International Journal Of Literature And Languages
67
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue03 2025
PAGE NO.
67-68
10.37547/ijll/Volume05Issue03-17
The role of the convergent processes in the formation of
the Hungarian language
Kuldasheva Shakhnoza Akramovna
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Philological Sciences, Uzbek State University of World Languages, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Received:
20 January 2025;
Accepted:
21 February 2025;
Published:
22 March 3025
Abstract:
The present article examines the problem of the role and place of the major historical process called the
Great Migration of Peoples, which took place in Europe in the 2nd-10th centuries, in the formation of the
Hungarian language. The problem is very relevant and interesting due to the fact that, being on the territory of
Eastern Europe, the Hungarian people created a state in the very heart of Western Europe, forming the so-called
“language island” in the center of a huge territory inhabited by Indo
-European peoples. The author analyzes this
problem using the etymology of Hungarian words and comparing them with the material of ancient Turkic
languages.
Keywords:
Hungarians, Magyars, Huns, Turkic peoples, nomadic tribes, substrate, Bulgars, Khazars, Kipchaks,
Christianity, Orthodox Church.
Introduction:
The rapid disintegration of the Hunnic
state was facilitated by a number of factors. The
Romans, who were closely monitoring this, developed
a strategy aimed at preserving the territories they
occupied, no longer focusing on Rome as the center,
but concentrating on preserving the Roman
characteristics of the Romanized population in these
remote regions, thereby preserving and developing
Latin and the newly emerging Romance languages,
Roman culture and the corresponding sects of
Christianity in the peripheral regions, and developed
corresponding tactical moves. These measures did not
fail to bear fruit. In the 6th-13th centuries, the
territorial expansionist tendencies of the Germans and
Celts ceased. The Huns remained only in a small
territory - in Hungary. The Romans, on the other hand,
managed to create states on the territory of the former
colonies and strengthen them in all respects. In the
same context, from the east, the Magyar tribes,
belonging to the Finno-Ugric family, made a long
campaign and gradually reached the territory of
modern Hungary, occupying it. This did not happen in
one day, one week, one month or one year. The
peoples who had survived the fierce battles of the
Great Migration were exhausted by wars, campaigns,
defenses and sieges, their economy was in ruins and
they could not influence, stop or accelerate the events
happening around them. In the same context, the
peoples who settled the territory of Hungary displaced
the Hunnic language and established the dominance of
their own language. However, since the local
population spoke the Hunnic language since the 5th
–
6th centuries, many Hunnic words entered the
Hungarian language as a substrate element. Having
settled well in the new territory, the Hungarians
created an economy, political system, economy,
religion, law, army, culture and other social institutions
in accordance with the standards of the new
civilization, and this state has existed since the 10th
century to the present day. Historically, the Hungarians
are a Finno-Ugric people who settled along the
northern coast of the Black Sea from the east, from
Central Asia, around the 8th century. In the second half
of the 10th century, they conquered the former
Pannonia, where they transformed from a nomadic
people into a sedentary people and founded a state
between the Tisza and the Danube called Hungary. [4]
The Hungarians called themselves Magyars. Before the
year 1000, the heads of state in Hungary were called
khans. This is the legacy of the Great Migration of
Peoples, the Hunnic state from the 4th to the 9th
century, that is, before the arrival of the Magyars. - This
is evidenced by the very existence of Hungary and the
fact that its kings were called khans . Beginning in 1000,
International Journal Of Literature And Languages
68
https://theusajournals.com/index.php/ijll
International Journal Of Literature And Languages (ISSN: 2771-2834)
the Hungarian king Stephen I (Hungarian emperor 1,
997-1038) ordered to call himself "king" and not
"khan". This is directly related to the adoption of
Christianity in Hungary. Since Stephen I had previously
adopted Orthodoxy, later, under pressure from
neighboring countries - Germany, the Czech Republic
and Poland - he converted to Catholicism and forcibly
converted the Hungarian people to Catholicism. The
Arpad dynasty was established in Hungary. [3]
The Hungarians (Magyars) were originally a Turkic-
speaking people who were influenced by the Finno-
Ugric peoples of Eastern Europe in the 8th and 9th
centuries and adopted a language from the Finno-Ugric
family. When they arrived in Pannonia, the local
population spoke not Latin, but the Hunnic language.
