Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
52
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
52-58
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article is devoted to the study of the result structure represented by secondary predicates. It is studied that the
events expressed in the main predicate are analyzed from the point of view of meaning by highlighting them in the
secondary predicate, and the secondary predicates mean the result and descriptive meanings. Effectiveness, in turn,
is also associated with the static nature of the verb, where the static predicate forms an effective structure. The
descriptive meaning expressed as part of a sentence is usually formed in certain semantic groups of a verb denoting
a state, a change in state, an action. It is also noted that the descriptive expression is reflected in the description of
the physical and psychological state of a person, expressed by the participle of a noun.
KEYWORDS
Secondary predicate, resulting, static, descriptive meaning, semantic group, psychological state.
INTRODUCTION
The American linguist S. Rothstein considers the main
predicate and the secondary predicate as semantically
related phenomena. The author gives the answer that
the time of the events represented by the secondary
predicate and the main predicate is equal to each
other. In his opinion, both predicates complement
each other in meaning (S. Rothstein; 2004, 68-69). G.
Mirsanov emphasizes that secondary predicates serve
as indicators that clearly express the aspectual
semantics of the main predicate (G. Mirsanov; 2018,
Research Article
ON THE TYPES OF RESULTS STRUCTURES EXPRESSED BY A SECONDARY
PREDICAT
Submission Date:
March 21, 2023,
Accepted Date:
March 26, 2023,
Published Date:
March 31, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/Volume03Issue03-10
Davlatova Muhayyo Hasanovna
Doctor Of Philosophy (Ph.D.) Associate Professor In Philology Bukhara State Medical Institute, Head Of The
English Language Department, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijll
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
53
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
52-58
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
55). The author also evaluates productivity as a slot
(node) belonging to the framework of completeness
(G. Mirsanov; 2019, 108-109), although productivity and
completeness are considered as separate phenomena.
Because performance creates unique structures. This is
why the comparative study of performance as a
separate phenomenon can be of value. However, we
approve of the author's introduction of effectiveness
into the type of aspectual semantics. Another reason
why we analyze effectiveness as a separate
construction is that in English the passive participle is
formed with the help of the auxiliary verb to be and
participle II. But the resulting expression in the form he
is gone is also recognized as a separate structure. In
addition, it is customary to oppose the perfect form to
these compounds. For example, the perfective form
He has fallen means that the action was committed
before the present moment of reality, and He is fallen
expresses the resulting meaning, this information
means the result. Such occurrences are a characteristic
feature of linking verbs in English, for example, to fall,
to set, to go, to do.
The sun is set/has set “Quyosh botdi” /He is gone to the
market “U bozorga ketdi”.
According to G. Mirsanov, finite transitive verbs have a
productive meaning in the sense of changing the state
of an object: But all that had ended when they moved
the first shovel (Stone, 275) (G.Mirsanov; 2019, 106). In
our opinion, in this case, in addition to the transitive
form of the verb, it also depends on the numerical
indicator and quantitative indicators of the unit that
acts as a complement. In particular, if this combination
is converted to the plural form (a few shovels were
moved), then the performance scheme disappears by
itself.
The resulting meaning, expressed by a certain lexeme
of the verb, is constructed depending on the semantics
of the aspectual form and the actional (limited) type of
the verb (K. Smith; 1991, 1997). This technique is
associated with the participants participating in the
linguistic representation of any event, and with the
ontological feature reflected in the predicate in the
form of actional classification. Events expressed in a
certain way appear in the grammar in the form of
certain devices. In English grammar, such structures
are expressed in two types: resulting and causative
structures (A. Goldberg, 1995, 2005; W. Croft, 2001).
These structures are distinguished by their unique
meaning. For example: She sneezed the napkin off the
table.
Main part. In English grammar, the possibility of two
different meanings (causative and resultative) of such
constructions, which are composed within a certain
group of verbs, has been the cause of much
controversy. Many linguists involved in the semantics
of the verb and cognitive semantics interpret it as a
causative structure (F.Palmer, 1988; J.Carrier,
J.Randall; 1992, 173-234). Those involved in the
aspectual semantics of the verb evaluate it as a
separate phenomenon, meaning resultative semantics
(D. Doughty, 1972; Z. Vendler, 1967; K. Tenney, 1994; M.
Krifka, 1998). G. Gatennely calls the verbs forming
these structures periphrastic causative verbs (G.
Gilquin; 2010, 37), the author notes that each
periphrastic causative verb can express one type of
meaning in several structures. For example,
constructions like [X get Y Vto-inf], [X get Y Vpp], [X get
Y Vprp] are formed using the get verb. Representatives
of the field of constructive grammar say that if
structures differ from each other in form, they should
be evaluated as separate structures. Because they can
have different meanings from a semantic or pragmatic
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
54
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
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03
Pages:
52-58
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
point of view, and therefore, as a rule, they are
analyzed separately (A. Goldberg, 1995). Let's focus on
the following examples: The door banged behind her
and John Ryan saw, through the bedroom window, his
wife run across the small foot bridge opposite the pub
(Maeve Binchy, age 4). In this example, the pattern X
adj.reflexiveVprp is the resulting production, and its
expression is the reference production for subsequent
events.
