Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
CORRECTION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS USING TRADITIONAL
MEDICINE METHODS
Boboev Khurshid Shodiqulovich
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali ibn Sina, https://orcid.org/0009-0004-
4474-3946
1 Tel: +998 99 352 38 18 e-mail: xurshid_boboyev@bsmi.uz
Annotation:
Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia
resulting from impaired carbohydrate metabolism. The condition arises either due to
insufficient insulin production by pancreatic β-cells (type 1 diabetes) or due to peripheral
tissue resistance to insulin action (type 2 diabetes). Insulin is a crucial hormone that
regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating its uptake into cells for energy production. The
clinical features of diabetes typically include polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyuria (frequent
urination), chronic fatigue, unintended weight loss (especially in type 1 diabetes), and
delayed wound healing. If not properly managed, diabetes can lead to serious systemic
complications, such as cardiovascular disease, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy.
Management of diabetes focuses on maintaining normoglycemia and includes insulin
therapy for type 1 diabetes, oral hypoglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes, alongside lifestyle
interventions like dietary regulation and regular physical activity.
Keywords:
sugar, glucose, insulin, diabetes, diet, heart, kidneys, hormone, nervous system.
Annotation.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic polyetiological disease characterized by impaired
carbohydrate metabolism due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. In type 1
diabetes, the main pathogenic mechanism is autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic β-
cells, leading to a complete loss of insulin production capacity [2; p. 45]. The immune
response is based on T-lymphocyte aggression against the div’s own pancreatic antigens,
which promotes the development of pronounced hyperglycemia and, if untreated, diabetic
ketoacidosis [4; p. 33]. Insulin plays a key role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by
facilitating its entry into cells, where it is used as a primary energy substrate. In the absence
or inefficiency of insulin, glucose accumulates in the blood, causing a hyperglycemic state
[1; p. 17].
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, in which target cells (muscle, adipose,
and liver cells) lose their sensitivity to insulin. In the early stages, the disease is
accompanied by compensatory hyperinsulinemia, but over time β-cell exhaustion occurs,
leading to decreased insulin secretion [3; p. 25]. These pathological changes are
accompanied by persistent hyperglycemia and an increased risk of developing microvascular
and macrovascular complications [5; p. 40]. The main etiological factors of type 2 diabetes
include obesity, physical inactivity, genetic predisposition, and dietary disorders [6; p. 61].
Chronic elevation of blood glucose levels has a toxic effect on blood vessel walls, kidney
tissue, the nervous system, and the retina. Diabetic angiopathy is one of the most common
complications, characterized by endothelial damage, progressive atherosclerosis, and the
development of ischemic heart disease [7; p. 78]. Furthermore, hyperglycemia contributes to
the development of diabetic nephropathy, which may eventually lead to chronic kidney
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
failure [8; p. 55]. Diabetic neuropathy results in impaired innervation, manifested by
decreased sensitivity, pain, and muscle weakness, especially in the lower limbs [9; p. 34]. In
ophthalmological practice, special attention is given to diabetic retinopathy, which in severe
cases may lead to blindness [10; p. 49].
Thus, the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is associated with impaired glucose
regulation, leading to chronic hyperglycemia and the development of multiple complications.
Treatment of diabetes, especially with minimal side effects and harm to the div, relies on a
comprehensive approach. Although diabetes (especially type 1) cannot be completely cured,
there are methods to control blood sugar levels, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk
of complications. It is important to note that any changes in treatment should be carried out
under medical supervision to avoid deterioration of the patient’s condition.
Materials and Methods
The research was conducted in the vivarium of Bukhara State
Medical Institute during 2023. A total of 78 male white rats weighing 150–180 grams were
selected for the experimental study. All laboratory animals were obtained from the same
vivarium and were of the same age. All biological safety rules and ethical principles for
working with laboratory animals were strictly followed during the research. The animals
were provided with sufficient water and fed a balanced diet. Proper care and feeding of
laboratory animals were considered essential in the preparation and conduct of experimental
studies. Feeding schedules were maintained without disruption, and hygiene rules during
feeding were observed. Failure to follow these rules increases the animals’ susceptibility to
various infectious and somatic diseases. If such conditions arise during the experiment, the
results may be compromised, leading to inaccurate conclusions.
The vivarium facilities were cleaned every morning, and the cages and vivarium premises
were cleaned using clean, designated clothing. Before the end of the experiment, the
carcasses of deceased animals were buried in the ground and disinfected using a 20%
chlorine solution according to the ICT guidelines for the disposal of deceased laboratory
animals. All experimental groups were formed simultaneously. Animal care was adjusted to
their age, sex, weight, housing, and feeding conditions. During the experiment, all
recommendations for biosafety and ethical principles of animal care and handling were
followed in accordance with the "Rules and Methods for Working with Laboratory Animals
in Microbiological and Immunological Studies" by Nuraliev N.A., approved by the RUZ on
May 25, 2016, and the methodological manual developed by the authors.
