Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
121
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
121-127
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the linguo-pragmatic interpretation of the lexicon of children's speech, in which the research
level of the problem in world and Uzbek linguistics is noted. The role of kinship terms, nicknames, dialectal words,
somatism, dysphemism, and occasionalisms as a unit of reference in the speech of Uzbek children is highlighted. The
reasons for the occurrence of the phenomenon of deixis during ontogenesis are explained, and the importance of
extralinguistic factors in this process is explained.
KEYWORDS
Pragmatics, deixis, children's speech, lexicon, pronoun, discourse, somatism, dysphemism, occasionalism,
ontogenesis.
INTRODUCTION
Deictic words play an important role in the pragmatic
interpretation of speech units. If we look at the
research conducted in this direction in world
linguistics, we can see that children's speech
expressions are studied in the pragmalinguistic aspect
on the example of different languages. In particular, in
the researches of G. Dobrova [1], V. Korolev [2], S.
Krasnoshekova [3], deictic units specific to children's
speech were studied. All level units of the language
system are not covered in these studies. They analyzed
the deictic function of pronouns, adverbial units and
kinship terms.
In the research on the linguistic features of Uzbek
children's speech, special attention was paid to their
acquisition of phonetic and grammatical units, [4, 126]
in the socio-psychological point of view, lexical tools
were analyzed. [5, 128] In the following years, the
pragmatic nature of children's speech, [6, 160] the
language and methodology of children's literature [7,
Research Article
OCCURRENCE OF DEICTIC WORDS IN CHILDREN'S SPEECH
Submission Date:
May 19, 2023,
Accepted Date:
May 24, 2023,
Published Date:
May 29, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue05-25
Kurbanova Munavvara Abdujabbarovna
Doctor Of Philology, Professor, Tashkent State University Of Uzbek Language And Literature Named After
Alisher Navoi, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
122
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
121-127
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
136], figurative thinking and Uzbek children's speech
[8, 135], and children's associative vocabulary [9]
specific aspects of their speech are highlighted.
However, the symbolic functions of Uzbek children's
speech have not been specifically studied.
THE MAIN PART
The deictic character of language units is evident in the
speech lexicon of preschool children. For example, in
children's speech, the word nin-ni, which is used for a
baby, not only forms the deix of the person, but also
refers to the age of the speaker.
Of course, not all such deictic occasionalisms are
created by the child himself. At the initial stage of the
period of phylogenesis and ontogenesis, the influence
of the speech of people who communicate with him on
a regular basis has a great influence on the placement
of deictic units in the child's linguistic memory.
Preschool children can learn some of these units ready-
made from the speech of adults. Because an adult
speaker uses this type of deictic units only in
communication with children. Such deictic units are
mainly characteristic of the speech of mothers and
nannies and differ between dialects. For example, in
the speech of children speaking the dialect of the city
of Tashkent, the words qu-qu and papa are used in
relation to birds. Khorezm-speaking children use the
word papa for a baby. Children speaking dialects such
as Andijan and Ko'kan use this word to express
temperature. In the speech of children who speak the
dialect of Tashkent city, the word jiz is used for
extreme heat. It is characteristic that such deictic units
remain unchanged in the linguistic memory of the
language owners even after years.
From the age of 8-9 months, the child learns lexical
units that are easy to pronounce and tries to use them
effectively in his speech. In the speech of children of
this age, kinship terms, in particular, the words ada,
dada, are actively used. Children refer to their father
through these lexical units. Our observations revealed
that some children aged 10-11 months can assign two or
more deictic tasks to one unit. For example, Abdulbasit
Abdujabborov,
Mukhlisakhan
Muhiddinova
(10
months), Muhammadamin Kenjaev and Saidolim
Bahadirov (11 months) who speak the dialect of
Tashkent city can indicate not only their father, but also
their mother, grandfather and grandmother using the
word ada.
