Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
134
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article discusses the problem of studying of the structure and content of texts of different genres. Text is the
main structure of language construction at the highest level. Metaphorical expressions of the English language were
mainly selected from well-known electronic sources. The main one is, of course, the British National Corps. (British
National Corpus). This corpus contains samples of texts of various genres, but poetry speech samples are very rare.
Literature Online (LO) was chosen as the second source. This electronic resource contains more than 2000 poems by
797 authors. A total of 554 metaphorical expressions on the subject of Sadness were selected from the "British
National Corpus", while 518 expressions were found in Literature Online.
KEYWORDS
Sadness, metaphor, text, poetic text, literary scholar, concept.
INTRODUCTION
V.I. Bolotov in one of his last articles, describes the text
as a product of speech activity and believes that
speech activity in the most abstract form consists of
the following:
a)
linguistic signs and rules of sentence construction;
b)
psychological factors;
c)
social factors (Bolotov 2001:40)
In fact, the text is the main structure of the language
construction at the highest level. No linguistic unit,
including metaphorical expressions, can exist outside
of speech activity and the text that is its product.
Speech is formed in the form of a chain of content-
Research Article
THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENT OF TEXTS OF DIFFERENT GENRES
Submission Date:
May 19, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 24, 2023,
Published Date:
May 29, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue05-27
Kalimbetov Sharapat Maxsutbayevich
Senior Teacher, Translation Faculty, UZSWLU, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Nematova Farida Kamol kizi
Trainee-teacher, Translation Faculty, UZSWLU, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
135
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
related and syntactically interconnected sentences
with the participation of various linguistic units.
Therefore, it is necessary to study sentences and other
units as an integral part of speech activity.
METHOD AND METHODOLOGY
It is known that the first stages of studying the
structure of the text began with the description of the
syntactic aspects of the relationship between its parts
(Bellert 1978; Pfuitse 1978; Tregubovich 1978). During
the analysis of the text at the syntactic level, the
logical-grammatical
relations
between
the
participating units and parts are determined. These
relationships
are
formed
by
conjunctions,
conjunctions, and conjunctions. Communication
between the text components is carried out not only
with the help of connectors, but also with the help of
clauses and forms. For example, the anaphoric relation
is also expressed by means of personal, demonstrative
and possessive pronouns, adjectives, and adjectives.
According to most linguists, all semantic relations that
occur in the text are logical in nature.
These include inclusion and exclusion, part and whole,
subject and its property, action and subject (or object
of action) textual relations. (Gak 1976; Nikolaeva 1979).
These relationships are formed within the text and are
clarified and filled in at the next stages.
Clearly, this direction of text analysis aims to determine
the factors that provide its structure, relying on the
real or material nature of the text.
At the next stage of development of text linguistics,
the tradition of imagining the text as a moving,
dynamic system was formed, and the text system was
studied in terms of its development. This direction
allows to fully illuminate the essence of the object
being studied, and to describe the process of
formation of the text and its functions. At a time when
generally accepted principles of text analysis have not
been developed, it is known that it is important to
achieve the desired goal (Moskalskaya 1981; Murzin
1983).
Undoubtedly, dynamic structure is one of the main
categorical features of the text. This feature ensures
the syntactic-semantic construction of the text.
Despite the fact that the development of the text takes
place in different directions, the intersection of these
directions does not harm the text system, on the
contrary, it creates its semantic integrity. Therefore, to
describe a dynamic system, there is a need to consider
a number of factors that occur in the text. These
include: 1) changes representing the dynamics and
movement of the object; 2) immutable, basic features
that ensure the preservation of the object; 3) stages of
systematic movement of the object; 4) circumstances
leading to changes in quantity and quality; 5) internal
conflicts that cause the object to change; (Myshkina
1990).
Dynamic systematic character applies not only to the
whole text, but also to its individual parts. Various tools
are involved in the realization of this category.
Including linguistic tools ensure mutual adaptation of
individual parts. But the systemic features of the text
have not yet been fully determined (Davidson,
Harmava 2008:248).
The text is a complex content structure, the units of
which form a functional whole. It is interconnected
based on specific laws. The development of text
linguistics made it possible to determine the
mechanisms that form this structure and distinguish
the indicators of the system structure of the text such
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
136
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
as integrity, connection, completeness integrative
activity. As a result, the methods of describing the
syntactic-semantic
and
communicative-pragmatic
processes taking place within the text were formed.
Recently, as Professor I.A Siddiqova noted, "It greatly
contributed to the involvement of the system
approach to text analysis and contributed to the
development of systematic linguistics in general"
(Siddiqova 2021:182). That is why it seems promising to
study the traditional problems of linguistics in the
context of the text.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The analysis of the text from the point of view of
communicative and cognitive linguistics requires
determining its place in the perception of reality. In this
approach, the text that is the object of research is
interpreted as a phenomenon related to cultural,
social, and psychological factors. It is known that the
main function of language is to create interpersonal
communication. For this reason, the text has a social
and communicative value as a complete unit of the
communication process. Each time, as a means of
speech cooperation, which is created a new, it enters
into
different
relations
with
elements
of
communicative activity of a different form (Admoni
1994).
