmoshi)
(325-bet)
mat- so (shunday) (311-bet)
Mah-this (it is a connector too) (mana)
M
э
n I- I (men (turkish)
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M
э
ӊ
II- birth-mark (Arabic) (xol (arabcha) (265-bet)
M
э
ӊ
III
–
grain (don)
Мунда
,
бунда
- here, from here (shu yerda, bundan)
Мун
ȉ
-this (buni)
Mu
ӊ
ar-to this (bunga)
Нэ
I- What? (nima?) (P 233)
Нэ
II- is a surprising charge (taajjub bildiruvchi
yuklama)
Нэ
III
–
which? How? (relative pronoun) (qaysi,
qanday) (nisbiy olmosh),
Нэ
тулук
- what color?(qaysi rangda?)
Нэгу
-why? (nimaga?)
Нэлук
-why? (nega?) (P. 305)
Нэр
ä
к
-why do you need? (nimaga kerak?)
Нэр
ä
т
-how? (qanday, qalay?)
Нэч
ä-how many? (necha?)
Н
y-nima?(arabcha)
O
л
- connector (gram.)
O
л
I-he/she (u (olmosh)
O
л
III-sign (ishora)
Ca
–
you (sen)
Cä
ӊ
- you (sen)
Cä
ӊ
c
ȉ
з
- without you (sensiz)
CONCLUSION
Based on our research, we can say that the Uzbek
language has undergone phonetic, lexical, and
semantic changes in the words of its vocabulary with
the progress of science and technology, such as
ɵ
- o',
ň
-ng, It has been proved on the basis of the above-
mentioned sources that the sounds e-
ə
, u-i have
changed to the appearance, and the personal-number
suffix -man has changed to the form. The fact that the
obsolete forms of some pronouns in our language are
still used in the language of the Turkic peoples, the
historical coexistence of brotherly peoples, the
proximity of customs and cultures indicate that they
used a common language in the most ancient times.
REFERENCES
1.
Yusupova O. "Functional-stylistic features of
pronouns in the Uzbek language" Samarkand, 2017
2.
Rahmonov N., Sodikov Q. "History of the Uzbek
language" Bukhara "Durdona" publishing house
2019
3.
Sayfullayeva R., Qurbonova M.r. Mengliyev B.,
Bakiyeva
G.
Modern
Uzbek
language.
(Introduction, Phonetics-phonology, Graphics,
Pronunciation
and
spelling,
Lexicology,
Phraseology, Lexicography). Tashkent, 2005. -181
p.
4.
S. Mutallibov, Mahmud Koshgari "Devon of Turkish
words (Devonu lug'otit turk)" volumes 1-2-3,
Tashkent, 1963
5.
Nurmonov A., Shahobiddinova Sh., Iskanderova
SH. "Theoretical Grammar of the Uzbek Language,
Morphology" Tashkent New Century Generation,
Tashkent, 2001
6.
Rahmonov N., Sodikov Q. "History of the Uzbek
language" Tashkent, 2009
Volume 04 Issue 06-2024
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
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VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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P
AGES
:
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
7.
www.ziyonet.uz