When a child reaches one year of age, he learns the
terms of kinship such as mother, grandmother,
grandfather, brother, sister in the forms typical of the
dialect to which he belongs, and begins to use them in
his speech. It seems that the number of words
referring to a person in the vocabulary of a child at this
age has increased to a certain extent compared to the
previous one, but sometimes he has difficulty
distinguishing the sociopragmatic meanings assigned
to these units by adults.
As the child grows up, he begins to perceive the social
role of adults. But during ontogenesis, it can refer to
two persons through one deictic device. For example,
Abdulbasit Abdujabbarov (1 year and 4 months), who
speaks the dialect of Tashkent city, used the word
amma for both his aunt and grandmother.
The following non-linguistic factors are the reason why
preschool children do not distinguish between units
referring to a person:
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
121-127
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
1) space factor (living in one place of people
performing different social roles);
2) the time factor (the child sees people playing
different social roles at the same time).
It is interesting to note that the people around this
condition observed in preschool children are similar to
each other according to factors such as knowledge,
worldview, ability, behavior, age, gender identity,
nationality, territorial identity, profession, position in
society, cultural level, speech, appearance, etc. it can
also occur on the basis of separation. For example,
Ibrahimjon Muhiddinov (1 year and 1 month) used the
word uncle in relation to his mother's brother (uncle).
It was found that the reason for the child's
representation of persons performing different social
roles through one deictic unit was the age equality of
his uncle and uncle, and the similarity in their behavior.
Children's expression of personality deixis becomes
somewhat more complex when they are three or four
years old. Because as the child grows, his thinking
develops and his speech becomes more social. A child
at this age seeks to deeply understand the social role
and status of individuals. Due to this, preschool
children imitate the social role of adults during the
game or try to reproduce it creatively. Children of this
age understand that the social roles of individuals do
not increase throughout life, but change. For example,
Sarvarbek Umarov (age 3), who speaks the Tashkent
dialect, had a conversation with his father:
Sarvarbek: - Ada! When I grow up, I'll be there, right?
Father: - Yes.
Sarvarbek: - Will you be my son then?
By the time a child reaches the age of five, he has fully
mastered deictic units that are often used in everyday
life and begins to use them effectively. Because at this
age, the child's speech adapts to traditional language
norms in many ways. However, in the process of
linguistic socialization, some verbal tools that form the
deixis of a person may be inappropriately used in the
speech of children of this age. For example:
Even before the age of five or six, Yulduz Khan used to
call his bear "kennoi". (M. Sodikova. "She is sweet, and
so are her words")
Of course, in the mental vocabulary of children of this
age, there will be a standard speech unit representing
a person who performs the social role of mother. A
certain pragmatic purpose can be observed in
children's inappropriate use of person-referring units
in this way. Such situations, often observed in the
child's speech, become part of the game activity. In this
way, children feel the pleasure of their speech.
In the following example, a preschooler uses the word
dad instead of the word husband, creating a personal
deixis:
Ahmed has become very busy. This year he will go to
school. One day he went to his aunt's house. Oisi from
him:
- Who is at your aunt's house? he asked.
"As long as there are aunts, then my aunts have
fathers," he said. The bear laughed:
"My legs?" (M. Sodikova. "She is sweet, and so are her
words")
In children's speech, personal deixis is expressed
through lexical dialectics. In the following text, the
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
124
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
121-127
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
child refers to his mother through the dialectal words
grandmother, sister:
1. I miss my grandmother even though they won't give
it to me. Standing up:
"Get out now," I said, kicking the felt, "I miss my
grandmother..."
"Are you the only one who misses your grandmother?"
- Yes, I missed it.
- If Sorabibi becomes your mother, we will have a
friend, a girlfriend, we miss her too. (Kh. Tokhtaboev.
"Paradise people")
2. ... My sister loves me too. He caressed and caressed
me, saying that I gave birth to you before I remember,
otherwise, what would have happened to me? (Kh.
