International Journal Of Literature And Languages
14
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
14-21
10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue01-04
Linguogeographical description of professional words in
the northern dialects of the karakalpak language (on the
example of words related to the profession of fishing and
farming)
M.K. Kaypnazarova
Senior teacher, PhD, Nukus state pedagogical institute, Uzbekistan
Received:
23 October 2024;
Accepted:
22 December 2024;
Published:
12 January 2025
Abstract:
This article discusses the problem of studying the fishing and agricultural vocabulary of the northern
dialect of the Karakalpak language, as well as in the Turkic languages, in this case, the Karakalpak language. Words
related to fishing and farming in the Karakalpak language are presented, with examples of their use in other Turkic
languages and differences in their use in the conversations of the northern dialect of the Karakalpak language.
The areal of distribution of dialect professional words associated with cattle breeding are also given on the basis
of linguistic maps showing the distribution of the population of the northern regions of Karakalpakstan, where
the northern dialect regions of the Karakalpak language were calculated.The difference in the use of words related
to agriculture in the northern dialect of the Karakalpak language, firstly, creates the possibility of creating
dialectological dictionaries based on the division of professional words related to the Karakalpak language into
thematic groups, and secondly, the fact that words related to agricultural professions are used in our language
today, they are not exaggerated in our literary language, but instead of dialect words, as a result of its use, it is
noted that it ensures the activity of the word in society.
The maps clearly show the limits of the distribution of professional dialectisms associated with fishing, the broad
or narrow meaning of the field of application, the dialect names and dialect meanings related to this profession.
If you pay attention to the lingua-areal distribution of some words used in the conversations of the Karakalpak
language, to the differences in them - the appearance of different terms on the boundary lines depending on the
location of the isoglosses, the different use of professional words in each conversation, and their manifestations
on linguistic maps are shown in the appendices.
Keywords:
linguogeography, professional words, fishing, agriculture, dialect, map, Karakalpak language.
Introduction:
Collecting language riches in dialect and
conversations, collecting words that are not used in the
literary language, learning their possibilities to enrich
the Karakalpak national literary language is considered
one of the most important problems in Karakalpak
dialectology today. Professional words are a group of
words that are related to a certain topic in the
economy, are frequently used in the speech of people
in that topic, and are rarely used in the lexicon of
professionals in other topics.
Learning the north dialect of the Karakalpak language
from the linguogeographic point of view is completely
different from the traditional or monographic
methods. Linguogeography is understood in linguistics
as a branch, a part, and a special method for solving
dialectological problems.
In world linguistics, regional and professional
lexicon of French, English, Russian language was
studied in the works of A.A. Sidrov, S.A. Pankratova, Jon
W., Tucker JR., E.N. Serdobintseva, in dialectology of
the Uzbek language, learning of dialects and
colloquialisms in linguogeographical direction is
discussed in the works of A.B. Djuraev, Y.M. Ibragimov,
N.K. Muradova.
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People's daily life is closely related to their profession,
and the use of words and expressions related to this
profession is a natural situation. In our language,
dialectal words related to fishing and farming have not
been implemented in the local vernacular language
recently. These professions are of certain importance
among the Karakalpaks who live in the northern district
of Karakalpakstan. This is because the Karakalpaks in
this areal zone have been sedentary since early times,
and are constantly engaged in animal husbandry,
cattle, camel breeding, horse breeding, sheep and goat
breeding, fishing. Therefore, fishing and farming
lexicons are considered to be among the stable, long-
established language units in general people’s language
and vocabulary.
METHODS
The given article applies linguistic systematization,
linguoareal
analysis,
nominative-motivational
techniques and the differences in their use in parsing
words related to agriculture and fishing in Karakalpak
dialect conversations and the differences in their use
are presented in dialectological maps. The materials
presented in the article on the dialectical professional
vocabulary of agricultural and fishing professions were
collected from the local population of the northern
regions of Karakalpakstan - Moynak, Shumanay,
Kongrat, Kanlykol, Khojeli, Nukus, Kegeyli, Chimbay,
Karaozek, Takhtakopir.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
After many years of coexistence of closely related
languages, the differences between the languages are
refined and they become closer to each other. Such a
phenomenon occurs between languages and dialects of
related peoples. Therefore, there is mutual
communication between related languages. In
particular, as a result of long-term close contact
between the representatives of the two peoples and
the fact that they use one language, the other, or both
languages equally, radiation changes in languages
(irradiation is the concept of the spread of the language
phenomenon and is one of the characteristic features
of the area) increase.
