International Journal Of Literature And Languages
13
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue01 2025
PAGE NO.
13-16
10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue02-04
The classification of linguistic research and its practical
significance
Shuhrat Saidahmadov
Assistant Lecturer, Nukus Innovation Institute, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus, Uzbekistan
Received:
12 December 2024;
Accepted:
14 January 2025;
Published:
16 February 2025
Abstract:
This article discusses the formation of the field of linguistic expertise in the Uzbek language, its types,
and the relevance of linguistic expertise of document texts.
Keywords:
Linguistic expertise, document, document text, normative legal document, local normative document,
management documents, formal linguistic expertise studies, substantive linguistic expertise studies.
Introduction:
Any analysis, correction, study or
interpretation conducted on spoken or written texts
can generally be considered a linguistic examination in
terms of its content and essence. However, it is not
accurate to classify all analyses of texts as linguistic
expertise. For instance, reviewing the written work of
school students, summarizing the content of a poem or
literary piece or correcting errors in a document or
other text are minor practical activities related to
textual analysis. Therefore, it is essential to distinguish
linguistic expertise from other types of practical text-
related studies. The term expertise (derived from the
Lat
in
expertus,
meaning
“to
know
through
experience”) is a legal concept referring to research
conducted by an authorized individual on behalf of
interested parties to address questions requiring
specialized knowledge. Linguistic expertise, in
particular, is often aimed at determining the legal
implications arising from a text. This field represents a
new interdisciplinary direction at the intersection of
linguistics and law. Only qualified specialists in applied
linguistics are authorized to conduct linguistic expertise
and provide conclusions.
METHODS
Linguistic expertise is conducted by a specialist or
expert when necessary, based on an official div’s
formal request in accordance with the relevant
procedure. In legislation, a distinction is observed
between the concepts of a specialist and an expert. The
Criminal Procedural Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan
states
that
individuals
possessing
specialized
knowledge in fields such as science, technology, art or
crafts may serve as experts to provide conclusions
(CPC, Article 67) [15]. It also notes that professionals
engaged to assist investigators, prosecutors and courts
in discovering and substantiating evidence during
investigations and judicial proceedings are recognized
as specialists (CPC, Article 69) [15]. In other words, an
expert is an individual with specialized knowledge in
science, technology, art or crafts who conducts
practical research on specific issues (or materials) and
presents their well-founded opinions in an expert
report. Meanwhile, a specialist is a professional or
qualified individual in a particular field who aids
investigators, prosecutors and courts in examining
specific issues (or materials) within their area of
expertise.
Numerous studies have been conducted in the field of
linguistic expertise abroad, particularly in Russian
linguistics. In Russian linguistics, works by scholars such
as A.N. Baranov, K.I. Brinev and E.I. Galyashina [8;9;10]
have been published, while internationally, researchers
such as M. Coulthard, L.M. Solan and H. Huylmans
[2;3;6] have made significant contributions.
A.N. Baranov writes the following about linguistic
expertise:
“Linguistic expertise is the process of studying speech
activity products aimed at identifying important facts
and answering the questions posed to the specialist.
Linguistic expertise allows determining the accuracy (or
inaccuracy) or the possibility (or impossibility) of
statements describing the object. Linguistic expertise is
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
14
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
based on linguistic theories and methods developed for
the study of linguistic objects in applied linguistics”
[8:5].
Indeed, as a result of linguistic expertise, the level of
precision and clarity in conveying information through
a text increases and many controversial issues related
to oral and written texts find resolution [14].
In Uzbek linguistics, some normative-legal documents
addressing this issue have been adopted; however,
scientific-theoretical and practical studies remain
scarce. Only in recent years have a few scientific and
methodological
works
been
published
and
dissertations defended. Among the initial studies in this
field are: Professor Shuhrat Kuchimov’s manual titled
“Linguistic Expertise of Draft Normative
-Legal
Documents” [11], The methodological guide “Linguistic
Expertise in the
Uzbek Language” co
-authored by I.
Azimov, Z. Ruziyev, and F. Bobojonov [1], J.N. Orozov’s
monograph
“Linguocriminology
of
the
Uzbek
Language” [5], Z. Suvanov’s monograph “Theoretical
and Methodological Foundations of Linguistic Expertise
of Uzbek Lit
erary Texts” [7] and K. Musulmonova’s
Doctor of Philosophy dissertation “The Process, Stages,
and Methods of Linguistic Expertise of Written Texts in
the Uzbek Language” [4].