Tokhtaboev. "A boy with five children")
It is interesting to note that, unlike adults, preschool
children use words that imply the concept of kinship to
birds, animals and things. In this case, object-object
deixis occurs. For example:
As soon as the big sparrow flies, the three children
open their yellow beaks wide and chirp. But dad is
never wrong. He gives food to all in turn. Yes, there are
two dads! As soon as one flies, the other is coming.
They take turns feeding their children. It turned out
that one is his father and the other is his aunt. (O'.
Hoshimov. "Between Two Doors")
Some of the deictic words used in children's speech are
somatisms. In the speech of preschool children, some
somatisms are used as a metonymic unit, creating a
thing-subject deix. For example, "Your nose will run
after you have a good head!" (O'. Hoshimov. "Between
two doors"), "I sat under an almond tree and began to
make a sheet. If apricot glue sticks to paper, it won't
stick to reeds, if it sticks to reeds, it will stick to paper...
I'm trying to pull my nose." - formed the deixis of the
subject.
Dysphemisms used as nicknames in children's speech
also have a deictic function. Dysphemisms, which form
the deixis of the person based on similarity according
to the external sign, are found in the speech of school-
age children. For example:
1. As soon as there was a break, I went to Himmat. If
"Giraffe" did not intervene... "Giraffe" is Holmat. Class
champion in boxing. He can't sleep on the day he
doesn't fight. That's basically it. We call him Giraffe
because his neck is long (about one meter). (A.
Ko'chimov. "A reborn child (or from Ilhom's "Memory"
notebook")
2. At school, children call Anwar "Stork". (Nadir
Akhmedov, 13 years old)
The given examples show that because of the tall
stature of Kholmat and Anwar, children compared
them to giraffes and storks. The word giraffe used in
the child's speech formed a personal deixis.
In the following example, the similarity between
human and animal behavior is taken into account when
expressing deixis through dysphemism:
... I immediately recognized the separated letter. - A
short story about the happy fox.
- If we trust you... - Amiriy took the feleton in his hands.
- Where did you find these words?
- What do you mean?
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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Pages:
121-127
SJIF
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(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
- I'm telling you that lemonade costs 50, a pie costs 20
cents, and a cookie costs one soum.
- I pulled lightly. Is that enough?
- The fox himself is like that...
Not a fox, Brother Khursand! (A. Kochimov. Reborn
child (or from Ilhom's "Memory" notebook))
Some metaphorical units used in the speech of
preschool children perform a deictic function based on
formal similarity. For example:
The "Zoo" was shown on TV, and the animals in it were
shown. Three-and-a-half-year-old Sadbar looked at his
bear and said: - Bear, look, the elephant has a snake in
its nose. (M. Sodikova. "She is sweet, and so are her
words")
It seems that the word snake used in this text refers to
the elephant's trunk. Sometimes, on the basis of
formal similarity, the constituent part of the subject is
referred to. For example:
My mother (that's how I learned to call a black woman)
does not throw away her "beard" when she peels
onions. (O'. Hoshimov. "Between Two Doors")
The child refers to the human div part by the name of
the bird and fowl div part based on the similarity in
shape. For example:
Dad looked me in the eye and snorted... He put a
spoonful of yogurt in my nose. (O'. Hoshimov.
"Between Two Doors")
A child forms a thing-object deixy by transferring the
name of one of the objects that are similar according
to the sign of hardness to another:
The old man was eating walnuts. He bit into one walnut
and could not separate the core from the shell:
- Bear, separate the core from the walnut wood, - he
addressed his bear. (M. Sodikova. "She is sweet, and so
are her words")
Children also use metonymy to refer to individuals.
Abduazim Abdujabborov (4 years and 7 months) walks
from door to door in the month of Ramadan, pointing
to the child who sings the song "Ramadan" and says,
"Ramadan has come."
In the following speech act, a school-age boy refers to
the anecdote through the metonymic use of the word
effendi: Here, even now, I am sitting on the roof
massaging the corn, thinking about interesting effendi,
teasing
myself,
making
myself
laugh...
(Kh.
Tokhtaboev. "The Boy With Five Children")
In children's speech, there is also a reference to a
person through a metonymic unit denoting an object.