Group I (Control Group) – 26 rats were kept under standard vivarium conditions and fed
a normal diet with standard sugar content. This group was used for comparison with other
experimental groups.
Group II (Experimental Group) – 26 rats were given an average of 12–14 ml of sugary
water per day, corresponding to 100 ml per 1 kg of div weight. This solution was
administered for 1 month.
Group III (Experimental Group) – 26 rats were given the same diet as Group II (12–14
ml of sugary water daily for 1 month), and in addition, a mixture (5 ml) was given once
daily in the morning with food.
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
Groups (C–control, E–
experimental)
Description of experiment
Young
animals,
3
months
Total number of
animals (*dead
rats)
I (C)
Group 1 – rats under
standard vivarium conditions
and intact diet
26
5
II (E)
Group 2 – same diet, plus 12–
14 ml of sugary water per day
for 1 month
26
6
III (E)
Group 3 – same as Group 2 +
5 ml mixture daily during
meals
26
–
Total
78
11
Excessive sugar consumption can have harmful effects on various div systems, especially
when consumed over a prolonged period. Sugar is high in calories and easily absorbed,
which can lead to weight gain. Excess sugar intake, particularly from sweetened beverages
and foods with added sugar, contributes to fat accumulation, especially in the abdominal
area. The third group of 26 rats consumed the same dose of sugar as the second group.
However, in this case, they additionally received 5 ml of a specially prepared herbal mixture
once daily in the morning with their food over a one-month period.
Preparation of the mixture:
The mixture consisting of cinnamon, milk thistle, flaxseed, and black cumin can be a
beneficial dietary supplement for individuals with diabetes. Each of these natural remedies
possesses unique properties that may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve overall
health.
1.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is known for its ability to reduce blood sugar levels and improve insulin
sensitivity. Its active compound, cinnamaldehyde, enhances glucose uptake by cells and
helps
maintain
stable
postprandial
blood
sugar
levels.
Benefits for diabetics: Cinnamon can lower fasting glucose levels and improve insulin
resistance, which is particularly helpful in type 2 diabetes.
2.
Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum)
3. Milk thistle is a natural hepatoprotective agent, meaning it supports liver health. Its main
active compound, silymarin, is known for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Benefits for diabetics: Milk thistle improves liver function, which is vital for sugar
metabolism, and may also help reduce blood sugar levels. Studies indicate it can lower
insulin resistance and glucose levels with long-term use.
4.
Flaxseed
Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids, fiber, and lignans, all of which positively affect
blood
glucose
levels
and
carbohydrate
metabolism.
Benefits for diabetics: Flaxseed lowers the glycemic index of foods, enhances insulin
sensitivity, and stabilizes blood glucose levels. Its fiber slows glucose absorption, helping
prevent post-meal sugar spikes.
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
5.
Black Cumin (Nigella sativa)
Black cumin has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Its key active
component,
thymoquinone,
supports
glucose
and
lipid
metabolism.
Benefits for diabetics: Black cumin may lower blood sugar levels and improve pancreatic
function. Some studies show it enhances insulin sensitivity and reduces glucose levels in
patients with type 2 diabetes.
Effects of the Mixture on Diabetes
Blood Sugar Reduction:
All components of the mixture have properties that help lower
blood sugar levels and enhance insulin sensitivity.
Liver Support:
Milk thistle supports and protects the liver, which plays a central role in
glucose regulation.
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Action:
Black cumin and milk thistle help combat
inflammation and oxidative stress, which are common in diabetic patients.
Digestive Support and Glycemic Stability:
The fiber in flaxseed slows carbohydrate
absorption, stabilizing post-meal blood glucose levels.
How to Use the Mixture
These ingredients can be mixed in equal proportions or adjusted based on individual needs.
The mixture can be added to yogurt, porridge, salads, or beverages, or taken as a powder
(e.g., mixed with water or juice).
Important
Note:
Before using any herbs or supplements, it is essential to consult a physician to rule out
potential contraindications. Natural remedies should not replace primary diabetes treatments
(such as insulin therapy or hypoglycemic medications) but can be part of an integrative
approach. This mixture may be a useful dietary supplement for individuals with diabetes,
helping to improve glycemic control and overall well-being.
Results
The table below presents data on glucose level control in diabetic rats under
standard conditions and with the use of a mixture containing cinnamon, milk thistle,
flaxseed, and black cumin. It includes key parameters affecting blood sugar levels and the
changes observed when the natural mixture was administered.