Linguistic expertise is divided into several components
depending on its purpose, the form and content of the
material presented, the nature of the issue at hand, and
other factors. In K.Kh. Musulmonova's research, it is
proposed to classify linguistic expertise of Uzbek
written texts into the following components:
•
Linguistic expertise of defamatory content
texts;
•
Linguistic expertise of texts with an unknown
author;
•
Linguistic expertise for detecting plagiarism;
•
Linguistic expertise of advertising texts;
•
Linguistic expertise of normative legal
documents;
•
Linguistic expertise of trademarks, domain
names, company names, and other products of speech
activity;
•
Linguistic expertise of extremist materials
[4:11].
J.N. Orozov, who conducted research in the field of
linguocriminology, emphasizes: “Linguocriminalistic
expertise, forensic linguistic expertise, are components
of linguistic expertise” [5:12].
As a result of linguistic expertise of document drafts,
the level of precision and clarity in information transfer
within the text increases and many controversial issues
find resolution.
As our country becomes more democratic with the
expansion of freedom of speech and mass media and
the increasing application of language in practical
activities, the demand and need for practical work
related to linguistic expertise of texts are also growing
[5:3]. Indeed, in a legal-democratic society, every issue
and every controversial matter must find a just
solution. Particularly today, linguistic expertise of
document texts holds a significant role in the
development of the state language.
DISCUSSION
Thus, linguistic expertise is the process of studying,
editing and explaining speech activity products
—
texts
—
aimed at identifying important facts and
answering the questions posed to the specialist. In
Russian linguistics, linguistic expertise is primarily
considered a type of forensic expertise. “Linguistic
expertise is an independent type of forensic expertise,
an effective (and therefore highly responsible)
procedural activity involving the linguistic examination
of speech data (recorded on any material medium) that
has evidentiary value” [12:8]. In our view, this type o
f
activity can be applied not only in judicial processes but
also in other areas. For example, texts of normative-
legal documents, speeches of political figures,
textbooks and social media communications can be
researched for various purposes. Therefore, it is more
accurate to consider linguistic expertise as a scientific-
practical research method within applied linguistics.
Ukrainian linguist L.V. Ajnyuk identifies two main types
of linguistic expertise that require special knowledge:
first, as a means of legal regulation from the linguistic
perspective, applied to media materials, programs, oral
presentations, advertising texts, information and
services provided to consumers in goods, company
names and others; second, as a linguocriminalistic
research method that regulates social relations [13:6].
Indeed, when evaluating the linguistic expertise
process and determining its relevance to a particular
field, there is no unanimous agreement among
scholars. Considering that linguists are engaged in this
field, its research methods are primarily conducted
from a linguistic perspective and that linguistic
expertise is applied in areas beyond judicial expertise
and law, it is more accurate to assess it as a branch of
applied linguistics.
Linguistic expertise is divided into several components
depending on the purpose, the form and content of the
presented material, the essence of the issue at hand
and other factors. Opinions on the components of
linguistic expertise have been expressed in the research
of K.X. Musulmonova [4] and J.N. Orozov [5].
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
15
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
In our view, it is appropriate to categorize the
components of linguistic expertise into specific groups.
These groups combine types of linguistic expertise that
are similar either in form or content. The components
of linguistic expertise can be divided into three groups:
1.
Linguistic
expertise
of
normative-legal
documents.
2.
Forensic linguistic expertise.
3.
Domain-specific linguistic expertise.
These groups encompass several types of expertise.
Each group combines types of expertise that are similar
in terms of topics, research methods and the
specialist’s field of expertise.
Linguistic expertise of normative-legal documents
.
This group can include three types of expertise:
1.
Linguistic expertise of draft normative-legal
documents;
2.
Linguistic expertise of existing normative-legal
document texts;
3.
Linguistic expertise of local normative
documents.
Forensic linguistic expertise
. In practice, the most
commonly applied and officially conducted linguistic
expertise based on expert requirements are forensic
linguistic expertises. In English, all types of linguistic
expertise are referred to as "forensic linguistics," which
is considered one of the fields of practical linguistics
that analyzes spoken and written language in the
context of legal proceedings and criminology.
Forensic linguistic expertises can be divided into several
types:
1.
Criminolinguistic expertises;
2.
Linguistic expertises to determine the presence
of defamatory speech;
3.