An example of this is Russian and other people's
representatives, Uzbek, Kazakh, Turkmen languages in
our republic. We see this as a result of the adaptation
of some Uzbek, Kazakh, and Russian words. For
example: et (meat) is in kazakh language, gosh (meat)-
karakalpak language, sogim qoy (mutton) is in kazakh
language, soyisliq qoy (slaughter sheep) is in karakalpak
language, and different fish terms are more widely
used in our everyday language than their russian ones.
For example: ak kayran - (russian salmon), tiran (russian
taran).
In the composition of one dialect, each conversation
has its own differences, firstly, in which people of that
place are neighbors and secondly, it is possible to see
the specific practices of the residents of each region.
In the context of the modern development of the
science of dialectology, it is difficult to understand the
changes without cartography when studying them
from the linguogeographic aspect. Learning the
dialectical distribution of words in a territorial
orientation is of great importance for understanding
the changes in the language, the phenomenon of the
spread and expansion of word meanings and linguistic
phenomena. Dialectological materials are often related
to the materials of field records, and, providing a
linguogeographical description, showing language units
on maps, scientific evidence shows the active use,
areal, boundaries, intersection of word meanings in the
regional vernacular, or phenomena such as starting
from a certain region and disappearing in another
region. In this article, we explained the words used in
Karakalpak dialects related to farming and fishing
occupations from a linguistic and geographical point of
view, using maps, and noted their differences through
examples.
Areal of distribution of dialectal professional words
related to animal husbandry and fishing, based on
linguogeographic maps showing the distribution of the
population of the northern regions of Karakalpakstan,
they are the northern dialect regions of the Karakalpak
language.
In the Karakalpak language, the words farm/animal are
used as a generic term for domestic animals. Usually,
the term farm is a synonym of work/business. In
addition, the term livestock has a polysemantic nature,
and also explains the concepts of property, wealth, and
the world. J. Shamshetov considered the word
“livestock” from the etymological point of view: “in
Arabic, it is used in the
sense of “property, wealth,
money”. And in today's karakalpak language, the
meaning of this word has spread, and it is also used in
the sense of cattle” [1]
- he points out.
The use of words related to farming in the north dialect
of the karakalpak language today in our language, that
it is not exaggerated in our literary language, but,
instead, it shows that the dialect provides the activity
of the word in the society as a result of using words. In
our language, the word “shanlaq”, which is related to
the agricultural profession, is used parallel to the word
“malgezek”.
In the majority of remote regions, taking care of cattle
is used in the general sense as “malgezek”, and in the
regions where there are many households engaged in
farming, the term “shanlak/cattle shanlak” is used. In
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the literary language, the word jaylau is used in the
literary language for a wide field for grazing cattle,
while in Nukus region, the word sabat is used. Back-
dialect professional words related to farming in the
karakalpak language have the same isogloss in all
regions of the linguogeographic distribution area, that
is, not all of them are the same according to the signs
shown on the linguistic map that show the distribution
of language phenomena. This means that synonym
doublets of professional words related to farming have
different uses in the northern dialect regions. We will
consider the differences in usage of some words with
the help of examples.
Buzau (calf) is a six-month-
old calf. The term “buzau” is
spoken in the form of Gosala in the language of the
Karakalpaks of Kenimeh in Navoi region, which is
located far from Karakalpakstan [2]. That is, the fact
that the calf is called by a completely different name in
this region is due to the fact that the language of the
people is isolated and isolated. F.M. Oripova compared
the agricultural vocabulary to Tajik and English
languages, emphasizes the hyperonymic relationship:
[3] “Gusala in tajik means calf, russian
-
телёнок,
english
–
calf, and the cow, in russian
–
корова, english
–
cow, tajik
–
gov. Therefore, if the word gosala
changed from tajik into Karakalpaks of Kenimeh, if we
pay attention to the fact that in the Karakalpak literary
language it is used in the form of gawmis (гάў+мис) (for
bad cattle, only related to the large, fat, milky type of
cow), it is possible to understand the need to pay
attention to the orientation of the study of languages
from the analogical point of view even when learning
dialectal professional vocabulary in any language.
Koshek is a general term related to a baby
camel. A six-month-old camel baby will be koshek
(Kongrat district). B. Khojageldiev, who studied the
lexicon of camels in the Turkmen language, says that
the word “koshek” is a generic term for a baby camel,
and from the etymological point of view, it means
“little” in Persian. [4]
Korpesh is a goatling born in autumn (Kegeili district).
