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THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORK ,,MEDICAL LAWS ON THE DEVELOPMENT
OF MEDICINE
Umarova Farida Saidikramovna
Kimyo International University in Tashkent
F.f.n.dots.
Lutfullayeva Shakhrizoda Farukhjon kizi
Kimyo International University in Tashkent
Department of Pediatrics
1st year student.
Annotation.
This article discusses the influence of the famous work of Abu Ali Ibn Sina -
'The Canon of Medicine' (Al-Qonun fit-Tibb) on the formation and development of world
medical science. The scientific approaches presented in the work, the diagnosis and
treatment methods of diseases, and the in-depth knowledge provided in pharmacology have
been studied as a fundamental guide in European medical schools for centuries. The article
analyzes the value of Ibn Sina's scientific heritage, the relevance of the medical principles he
developed, and their contribution to modern medicine from a scientific-theoretical
perspective.
Key words:
Ibn Sina, The Canon of Medicine, history of medicine, pharmacology,
diagnosis, treatment methods, scientific heritage, European medicine, medieval science,
medical literature.
The field of medicine is considered one of the oldest and most important fields in the history
of mankind. Many scholars, physicians, and scientists have made immeasurable
contributions to the development of this field. Among them, Abu Ali ibn Sina holds a
special place. His work "Al-Qonun fit-Tibb" (The Canon of Medicine) has had a strong
impact on the development of medical knowledge not only in the East but also in the
Western world. This article will analyze the historical, scientific, and practical aspects of this
rare work.
Abu Ali ibn Sino (980-1037) was born in August 980 in the village of Afshona in the
Bukhara region. He learned medicine from Nuh al-Kumri and became a famous physician
from the age of 16-17, due to his sharp intellect and memory. Alongside his practice as a
physician, Ibn Sino dedicated his life to writing various works related to medicine. He
authored over 280 works, 40 of which are devoted to the science of medicine. Today, Ibn
Sino has had a very significant impact on the development of medicine and pharmacy in the
world. During the time when Ibn Sino lived and worked, independent pharmacologists did
not exist; the field was just beginning to separate from traditional medicine. Subsequently,
the complexity of recipes and the technology for preparing them became more complicated,
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making it difficult for physicians (or the physicians alone) to manage the intricate types of
medicines.
More than 30 works written by Ibn Sina related to medicine have reached us, among which
are various-sized treatises dedicated to certain theoretical and practical issues of medicine,
along with the medical encyclopedia "Qanun" such as "Urjuza fi-ttibb" ("Medical Urjuza"),
"al-Adviyat al-qalbiya" ("Heart Medicines"), "Daf al-madorr al-kulliya an-al-abdon al-
insoniya" ("Elimination of All Harm that Affects the Human Body"), "Kitob al-qulanj"
("Book on Qulanji"), "Maqola fi-nnabz" ("Article on Pulse"), "Risola fi-l-boh" ("Treatise on
Sexual Power"), "Risola fi tadbiri al-musofirin" ("Treatise on the Management of
Travelers"), "Risola fi xifz as-sihha" ("Treatise on Health Preservation"), "Risola fi-s-
sikanjubin" ("Treatise on Sikanjubin"), "Risola fi-lfasd" ("Treatise on Bloodletting"), and
"Risola fi-lhindabo" ("Treatise on Hair Loss").
The work of Abu Ali ibn Sina related to medicine. 'The Canon of Medicine' is a detailed
encyclopedia of medicine during its time, in which all matters concerning human health and
disease are thoroughly presented in a logical order. Previously, medicine was mainly
considered a craft, and those engaged in it paid little attention to theoretical issues, limiting
themselves to its practical application. Ibn Sina elevated medicine to the level of science and,
relying on the experiences and thoughts of Greek, Roman, Indian, and Near and Middle
Eastern physicians, deeply developed both theoretical and practical issues in ''The Canon of
Medicine.''
Ibn Sina wrote the first book of 'The Canon of Medicine' in Gurgan, and the remaining ones
while living in Ray and Hamadan (1015 1024).
Ibn Sina used the translations of the works of Greek doctors such as Hippocrates,
Dioscorides, Galen, Oribasius, Paul, as well as the works of Indian doctors like Charaka, in
writing "The Canon of Medicine"; he also drew from the medical works of scholars who
emerged from the countries of the Middle and Near East, such as Abu Jurayj, Masih ad-
Dimashqiy, Ibn Mosavvayh, Sobur ibn Sahl, Sahorbuxt, Abu Bakr ar-Razi, and Abu Sahl al-
Masihiy. Each book of the "Canon of Medicine" is divided into sections (science), chapters
(propositions), articles (articles), and paragraphs (sections).
The first book describes the theoretical foundations of medicine as well as general issues of
practical medicine, the definition of medical science, its functions, and the teachings about
temperament and constitution. It then provides a brief anatomical overview of the div's
'simple' organs bones, cartilage, nerves, arteries, veins, tendons, ligaments, and muscles.