For example:
Well, behind the office is a long house with big
windows. This is a "lock". The radio is playing on the
roof. (O'. Hoshimov. "Between Two Doors")
It is characteristic that metonymic deixis in children's
speech is also formed on the basis of the national-
cultural symbol expressed by the word. For example:
His aunt gave his niece a toy trumpet (clarinet). The
nephew happily said to his aunt: "Aunt, did you bring
me a "wedding"?" he said. (M. Sodikova. "The word is
sweet, so is the person")
In this speech act, the word "wedding" refers to the
trumpet, but it also recalls the tradition of playing the
trumpet at Uzbek weddings.
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages
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03
ISSUE
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Pages:
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SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
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)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In the speech of school-aged children, when the word
denoting the name of an activity is used as a
metonymic unit, it refers to the subject necessary for
the performance of the activity, and a thing-subject
deixis is formed. For example:
There are those who say, "It's good that I didn't go,
we'll go to the riverside and play soccer." (Kh.
Tokhtaboev. "Kingdom of Rabbits")
In children's speech, quantity, action-state deixis are
formed through lexical units. In the example below,
the repeated use of the word capital indicates the
quantification of the action. Such a deictic function of
the word is clarified by the speech situation and
context:
Grandpa Ahmadqul sipped the cooled tea from the
cup, got up, put his hand on the bowl, tied his flower-
embroidered garment around his waist, and started to
leave. (Kh. Tokhtaboev. "Paradise people")
In the following example, the word rut refers to the
playful movement of the animal: My goat ruts the
ground and ruts. (O'. Hoshimov. "World affairs")
In our opinion, the deictic function of the dik-dik lexical
unit was created on the basis of its associative
connection with the combination of playfully jumping.
Thus, this lexical unit formed an action-state deix.
In children's speech, lexical occasionalisms also cause
the expression of deixis. Some of the lexical
occasionalisms specific to children refer to a person,
and some refer to a person and his character. For
example:
1. The nicknamer wrapped the drum he plays in a
blanket and slowly hung it around his neck. (Kh.
Tokhtaboev. "A boy with five children")
2. My grandfather is a very snorer himself, and my
grandfather said that this habit of yours is good,
thieves do not enter our house. (Kh. Tokhtaboev.
"Paradise people")
In the given examples, nicknames, hurrakchi
occasionalisms used in children's speech formed the
personal deixis. It refers not only to a specific person,
but also to a characteristic characteristic of him.
Some unusual nicknames observed in children's
speech are distinguished according to their deictic
function. For example:
- What was his horse, asked someone else, in a
wonderful voice, like chitchat singing...
- What was I doing? Uh-huh, I
think Kinderway… or
Wunderkind, maybe Kindervund-
ey…
The girl with a soft voice burst into laughter.
- Frankly, I'm having a hard time saying the name of
your Dr-r-brrr-ghayin, I can't speak his name.
"I have never dreamed of such a name," said a new
voice.
Another voice, very similar to his, confirmed:
- This is not a real name - a nickname. (Yo. Khojaev.
"Adventures of a symptom boy")
It seems that it is extremely difficult for a child to
perceive the meaning of an unusual speech unit, to
keep it in memory for a long time and to pronounce it
Volume 03 Issue 05-2023
127
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
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2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
05
Pages:
121-127
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
correctly. However, in such occasionalisms, the specific
aspects of the reference object are reflected:
- ... They call me Wundergai. To break it down into two,
wonder is a sign, gai is my real noun, the first syllable of
Zeal. (Yo. Khojaev. "Adventures of a symptom boy")
CONCLUSION
So, the study of Uzbek children's speech in the
pragmalinguistic aspect enriches the work carried out
in this direction with new theoretical knowledge, and
serves to determine the specific aspects of Uzbek
children's speech. Deictic features of children's speech
are manifested in lexical units in a unique way. In
children's speech, personal nouns, nicknames, lexical
dialectism, somatism, dysphemism and occasionalisms
are active units according to their deictic function.
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