In the language of the peasants of Takhtakopir region,
the word korpesh, which is related to goatling born in
autumn, is productively used in «Malsemirtiw» and
«Shopankazgan» regions, and the word guzemik is used
in Karaoy region and Shogirkol village.
Actually, about the word korpesh, O. Dospanov says: in
the South dialect of the Karakalpak language, “the barn
made for lambs is called kor
pesh (Akkamis).” [5]
Therefore, if korpesh means “wick” in the north dialect,
it means “the sheepfold” in the south dialect.
In the farm there are professional lexical units
associated with the birth of animals.
For example: one lamb or kid born alone is called a
single lamb, or a single kid, if it is born a twin, it is called
a twin lamb or twin kid. Small animals sometimes give
birth to triplets. Such a situation, i.e. if three twins are
born, they are said to be triplets. In order to distinguish
two twins or triplets from each other, we use the
following terms: twin, pair, pair of twins, pair of triplets.
In the Takhtakopir region of Karakalpakstan, in
common speech, as well as in the Porlitau and Bozatau
regions, the triple option is more often used. In the
Kazakh language, the word “triplets” is also used in
connection with triplets of sheep or goats. Thus, we see
that the use of this word in conversations in the
Karakalpak language is mainly carried out by
representatives of the Kazakh nation of this region and
is carried out under their linguistic influence.
“Sheten qora” is mostly done in order to lambs are not
allowed to go outside, it is made of harems, it is finely
woven, or squeeze out of the thorn. In the language of
the Karakalpaks, created in the Kegeyli region, in
addition to the meaning of this word (sheten) as a
stable, a cart attached to a tractor, that is, a fence
placed high on the four sides of the trailer, is also called
sheten. For example: Cotton is placed in the cart from
the outside.
So, in this sentence the word “sheten”
gives the other meaning than “qora”.
In the form of sheep cutting//cattle cutting, it is used in
the Takhtakupir, Karaozek, Moynak, Kanlikol, Kongrat
and Shumanay regions, and in the form of cattle for
slaughter of livestock or sheep, it is productively used
in the Chimbay, Kegeyli, Khojeli-Nukus regions (map 1).
Slaughter sheep / slayer sheep - fattened sheep for
slaughter. Sogim koi (sheep cutting) is a dialect
professional word referring to the chronoisoglosse
(historical isogloss) according to the linguogeographical
description. The word “sogim(slaughter)” is used in
Devonu Lugatit Turk dictionary as “cattle for slaughter”.
[6]
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Map-1
Қоңырат
≮
Мойнақ
≮
Тахтакөпир
Беруний
Төрткүл
≯
Қараөзек
≮
Елликқала
≮
Шымбай
Нөкис р.
≯
Әмиўдәрья
Кегейли
≯
Шоманай
≮
Хожели
Қанлыкөл
≯
≮
Gerdan baw//moyın jip//alqım jip//háwke jip
- this is
the name of the rope tied around the cow’s neck. The
word “Gerdan” also has a chronoisogloss on the
linguogeographical map. The reason is in the
explanation of Sh. Abdinazimov: “In the language of
ancient Turkic inscriptions, among which is the
inscription of the 11th century by Ahmed Yassaviy, the
word “gerdan” means the word “neck”. [7]
In the form of gerdan bau is used in the Kegeyli,
Shymbai and Karaozek regions, and according to the
isogloss of the linguogeographic distribution in the
language of the peoples, the form moiyn jip//alkim
jip//hawke jip is used in Takhtakupir, Moinak, Konirat,
Khojeli and Shomanai regions (map 2).
Map-2
Қоңырат
⩝
Мойнақ
⩝
Тахтакөпир
Беруний
Төрткүл
∽
Қараөзек
⩜
Елликқала
⩝
Шымбай
Нөкис р.
Әмиўдәрья
Кегейли
⩜
⩜
Шоманай
⩝
Хожели
Қанлыкөл
⩝
Swelling of manure - horse manure becomes swollen
and painful: If horse manure gets stuck, he will not be
able to defecate (Nukus district). In the Karauzek
region, horse breeders use the word quw buyen//qur
buyen, and in Khojeli and Kongrat conversations they
use the variant quw tezek.
Gupti//gupli//koppes//guppes - It is said due to the fact
that the animal has increased bloating, fat and
appearance of the abdomen (Kegeyli region). In the
Khojelinsky and Shumanaysky districts, such variants as
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dem boliw and bikyu are also mentioned.
A number of terms of exacerbation of the disease in
black cattle are of a general nature, and their
differences are characteristic only for some types of
cattle, while others are not aggravated. We will show
this in the table below. That is, the types and symptoms
of the disease are the same, but they are called
differently in terms of the disease of farm animals. We
will show such differences in the examples in the table
below.