Any type of text is a source of storage and transmission
of information of a certain content. Its system-
structural meaning features are adapted to the
communicative and pragmatic purpose. The semantic
structure of the text is formed on the basis of the use
of linguistic units, adapted to the desired information
expression. According to the researchers, the
information transmitted through the text is formed
within the meaning of the units contained in it and the
level of knowledge of the communication participants.
This information is determined by the set of
denotations in the expression of subject nouns
extracted from the text and the extent of the
information recipient's knowledge of the world. So,
the formation and transmission of information is
related to the conceptual organization of human
knowledge. (Levchenko 2004:179).
In order for language units to perform tasks such as
social, cognitive, mental and information transmission,
it is necessary to have a communication environment.
(Safarov 2006). The text is a speech structure that can
perfectly perform these tasks. It is known that only this
type of structure is able to fully express information
and perform its transmission function. Text is a speech
structure intended for use as a means of interpersonal
communication in various communication processes.
The text, which is a communication unit, materializes
the units of the language system and its content is
perceived. Content perception consists of several
stages of cognitive actions, in the first stage, the text is
perceived only as a linguistic sign, in the second, the
recipient understands the essence of the content, and
finally, in the last stage, the text is perceived as a whole
semantic phenomenon. In this process, the recipient
tries to select the "necessary" ones from the stream of
messages and "connect" them to each other, as a
result of which the essence of the text is fully revealed
(Alponova 2006). Already the creator of the text uses
words and other language units as a means of
expression and content formation, and the task of the
listener-reader is to realize and understand the
purpose of using this tool.
From what has been said, it is clear that there is a need
to analyze metaphorical expressions from the point of
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
137
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
view of their activation within the text. Indeed, in the
process of metaphor formation, the transfer of one or
another linguistic form from one referent to another is
not a simple action that occurs by itself, but is an action
aimed at expressing a new meaning. The result of this
process is displayed only in text. In addition, it is clear
that the occurrence of metaphorical transfers does not
occur in the same way in different texts.
Taking these into account, in this chapter of our work,
we will try to comparatively research the activation of
metaphorical expressions belonging to the conceptual
line of sadness in poetic and other genres of texts. The
purpose of conducting research in this direction is as
follows: a) to observe the cases of variation in the
activation of metaphorical expressions in poetic and
other genres of texts; identify differences in the
conceptualization of metaphors related to the
emotion of sadness in texts of different genres; b) to
determine the methods of studying the relationship
between poetic and other types of metaphors. In the
implementation of the listed tasks, it is necessary to
seek answers to the following questions:
1) What are the main conceptual types of metaphors
related to the emotion of grief?
2) What are the quantitative and qualitative indicators
of metaphors belonging to this series in different
texts?
3) What factors are associated with the activation of
conceptual metaphors in poetic and other types of
texts?
There are certain reasons why poetic speech is chosen
as the main source for comparison. It is known that the
texts of the poetic genre have their own
characteristics. As defined in the "Dictionary of Literary
Studies", "specific intonation, musicality, rhythmic
fragments and rhythmic devices in poetic speech are
created through specific phonetic and syntactic
organization" (Kuronov, Mamajonov, Sheralieva
2013:358). Most importantly, the rhythmic-intonational
features of the poem are determined by its content.
"The reason is that the unique organization of poetic
speech sharply distinguishes it from ordinary speech,
and therefore emphasizes the fact that the
information conveyed is related to art" (Ibid.!).
Kewlińdi tabıwdı oylap,
Bir sózdi bir sózge baylap,
Qara túnde kálem shaynap,
Aq qa
ǵ
azd
ı
qaralayman.
Ármanım sol tursam—
jatsam:
Sóz qusın ushardan atsam,
Sizge az-kem sóz unatsam,
Basqa baxıt soramayman. (I.YUsupov, 2
-bet)
In fact, the content of a poetic speech or text is largely
related to its organization, which linguistic units it is
built with.
Currently, the analysis of poetic works from the point
of view of literary studies, stylistics and linguistics is
being carried out on a large scale. But the productivity
of poetic text analysis requires that it be studied in
terms of how information is expressed and how the
reader understands this information. Only through this
approach can the content of the text be revealed. An
approach in this direction is called "recoding stylistics"
in stylistics (Arnold 1981).