The causes, manifestations, types of diseases, and general methods of treatment are outlined.
Education on nutrition, lifestyle, and health preservation at all stages of life is documented.
Some chapters are dedicated to issues such as surgery, resuscitation, and blood sampling.
In the second book, more than 800 descriptions of medicinal substances derived from plants,
animals, and minerals during that era, along with their healing properties and methods of use,
are presented. The author also mentions many medicines and substances brought from India,
China, Greece, Africa, the Mediterranean region, and other places in addition to the
medicinal substances that come from Central Asia and the Near East countries. Many of the
medicines recommended by Ibn Sina are still used today in pharmacopoeias.
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The third book contains information about the 'specific' or 'local' diseases that occur in the
organs of the human div from head to toe. In other words, this book is dedicated to specific
pathology and therapy. It covers diseases of the brain (including neurological and mental
illnesses), eye, ear, nose, oral cavity, tongue, gums, lips, throat, lungs, heart, chest,
esophagus, and stomach diseases, and then discusses the liver, gallbladder, spleen, intestines,
urinary tract, kidneys, and bladder.
The 4th book is dedicated to 'general' diseases that are not specific to any part of the human
div. These diseases include various fevers (crises during the illness), swellings (including
cancer), rashes, wounds, burns, fractures and dislocations, and injuries to the nerves, skull,
chest, spine, and limbs. Also, this work discusses long-lasting and highly contagious
diseases such as smallpox, measles, syphilis, cholera, and rabies; it also outlines the main
issues of the theory of poisons and intoxication (toxicology). A special section of the book is
devoted to maintaining human beauty and external appearance. Among other things, Ibn
Sina recommends means to prevent hair loss as well as tools to prevent excessive weight
gain or loss.
The 5th book is a pharmacopoeia that describes the methods for preparing and using
complex medicinal substances. The first part provides descriptions of various medicines
(antidotes), mixtures, ointments, tablet medicines, syrups, juices, infusions, wines, balms,
and so on. The second part includes specific organs the head, eyes, ears, teeth, throat, chest,
and abdominal cavity organs, joints, and various medicinal substances used to treat skin
diseases that have been tested.1
In the era of Ibn Sina, pharmacy was not yet recognized as an independent discipline. Ibn
Sina articulated his thoughts on pharmaceutical issues in some books of his great work, 'The
Canon of Medicine.' Among Ibn Sina's medical works, the most important is 'The Canon of
Medicine,' which consists of five independent books. The second and fifth books include
information related to pharmacology. Specifically, the second book defines over 700
medicinal substances, detailing their preparation and application methods. The fifth book
describes 275 complex medicines. In addition, it also lists 64 medications used for heart
diseases. The number of complex medications described by Ibn Sina exceeds 400. At the
same time, he was the first to employ chemical substances such as opium, copper, sulfur,
silver, and their compounds in medicine.
In the Middle Ages, the "Laws of Medicine" were translated into Latin and used as
textbooks in European universities. The translation made by Gerard de Cremona in the 12th
century contributed to the advancement of medical science in Europe.
This work was taught as a primary source in European medical schools until the 17th
century. Ibn Sina described over 800 medicinal substances in his work. He explained their
effects, dosages, and methods of application on a scientific basis. This approach laid a solid
1
Qodirov A.A. O'zbekiston tibbiyoti. Darslik. -T.: Abu Ali ibn Sino nomidagi tibbiyot nashriyoti, 2004.-B.3
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foundation for the science of pharmacology. He studied medicines not only chemically but
also biologically and psychologically.
The work promoted a deep analysis of the causes of diseases, diagnosis through symptoms,
and comprehensive approaches to illness. Particularly, the emphasis on a healthy lifestyle
aligns with the principles of modern preventive medicine.
In conclusion, the work "The Canon of Medicine" has made a tremendous contribution to
the development of medicine throughout the history of humanity with its profound scientific
content, clearly systematized approach, and principles directed towards modernity. Avicenna
advanced well beyond his time, transmitting his deep knowledge of human health over the
centuries. Even today, this work is valued not only as a historical source but also as a source
of scientific inspiration.
References
1.
Petrov, V. D.
Ibn Sina-velikiy sredneaziatskiy ucheniy ensiklopedist. Abu Ali Ibn
Sina. Kanon vrachebnoy nauki. Tashkent, 1981
2.
Avitsenna // Ensiklopedicheskiy slovar / pod red. I. Ye. Andreevskiy
SPb.:
Brokgauz Yefron, 1890. T. I. S. 82
3.
Qodirov A.A. O'zbekiston tibbiyoti. Darslik. -T.: Abu Ali ibn Sino nomidagi tibbiyot
nashriyoti, 2004.-B.3
4.
A. J. Arberry,
«Avicenna on Theology» . 2015-yil 27-oktyabrda asl nusxadan
arxivlangan. KAZI PUBN INC, 1995. excerpt: "Avicenna was the greatest of all Persian
thinkers; as physician and metaphysician"