Types
of
diseases
Black cattle
Horse
Camel
Small cattle
The
bloating of
cattle
gúpti//gúpli//
kóppes//gúppes
tóńbek//gúppek
−
−
Sticking
and
hardening
of
the
intestines
qırıqqat
quw búyen//qur
búyen//quw
tezek
qatpa
birǵarın//birqarın
Types
of
wounds
−
jem
qarabez
shıǵıw
Therefore, in the Karakalpak language, words related to
the agricultural profession are used in different ways in
each region, depending on the difference in usage.
We will give a description of the words used in the
Karakalpak language related to the fishing profession,
and give information on the fishing profession.
About the development of the fishing profession began
from ancient times is given in the historical
information: “In the north region of the Aral Sea, the
culture of fish farming developed in antiquity and the
early Middle Ages and ethnic groups of Al-Kardaliya
province, Karakalpak communities worked in the Amu
Darya delta as owners of the fishing profession”.
Moynak region of the Republic of Karakalpakstan is
known as a region that has been engaged in fishing
since ancient times, and most of the differences in the
local language are related to fishing vocabulary.
T. Begjanov, who specially studied the language of the
Moynak Karakalpaks from a dialectological point of
view, on the scientific weight of the dialect vocabulary
associated with the fishing profession: “The Moynak
dialect has a rich vocabulary related to the fishing
profession. “This wealth needs to be explored and
replenished,” he says.
Many people consider fishing their hobby and old age
are busy with amateur fishermen. Previously, sholpı,
qarmaq, qaza, baspay, shanıshqı, etc. were prepared
from fishing tools. Today, the differences between
these instrumental terms have turned into archaic or
historical words. The development of society and
industry, the fact that the fishing profession does not
lose its importance even today, the appearance of
intensive lakes, water bodies, and fishing equipment
for the growth and reproduction of fish will be the base
of the new units and completeness of the professional
vocabulary in these areas. For example, throwing a
reed into the water is associated with the act of
lowering a green reed (reed) into the water from a boat
to feed the fish kept in special lakes.
Fishing vocabulary constitutes a certain part of the
vocabulary of the literary language, and the use of its
variants and parallels in dialects and conversations
shows that the meanings of these professional
dialectisms have a wide isoglossal distribution. If the
term “fish” has a characteristic of growth, then it has
several variants of growth and gradation depending on
its biological growth and maturity.
For
example: caviar → larva (larvae) → fry → fish.
We will show the differences in the use of words
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International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
related to fishing in the Karakalpak language using the
following examples.
Sazan (carp) is a type of fish. Depending on the size, a
number of terms in the southern dialect become more
complicated: Ayqulaqlı sazan
-(large fat, large type of
carp), qumır
- (the fattest and meatiest of the carps),
bórge//qara bórge
–
(small carp) -
móńke//qara búrge
(the smallest species of carp) (Map 3).
Map-3
Қоңырат
⫴
Мойнақ
⫵
Тахтакөпир
Беруний
Төрткүл
Қараөзек
⫴
Елликқала
⫵
Шымбай
Нөкис р.
Әмиўдәрья
Кегейли
⫴
Шоманай
⫴
⫴
Хожели
Қанлыкөл
⫴
In the Moinak dialect, together with such terms, cod is
called “karajal”. In the language of the fishermen of
Takhtakupir, Chimbay and Kazakhdarya, a small species
of cod is called “lapısh//ilapısh//lapısh”.
the biggest cod
Small gunch
The small cod
Meshel // small black
meshel
↓
↓
↓
↓
Gunch→
Cod→
Meshel /black
meshel→
Lapish
Gúmpildek urıw
- hook fishing method: Bir-eki adam
bolıp gúmpildek uratuǵın yedik, sonnan shıpırlaǵan
balıq órden
-
ıqqa tuwlaydı (Qanlıkól district).
According to Moynak fisherman Kadir Moyatdin: If the
fish is among thick reeds, wrap a branch of reeds with
a hook and hit so that the fish among the reeds will fall
into the hook. When it's warm, the fish hits it like a
hammer to enter the fish catcher. The stick of
gumpildek is made of wood. (Moynak district).
Au-
duzaqtıń maylanıwı
- this is due to the fact that a
lot of fish are caught. Locals also pronounce in the form
of “warming” in common parlance: Sháribaydıń búgin
de jılımı maylanıp kiyatırǵanına uqsaydı, balıq qaltası
awır kórinedi (Qarauzak district).