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
138
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In this approach, the artistic text is interpreted as a
whole phenomenon, and the general principles of the
conceptual content are chosen as units of analysis,
rather than individual stylistic tools. One such principle
is to push information forward. On the basis of this
principle, the hierarchical relation of the contents
expressed in the text is distinguished, and the share of
these relations in providing meaningful links between
the parts of the text is determined. As an example, let's
analyze the poem "O Where you are going" by the
English poet Winston Auden (1907-1974).
O Where are you going
"O Where are you going?" said reader to rider,
"That valley is fatal when furnaces burn,
Yonder's the midden whose odours will madden,
That gap is the grave where the tall return".
"O do you imagine", said fearer to farer,
"That dusk will delay on your path to the pass,
Your delight looking discover the lacking,
Your footsteps feel from granite to grass?"
"O what was that bird," said horror to hearer,
"Did you see that shape in the twisted trees?
Behind you swiftly the figure comes softly,
The spot on your skin is a shocking disease"
"Out of this house" - said rider to reader,
"Yours never will" - said farer to fearer,
"They're looking for you" - said hearer to horror,
As he left them there, as he left them there.
In this poem, each level has its own appearance. At the
phonetic level, the repetition of sounds at the end of
rhythmic groups fulfills the euphonic function, while at
the lexical level, the repetition of the anophoric "O"
element is observed.
At the syntactic level, the question-answer chain
occurs in connection with the general situation. In
addition, parallel structures are effectively used in the
text of this poem. All this allows us to draw a
conclusion about the general content of the poetic
text, that is, the ongoing debate. The interposition of
certain structures from specific wordplay actions, in
turn, provides a deeper understanding of this
conclusion.
Compare:
Said reader to rider - said rider to reader;
Said fearer to fearer - said fearer to fearer;
Said horror to hearer - said hearer to horror.
All these sentences have the same syntactic and
morphological structure, they are formed by inversion.
By means of this, the elevation of the expression of the
content has been achieved. All nouns in the text are
formed in the same pattern, that is, by adding the
suffix -er to the verb stem. But the horror horse is an
exception, it performs a special semantic task. This
word contributes to the metonymic designation of a
person who feels the emotion of fear and scares
others, compared to others. As a result, we imagine
that someone is being warned, threatened. But he
does not shy away from any danger and continues on
his way.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
139
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Thus, the alternation of rhythm, the alternation of
singular and plural pronouns, repetition, and the
choice of linguistic devices in general all indicate the
high value of the decision made by a strong and
determined person. In this poem, the strength and
beauty of human striving forward is described through
various images. Already, according to literary experts,
three principles are important in clarifying the linguistic
form of the sounds in the heart, in providing musicality,
and in reviving the history of destiny through words.
These are rhythm (rhythmics), rhyme (phonics) and
stanza (strophe) (Umarov 2022:166).
There is no doubt that the author's intellectual world is
manifested in the poetic work. The communicative
goal of the poet, focused on emotions, is expressed
using language units that form various images, and
through this, the aesthetic essence of speech activity is
revealed. Textologist U.Nosirova rightly stated, "the
communicative purpose of the author is expressed
linguistically in the structure and content of the poetic
text as a purposefully created communicative
intention, and the events and aesthetic informational
complexes related to the content of the text have a
communicative effect on the receptor" (Nosirova
2020:45).
F. Halimova, who fully supports this opinion, confirms
that the unique features of the poetic text are its
musicality, functional structure, and the ability to have
a special aesthetic effect on the reader. According to
the scientist, the analysis of the internal structure of
the poetic text requires a complete description of each
case. However, the lack of sources and data sometimes
makes it difficult to fully research them. "Therefore, in
the analysis of each case, it is necessary to select not all
the cases of the text's internal relations, but those
whose place in the expression of the content is special"
(Halimova 2023:9). Following F. Halimova's proposal,
we decided to study the occurrence of metaphors on
the topic of sadness in poetic and other genres of
texts.
CONCLUSION
Metaphorical expressions of the English language
were mainly selected from well-known electronic
sources. The main one is, of course, the British National
Corps. (British National Corpus). This corpus contains
samples of texts of various genres, but poetry speech
samples are very rare. Literature Online (LO) was
chosen as the second source. This electronic resource
contains more than 2000 poems by 797 authors. A total
of 554 metaphorical expressions on the subject of
Sadness were selected from the "British National
Corpus", while 518 expressions were found in
Literature Online.
As the corpus of the Karakalpak language has not yet
been created, examples were taken from various
written sources, works created by Karakalpak authors.
The total number of analyzed metaphorical structures
on the subject of "care" belonging to the Karakalpak
language is more than 800.
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Arnold I.V. Stylistics of modern English. - L:
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Alponova Sh. About the reception of the text //
Uzbek language and literature. - T, 2006. #2. - B.
75.
4.
Bellert N. About one condition of text
coherence // New in foreign linguistics. Issue 8.-
M. Progress 1978.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
140
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
134-140
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
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