Healthy rats maintain stable blood glucose levels within the range of 4–6 mmol/L, which is
considered normal for rodents. Diabetic rats show a significant increase in glucose levels (up
to 15–20 mmol/L), depending on disease severity. Rats treated with the herbal mixture
(cinnamon, milk thistle, flaxseed, and black cumin) demonstrated a 20–30% reduction in
blood glucose levels, which helps manage diabetes. However, complete normalization
requires a comprehensive and long-term treatment plan. The mixture contributes to
improved glucose metabolism and helps stabilize blood sugar levels, though it is not a full
replacement for insulin therapy or pharmacological treatments.
Condition of Rats Fasting
Blood
Glucose (mmol/L) Description of Changes
Healthy rats
4–6 mmol/L
Normal
glucose
level,
stable
carbohydrate
metabolism
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
Condition of Rats Fasting
Blood
Glucose (mmol/L) Description of Changes
Diabetic rats
15–20 mmol/L
High blood glucose, insulin resistance or insulin
deficiency, symptoms of diabetes (polydipsia,
polyphagia, polyuria)
Diabetic
rats
(after treatment) 10–14 mmol/L
Moderate 20–30% reduction in glucose levels,
improved insulin sensitivity, reduced symptoms
Glucose Control in Diabetic Rats (without mixture)
Control Parameter Expected Effect of Mixture Observed
Change
with Mixture
Notes
Fasting
blood
glucose level
Lowering of glucose due to
cinnamon and black cumin
20–30% decrease (to
10–14 mmol/L)
Effect increases over
time
Glycated
hemoglobin
(HbA1c)
Reduction due to overall
metabolic improvement
Decrease to 6–7%
Requires prolonged
use of the mixture
Body weight
Stabilization
due
to
improved metabolism
Moderate
stabilization
or
increase
Flax helps control
weight and reduce
obesity
Water intake
Reduced polydipsia due to
lower glucose levels
Normalization
of
water intake
Reduced thirst
Food consumption
Reduced
polyphagia
through blood glucose
stabilization
Moderate decrease in
food intake
Less
tendency
toward
excessive
appetite
Glucose Control in Diabetic Rats Treated with the Mixture (Cinnamon, Milk Thistle,
Flaxseed, Black Cumin)
Control
Parameter
Expected Effect of Mixture
Observed Change
Notes
Lipid profile
Improved lipid profile due to
flaxseed and milk thistle
Decreased
triglycerides
and
cholesterol levels
Supports
liver
function and reduces
blood fats
Inflammatory
markers
Antioxidant
and
anti-
inflammatory effects (black
cumin, milk thistle)
Reduction
in
inflammation markers
Reduction
in
oxidative stress
Liver function Improved liver condition due
to milk thistle
Decreased fatty liver
degeneration
Liver
protection
from damage
Effect
of
the
Mixture:
Use of the mixture leads to a gradual reduction in blood glucose and normalization of
metabolic processes in diabetic rats.
Duration
of
Study:
For a sustained effect, the mixture should be administered over several weeks to months.
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
Side
Effects:
The mixture is generally well tolerated, but further research is needed to assess its long-term
effects.
This table summarizes the key parameters for glucose control and other metabolic markers
in diabetic rats treated with a natural mixture of cinnamon, milk thistle, flaxseed, and black
cumin.
Discussion
An excessive amount of glucose in the div, especially in uncontrolled diabetes or other
metabolic disorders, can negatively affect various organs and systems. The following are the
main organs affected by high glucose levels and the possible consequences:
1.
Cardiovascular System
Atherosclerosis: High glucose levels can damage arterial walls, promoting plaque formation
and narrowing of vessels, increasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Hypertension: Excess sugar may raise blood pressure, adding strain on the heart.
Elevated triglycerides: High blood sugar increases fat levels in the blood, worsening lipid
profiles.
2.
Kidneys
Diabetic nephropathy: Prolonged exposure to high glucose damages the kidneys, leading to
protein in the urine (proteinuria) and potentially kidney failure.
Increased renal workload: Excess sugar forces the kidneys to work harder to eliminate it,
heightening the risk of failure.
3.
Eyes
Diabetic retinopathy: Chronically high glucose damages the retina’s tiny vessels, causing
vision loss or blindness.
Cataracts: Elevated glucose accelerates lens clouding.
Glaucoma: Raised intraocular pressure due to high sugar can increase blindness risk.
4.
Nervous System
Diabetic neuropathy: Nerve damage from high glucose causes pain, tingling, and loss of
sensation, particularly in limbs—potentially leading to amputation.
Autonomic neuropathy: Damage to nerves controlling internal organs leads to issues with
digestion, heart rate, urination, and more.
5.
