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PARKINSON'S DISEASE: DEVELOPMENT MECHANISMS AND MODERN
CORRECTION METHODS
Zaynieva Makhbuba
Master of National University of Uzbekistan
Murodillayeva Sabrina
Master of National University of Uzbekistan
sabrinamurodillayeva6@gmail.com
Izzatillayeva Sabina
Master of National University of Uzbekistan
izzatillayevasabina3@gmail.com
Kuziev Sherali
Associate Professor of the
National University of Uzbekistan, PhD
Abstract:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the central
nervous system, manifested by movement disorders and symptoms of immobility. The
relevance of the disease is determined by its prevalence, disability, and high socio-economic
burden. The main pathophysiological mechanism of PD is the progressive loss of
dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which leads to dopamine
deficiency in the striatum. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the mechanisms of
development of PD and modern methods of correction.
Keywords:
Parkinson's disease, rotenone
Development mechanisms
Genetic and environmental factors play an important role in the development of PD. Among
the genetic factors, mutations in genes such as SNCA, LRRK2, PARK2, PINK1, and DJ-1
are of particular importance. The proteins of these genes play an important role in the
normal functioning of neurons, in particular, in mitochondrial function, lysosomal
degradation, and synaptic transmission. Among environmental factors, exposure to
pesticides (e.g., rotenone, paraquat), heavy metals (manganese, lead), and industrial toxins
(trichloroethylene) has been found to increase the risk of developing PD. In addition, age,
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brain injuries, and certain diseases (e.g., diabetes, depression) may also contribute to the
development of PD [1, 2].
Modern correction methods
Currently, there is no cure for PD, but symptoms can be controlled and quality of life
improved. Medications play a major role in the treatment of PD. Levodopa is a precursor of
dopamine, which increases dopamine levels in the striatum and significantly improves motor
symptoms. Dopamine agonists (pramipexole, ropinirole) stimulate dopamine receptors and
have fewer side effects than levodopa. MAO-B inhibitors (selegiline, rasagiline) and COMT
inhibitors (entacapone, tolcapone) slow the breakdown of dopamine and prolong the effect
of levodopa [3].
Neurosurgical procedures, in particular deep brain stimulation (DBS), are used in cases
where medication is not effective. DBS helps control symptoms by placing electrodes in
specific areas of the brain. Pallidotomy and thalamotomy aim to reduce tremor by surgically
removing specific parts of the brain [4].
Rehabilitation plays an important role in improving the quality of life of patients with PK.
Physiotherapy helps improve motor functions, speech therapy helps correct speech disorders,
and occupational therapy helps maintain daily living skills [5].
Conclusion
PD is a complex neurodegenerative disease in which genetic and environmental factors play
a significant role. Currently, there is no cure for PD, but modern medications, neurosurgical
techniques, and rehabilitation can help control symptoms and improve quality of life. Future
research should focus on developing gene therapy, neuroprotective drugs, and early
diagnosis methods.
References
1.
Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg
Psychiatry. 2008;79:368-376.
2.
Kalia LV, Lang AE. Parkinson's disease. Lancet. 2015;386:896-912.
3.
Olanow CW, Stern MB, Langston JW. Pergolide monotherapy in untreated
Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1992;42:86-91.
4.
DeLong MR. Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: surgical anatomy and
pathophysiology. Mov Disord. 2003;18 Suppl 3:S6-13.
5.
Keus SH, Munneke M, Graziano M, et al. European Physiotherapy Guideline for
Parkinson's Disease. KNGF/ParkinsonNet. 2014.