In some structural compounds, the general semantics
of the object to be causated and the object to be
causated is reflected in the verb part. This is typical for
the English language. For example: And every evening
while she was getting supper she made him take me
out on the end of a string for a walk.
In the Uzbek language, we can observe a slightly
different situation. The causative expression is formed
by adding a morphological suffix to the verb, and the
subject performs the task of performing an action. For
example:Cho‘l shamoli esib qamishzorlarda uvladi, qiz
sochlarini to‘zg‘itdi, qoshlarini berkitib tashladi (Said
Ahmad, 362). In this example, in the construction V
cause -+it
–
Y, causativeness is expressed by the suffix
–
it. Under the influence of causation, the condition of
the object (hair, eyebrows) has changed, the resulting
meaning is expressed.
In English, there are structures consisting of two
predicates that are close to each other in terms of
meaning. These structures are divided into types such
as resultative, causative, descriptive. In particular, the
primary predicate expresses the action of the subject,
while the secondary predicate expresses the result of
the predicative action, the state of the subject, the
image of the subject's action. Resultativeness and
causativeness complement each other in a certain
sense. In some cases, resultative and causative
meanings can be expressed together within one
structure. Resultativeness is observed in the use of
impersonal forms of verbs such as adjectives and
infinitives as a secondary predicate. How the
descriptive action and situation are realized can be
observed in the structures expressed by the adjective
or adjective. These signs make it possible to distinguish
the resultative from the descriptive in superficially
similar structures.
1) performance differs from descriptive in the type of
action related to the situation: He left the party angrily
// He was upset of the party. The first example
describes how a person left at night. Depictiveness in
the construction of the party angrily in the example is
expressed by the expression angrily. In the next
example, the state of the person caused by the
situation of the night created productivity;
2) resultativeness and descriptiveness arise depending
on the lexical-semantic meaning of the impersonal
verb participating in the secondary predicate. The cold
made his nose run // The smell of the roast beef made
Willy realize that he was hungry. Birinchi misolda
kauzativlik va rezultativlik bir tuzilma tarkibida
ifodalangan. In the first example, causation and
effectivity
are
expressed
in
one
structure.
Causativeness is characteristic of the causative verb in
the main predicate, while resultativeness is expressed
in the secondary predicate expressed by the infinitive
of the device his nose run. In the second sentence,
causativeness and descriptiveness are reflected in one
construction. In this example, causativeness is
considered a feature of the verb in the main predicate,
and descriptiveness is understood from the meaning of
the secondary predicate and the complementing
clause. In the Uzbek language, resultative, causative or
descriptive structures have a similar expression.
Causation is logically understood. Resultativeness and
Volume 03 Issue 03-2023
55
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
(ISSN
–
2771-2834)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
03
Pages:
52-58
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
997
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
descriptiveness can be expressed in the same
structure.
Resultativeness
is
the
meaning
characteristic of the entire structure, while
descriptiveness is evaluated by its informational
nature. For example: U singan, parcha-
parcha bo‘lib
ketgan oyna orasidan hamon iljayib qarab turardi (Said
Ahmad, 294). Qurib-qovjirab qolgan qamishlarni olov
bir chekkadan yamlab borardi (Said Ahmad, 319).
Conclusion. Resultativeness is related to the change of
state caused by the action of the verb and is a
phenomenon characteristic of argument semantics.
The argument acts as a patiens in such cases.
Therefore, in English, resultative structures can occur
in the position after both transitive and intransitive
verbs. Resultative constructions that are formed after
transitive verbs belong to the indirect complement. For
example: "I had brushed my hair very smooth." (Ch.
Bronte, Jane Eyre);
"You killed it stone-dead." (Somerset Maugham,
"Altogether).
According to syntactic-semantic formation, these
examples can be evaluated in the form of two types of
resultative constructions. In the first example, the
transitive verb and the resultative phrase are combined
in terms of meaning. In the second example, the
resultative meaning refers to the semantics of the
verb.
In English, it is also observed that resultativeness is
formed with the help of an intransitive verb. Events
expressed using an intransitive verb are called
"intransitive resultative structures". Compare with:
a. The joggers ran their Nikes thread bare.
b. The kids laughed themselves into frenzy.
c. He sneezed his handkerchief completely soggy.
d. The boy cried himself sick. (Rothstein S., 1992; 127)
In example (a) "The runners wore out their shoes by
running", in example (b) "The children lost themselves
laughing", in example (c) "He wet his handkerchief
with a limp" and in example (d) the meanings such as
"The child cried and got sick" are expressed. The
resultative meanings in these examples were created
as a result of compositional pictorial expression. The
semantics of resultativeness arose as a result of
combining a verb with an instrumental complement.
The resulting structures are also expressed in passive-
semantic or passive-relative forms, semantically
associated with the owner. For example: “I charged
with them, and got knocked silly for my pains." (Rider
Haggard, "King Solomon's Mines”, 93);
The tools were wiped clean. (O’Henry, 78).
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