Skin
Diabetic ulcers: Poor blood flow and nerve damage raise the risk of slow-healing foot ulcers
and infections.
Frequent infections: High sugar weakens immunity, increasing susceptibility to fungal and
bacterial skin infections.
6.
Liver
Fatty liver disease: Excess glucose converts into fat, accumulating in the liver and
contributing to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Increased liver strain: Persistent hyperglycemia may cause liver inflammation and
dysfunction.
7.
Brain
Cognitive decline: High glucose impairs memory, focus, and learning ability and may raise
the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Microstrokes: Damage to brain microvessels may result in silent strokes, impairing
cognition over time.
8.
Pancreas
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
Pancreatic overload: Continuous high sugar levels overwork the pancreas to produce more
insulin, eventually exhausting β-cells and contributing to type 2 diabetes.
Insulin resistance: Excess glucose reduces cellular insulin sensitivity, worsening metabolic
disturbances.
9.
Joints and Bones
Joint damage: Elevated glucose may promote inflammation in joints, increasing arthritis risk.
Osteoporosis: Diabetics may have a higher risk of fragile bones and fractures.
10.
Immune System
Weakened immunity: High sugar impairs white blood cell function, making infections more
likely.
Delayed wound healing: Elevated glucose disrupts tissue repair, raising the risk of
complications from injuries.
11.
Digestive System
Gastroparesis: High glucose impairs stomach nerve function, slowing digestion and causing
nausea, vomiting, or bloating.
Constipation/diarrhea: Intestinal nerve damage can lead to alternating bowel issues.
Conclusion
Excess glucose in the div has a destructive systemic effect on multiple organs and systems.
Therefore, it is vital to monitor blood sugar levels and follow dietary, physical activity, and
medication recommendations to prevent complications associated with diabetes and
metabolic disorders.
References
1.
Bobonazarovich D. S., Furkatovna H. M. В НАРОДНОЙ МЕДИЦИНЕ
ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЕ СМЕСИ ДЛЯ КОРРЕКЦИИ САХАРНОГО ДИАБЕТА
//AMERICAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED MEDICAL SCIENCE. – 2024. – Т. 2. – №. 4. – С.
97-109.
2.
Hikmatova, M. F. (2022). Treatment and Prevention of Kidney Diseases with Herbs.
American Journal of Social and Humanitarian Research, 3(6), 426-429.
3.
Furkatovna, H. M. (2021). Pakistan pharmaceutical stocks behavior during covid19.
Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 2(1), 8-10.
4.
Furkatovna, H. M. (2021). To study the anthropometric parameters of children and
adolescents involved in athletics.
5.
Izatulloyevna, T. Z., Azimovna, A. N., Avazxonovna, S. G., & Furqatovna, H. M.
(2018). Health status of Scool children depending on health care activities of families.
European science review, (9-10-2), 164-166.
6.
Morphometric features of anthropometric parameters of adolescents living in the city
of Bukhara engaged in athletics
7.
http://article.sapub.org/10.5923.j.ajmms.20231305.40.html
8.
Furkatovna, H. M. (2021). MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR BLOOD THINNING IN
PREGNANT WOMEN. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 2(1), 5-7.
9.
Hikmatova, M. F., & Khamdamova, M. T. (2021). Morphometric features of
anthropometric parameters of adolescents living in the city of Bukhara engaged in athletics.
ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 11(9), 492-495.
Vo
lu
m
e
5,
Ju
ne
,2
02
5
,
M
ED
IC
AL
SC
IE
N
CE
S.
IM
PA
CT
FA
CT
OR
:7
,8
9
10.
Hikmatova, M. F., & Khamdamova, M. T. (2021). A study of morphometric features
of anthropometric parameters of adolescents living in the city of Bukhara engaged in
athletics. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research, 10(9), 215-217.
11.
Furkatovna, H. M. (2021). To study the morphometric features of the anthropometric
parameters of children and adolescents involved in athletics. Биология и интегративная
медицина, (1 (48)), 7-14.
12.
Hikmatova, M. F. (2022). Pomegranate Fruits in the Prevention and Treatment of
Kidney Diseases. O'ZBEKISTONDA FANLARARO INNOVATSIYALAR VA ILMIY
TADQIQOTLAR JURNALI, 1(9), 423-426.
13.
MF, H. (2023). Pomegranate Fruits in the Prevention and Treatment of Kidney
Diseases.
14.
Hikmatova, M. F. (2023). The Influence of Pomegranate Seed Oil on the Spleen in
Case of Kidney Insufficiency. Innovative Academy Research Support Center Innovative
Academy Research Support Center.
15.
Хикматова, М. (2021). Лёгкая атлетика–ключ здоровья. Общество и
инновации, 2(8/S), 439-443.