Although the Hunnic language was the language of the
ancient ancestors of the Magyars, over the next three
centuries there appeared generations who had
completely forgotten this language, speaking another
language. When the Magyars arrived in Pannonia, they
settled there and underwent a process of assimilation
with the local population. Because the sedentary Huns,
who began to live here in the 3rd-4th centuries, by the
10th century had organized their socio-economic and
cultural life at the level of the Central European
Standard (CES) of that time, and their level of
development was significantly higher than that of the
nomadic Magyars. As a result, the Finno-Ugric language
became the main language of the ruling class, and the
Hunnic language was gradually forgotten, and although
by the 12th-13th centuries it was completely forgotten,
the Turkic substrate left many traces in the Hungarian
language. [3]
We studied the words that entered the Hungarian
language from the Turkic languages, taking into
account the Mongol invasion of Hungary in 1241
–
1242
and the occupation of Hungary by the Ottoman Turks
in 1390
–
1683, as well as the subsequent borrowing of
Turkish (Ottoman Turkish) words into the Hungarian
language. First, we generally excluded words that exist
in modern Turkish. The aim of this work was to study
the influence of the Great Migration on the Hungarian
language and the traces it left behind. [ 5]
To complete this task we will use the Hungarian
language. - We carefully studied the vocabulary of the
Hungarian dictionary and identified words that came
from the ancient Turkic languages: Hunnic, Bulgar and
others. To check whether the words found existed in
the ancient Turkic languages, or rather, to verify them,
we turned to the "Old Turkic Dictionary (OTD)". To
determine whether a word in OTD entered the
Hungarian language through Turkish, we gave it three
forms at once: the Hungarian word, its Uzbek
translation. If the Hungarian form differs from the
Turkish one, then the word has existed since ancient
Turkic times and entered the Hungarian language
somewhere between the 7th and 10th centuries. [4]
1. dengir (sea; Turkish-Deniz. Due to rhotacism, the
initial z(z>r) became r. [2]
2. Arslan (lion, lion). "Aslan" in Turkish. The absence of
the (r) sound in the Turkish version suggests that the
Hungarian word is much older. [1]
3. Balta (axe). "Axe" in Turkish. This word can also be
considered one of the words that came into use during
the Hunnic period.
4. Bazar (market). In Turkish it is " pazar ". The fact that
the first consonant in Turkish is voiceless speaks in
favor of the Hunnic language.
5. There is no word for “katrany” (resin, tar) in Turkish.
6 . Kazan (boiler). [2 , 646 pages ] Kazan in Turkish. It is
difficult to determine how this word came into use.
7. Iroda (ıdora)
- this word does not exist in the Turkish
language. The phenomenon of metathesis of the type
"soil - soil" arose. It is interesting that metathesis
occurred not only with words of Turkic languages, but
also with words of Slavic languages. For example:
bodnar (in Russian бондарь) (in Russian, блоха
- flea)
8. Vezer - minister. It is difficult to determine when this
word entered the Hungarian language. [1,2]
It has been proven that ancient Turkic words have
become an integral part of the vocabulary of the
modern Hungarian language.
REFERENCES
Венгеро
-
русский словарь.
-
ОГИЗ, Госиздат иностр. и
нац. словарей. –
М., 1946. –
384 с.
Древнетюркский словарь.
-
Л.: Наука 1969. –
676 с.
Краткая история Венгрии. С древнейших времен до
наших дней.
-
М.: Наука, 1991.
-
608 с.
Kuldashev, A. M., & Kuldasheva, S. A. (2021). On the
nature of changes in Germanic languages under the
influence of the great migration of peoples. ISJ
Theoretical & Applied Science, 04 (96), 325-331. Soi:
http://s-o-i.org/1.1/TAS-04-96-65
Doi:
https://dx.doi.org/10.15863/TAS.2021.04.96.65
Qo‘ldashev A.M. Tilshunoslikda tarixiylik tamoyili. –
T.:
Fan, 2020.
–
300 b.