Balıqtı ıslaw
–
is a method that after salting the fish,
hang it on a tree and smoke it so that it changes color.
In Ka
nlikol Karakalpak language, “ıs balıq” means salted
fish. Locals mainly preserve fish by salting and curing it.
Types of dried and smoked fish are also called as
qaqpısh//qaq balıq (Map 4).
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Map-4
Қоңырат
⩭
⩫
⩭
⩫
Мойнақ
⩪
Тахтакөпир
Беруний
Төрткүл
Қараөзек
⩫
⩭
Елликқала
⩪
Шымбай
Нөкис р.
Әмиўдәрья
Кегейли
⩫
Шоманай
⩪
Хожели
Қанлыкөл
⩫
In the dialectological maps presented in the appendix
of the article, professional dialectal units are indicated
by signs. And, we present the description of the
meaning of dialectic units, according to the areas of
application, in the following order:
1.
Slaughter sheep/slayer sheep - fattened sheep
for slaughter.
Slaughter sheep - Takhtakupir, Karaozek, Moynak,
Kanlıkol, Kongrat, Shumanay regions.
Slayer sheep - Chimbay, Kegeyli, Khojeli, Nukus
districts.
2.
Gerdanbaw//moyın jip//alqım jip is the
name of the rope used to tie the cow's neck.
Gerdanbau - Kegeyli, Shimbay, Karaozek districts.
Moyın jip//alkım jip
- Takhtakupir, Moynak, Kongrat,
Khojeli, Shumanay districts.
3.
Bórge//móńke//qarabúrge
- a small type of
carp. Bórge - Kongrat, Kanlykol, Shumanay, Khojeli,
Chimbay, Nukus districts. Móńke//qarabúrge
-
Moynak, Takhtakupir district.
4.
Qaq balıq//qaqpash balıq//ıs balıq –
is a salted
type of fish.
Qaq balıq
- Moynak, Takhtakupir, Kongrat, Kanlykol
districts.
Qaqpash balıq
- Chimbay, Nukus district, Khojeli,
Kongrat, Kanlykol districts. Ís balıq
- Moynak, Kanlykol,
Kongrat districts.
We propose the following hypothesis to describe
professional lexical units in the back dialect of the
Karakalpak language from a linguogeographical point
of view:
First of all, the dialect professional words compared on
the maps indicate that the uzbek, kazakh and turkmen
linguistic influences were created jointly in one region
by representatives of these peoples in kinship, family
ties, brotherhood, continuous marriage ties, trade-like
relations.
Secondly, the karakalpak language has its own parallels
and several idioms of nothern dialect units,
characteristic of agricultural and fishing crafts, which
have become widely known as a result of their
exchange in communication.
Thirdly, the national abilities of the karakalpak people
are reflected in the name of any professional dialectics.
Therefore, one can see the folk custom of farming and
fishing, which has developed among local residents in
the southern regions of Karakalpakstan on the basis of
professional dialect words.
CONCLUSION
As a result of studying the professional vocabulary of
the Karakalpak dialect from a linguogeographical point
of view, the following conclusions are given:
The professional vocabulary of the nothern dialect of
the
Karakalpak
language
has
isoglosses
of
linguogeographic distribution, and their meaning is
directly related to the occupation of people in a given
region, as well as the proximity and remoteness of the
regions.
The frequent use of professional dialect words related
to fishing in the Karakalpak dialect indicates that fishing
is one of the oldest professions in the social life of our
people. Fishing vocabulary is a certain part of the
vocabulary of our language, and its variants and
parallels are used in dialects and conversations - this
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proves that the meanings of these professional
dialectisms have a wide isoglossal distribution.
REFERENCE
Shamshetov J. From the history of words from eastern
languages in the Karakalpak language. - Nukus:
Education, 1984. - P. 48.
Pirekeeva A. The dialect of Konimekh Karakalpaks: abst.
cand. phil. sc.. dis. - Nukus, 2012. - P. 12.
Oripova F.M. Structural-semantic analysis of animal
husbandry lessons in Tajik and English languages:
Author's review. dis. ... philol. science - Dushanbe,
2016. - S. 9.
Khojageldiev B. Camel vocabulary in Turkmen
language. - Abst. dis. ... . philol. science - Ashgabat,
1991. - P. 10
Dospanov O. Vocabulary of the Karakalpak dialect of
the South dialect. - Nukus: Karakalpakstan, 1977. - P. 38
Mahmud Kashgari. Devonu Lugatit Turk. - Tashkent:
Fan, 1967. - Vol. II. - P. 338.
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