Linguistic expertises aimed at identifying the
author of a text.
Specialized linguistic expertises
include the linguistic
expertise of official texts, the linguistic expertise of
literary texts, the linguistic expertise of social media
texts, the linguistic expertise of political speeches and
others.
In formal style, particularly in ensuring full compliance
with literary language norms in document texts, as well
as in resolving disputes related to texts in other styles
and spoken communication, linguistic expertise plays
an important role in providing impartial evaluations.
For this reason, the need for linguistic expertise
research is increasing day by day. Based on linguistic
expertise conclusions, clarifications are made regarding
the text owner and the meaning conveyed through the
text.
RESULTS
In linguistic expertise, it is advisable for the expert to
thoroughly familiarize themselves with the speech
product (spoken or written text) in order to provide an
impartial and accurate conclusion. If necessary,
additional materials may be provided to the expert.
Extracted fragments from a text or spoken speech do
not allow for an impartial and accurate conclusion.
Short texts or excerpts from a complete text are highly
likely to lead to incorrect interpretations. In some
exceptional cases, depending on the purpose of the
expertise, it may be possible to work based on a single
sentence or fragment of a text to explain the meaning
of a specific lexical unit in the text, upon the client’s
request.
The object of linguistic expertise is quite broad,
including normative-legal documents, regulatory
documents, contract texts, office papers, various types
of texts, published literary or scientific works, official
and informal communications on social media and
controversial communications and correspondence
between citizens that can be subjected to linguistic
expertise.
CONCLUSION
To preserve the purity of the language and prevent
widespread illiteracy, it is advisable to subject street
and storefront signs, as well as information and data
published on official websites and channels of the
media and social networks, to linguistic expertise.
Additionally, it is a timely requirement to implement
such a demand for textbooks and manuals in all types
of educational institutions.
REFERENCES
Azimov I., Roziyev Z., Bobojonov F. Linguistic Expertise
in the Uzbek Language: Methodical Guide.
–
Tashkent:
“Bookmany print” Publishing, 2023. –
47 pages.
Coulthard M. Author identification, ideolect and
linguistic uniqueness // Appl. linguistics.
–
2004.
–
Vol.
25, No. 4.
–
P. 431-447.
–
Bibliography: p. 446-447;
Huylmans H. Forensic Linguistics
–
From Practice for
Practice // Polizei.
–
Cologne etc., 1991.
–
Vol. 82, No.
4.
–
P. 99-101.
Musulmonova K.X. The Process, Stages, and Methods
of Linguistic Expertise of Written Texts in the Uzbek
Language: PhD Dissertation in Philology.
–
Kokand,
2022.
–
132 pages.
Orozov J.N. Linguocriminalistics of the Uzbek Language:
Monograph.
–
Tashkent: "Bookmany print" Publishing,
2023.
Solan L.M. Author identification in American courts /
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
16
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
L.M. Solan, P.M. Tiersma // Appl. linguistics.
–
2004.
–
Vol. 25, No. 4.
–
P. 448-465.
–
Bibliography: p. 464-465.
Suvanov Z. The Theoretical and Methodological
Foundations of Linguistic Expertise of Uzbek Literary
Texts. Monograph. / T.: Lesson press, 2023.
–
169
pages.
Baranov A.N. Linguistic Expertise of Text: Theory and
Practice: Textbook.
–
Moscow: Flinta: Science, 2007.
–
592 pages.
Brinev K.I. Theoretical Linguistics and Forensic
Linguistic Expertise, Barnaul, 2009.
Galyashina, E.I. Fundamentals of Forensic Speech
Studies: Monograph / E.I. Galyashina.
–
Moscow:
STENSI, 2003.
–
236 pages.
Ku'chimov Sh. Linguistic Expertise of Draft Normative
and Legal Documents. Methodical Guide. T.: Center for
Professional Development of Lawyers, Ministry of
Justice of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2022.
–
26 pages.
Linguistic Expertise: Textbook / I.A. Yaroschuk, N.A.
Zhukova, N.I. Dolzhenko.
–
Belgorod: ID “BelGU”,
National Research University “BelGU”, 2020. –
96
pages.
Azhnyuk L.V. Typology of Objects of Linguistic Expertise
and Methods of Their Study / L.V. Azhnyuk //
Linguistics.
–
2016.
–
No. 3.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/экспертиза.
https://lex.uz/mact/-111460#-254257.
