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ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF THE MAXILLOFACIAL REGION OF
CHILDREN WITH ADENOIDS
Alimova Nigina Pulatovna
Bukhara State Medical Institute Uzbekistan
E-mail:
ORCID ID: 0000-0002-9665-226X
Annotation.
Under the influence of the environment, the transformation of the development
of the organism in growth develops, which reflects physical development. The reflection of
the morphometry of physical development is the indicators of anthropometry,
physiognometry and data of functional activity. Height, weight and chest girth are the main
anthropometric parameters of the physical development of children at certain stages of
ontogenesis.
Keywords:
anthropomertia, children, adenoid hypertrophy, physical development
Objective:
to analyze the parameters of physical development of children 3-11 years old
and children with adenoid hypertrophy
Materials and methods:
The study was carried out on the basis of the ENT department of
the Bukhara Regional Children's Hospital. The number of children before and after
adenotomy surgery was 348 (181 boys and 167 girls). Accordingly, in children with adenoid
hypertrophy and 6 months after surgery, div length was measured with a height meter,
div weight with special medical scales, chest circumference with a measuring tape the state
of children (Table 1).
The subject of the study was the anthropometric parameters of the head and face. In
conducting scientific research, a set of methods was used, depending on the tasks:
anthropometric, morphometric, statistical methods.
Introduction.
In the development of a child, the causes of various health deviations are
improper nutrition, environmental factors, pathologies, genetics and ethnic characteristics
[51, p. 49-54; 74, pp. 257-260; 113, pp. 27-28; 114, c. 845-854].
Changes and generalization of morphofunctional traits depending on the environmental
conditions of physical development are indicators of their genetic factors [112, p.
139-145
;
117, pp. 275-282].
As a result, the latter is changed in the process of physical development in a positive or
negative direction [45, p. 566-567; 84, p. (In Russian) 204-204a].
According to N.N. Rudenko, I.Y. Melnikov (2010), one of the informative criteria of
children's health, which characterize this dynamic process, determines the development of
the child in physical terms [77, pp. 121-123].
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Centile tables are the main and common methods for determining the harmony of children's
physical development [20, p. 73–79], which are compiled on the basis of measurements of
anthropometric parameters of a large number of children under study and speak of the
average values of the parameters of weight, height, chest and head girth, which in turn
makes it possible to compare the growth rates and increments of the child's individual
development [112, p. 139-145].
There are separate tables for male and female children. Head circumference is evaluated
only up to the first year of life of children, and already in preschool and school age, height,
div weight and chest circumference are considered important indicators [21, p. 73-79; 26,
p. (In Russian) 86-100].
With the help of mathematical formulas for the div mass index method, it is possible to
characterize the development of physical condition by the ratio of individual anthropometric
parameters [24, p. 165-166; 115, p. (In Russian) 91-101.].
At present, despite the standardization of research, the search for the most informative
methods, there is still no accurate assessment of physical development indicators [26, p. 86-
100; 54, p. (In Russian) 59-64; 117, p. (In Russian) 275-282; 119, p. (In Russian) 578-583].
The study of the features of health formation helps in the study of the physical development
of a large number of children and adolescents [26, p. 86-100].
The results of the main morphometric measurements are used as standards for assessing
physical development [110, p. 10-15; 118, c. 280-283].
There are uniform international norms (standards and standards), according to the WHO,
that characterize the physical development of children [26, p. 86-100].
Results of the study.
The study of facial parameters in 3-year-old male children showed
that the zygomatic diameter was on average 81.0±0.11 mm, in females it was on average
7.70±0.10 cm. Mandibular diameter in boys was on average 5.60±0.10 cm, in girls it was on
average 5.50±0.10 cm. In male children, the morphological height of the face was on
average 16.0±0.10 cm. for females it averaged 16.5±010 cm. Physiognomic height of the
face in boys was on average 10.0±0.10 cm, in girls it averaged 10.99±0.10 cm. In male
children, the height of the nose is on average 27.4±0.70 cm, in females it averaged
26.5±0.50 cm. The width of the nose of boys was equal on average - 24.7±0.40 cm. ±The
average external orbital width in male children was 83.7±0.30 cm, in females it was on
average 79.3±0.20 cm, and the average interorbital width was 24.3±0.30 cm and 20.7±0.40
cm, respectively. In males, the height of the mucous membrane of the lips was equal on
average - 14.2±0.30 cm, in females it was on average - 15.7 = 1±0.30 cm, the width of the
mouth of boys was on average - 34.0±0.50 cm, in girls it was on average -31.1±0.50 cm
Almost very similar results were obtained in 4-year-old children, in boys the zygomatic
diameter was on average 7.80±0.10 cm, and in girls it was on average - 8.30±0.10 cm, also
the mandibular diameter in boys is on average - 5.60±0.04 cm, in girls it is on average -
6.10±0.10 cm, respectively. The morphological height of the face in boys is on average
10.9±0.10 cm, in girls on average - 11.8±0.10 cm. The physiognomic height of the face in
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boys is on average 16.5±0.10 cm, in girls on average - 16.4±0.10 cm. The height of the nose
in boys on average is 28.9±0.70 cm, in girls on average 3.79±0.11 cm, the width of the nose
in boys on average is 25.2±0.40 cm, in girls on average - 22.5±0.30 cm. The average
external orbital width in boys is 84.8±0.12 cm, in girls on average - 90.2±0.70 cm, the
interorbital width in boys is on average - 26.1±0.50 cm, in girls on average - 21.9±0.40 cm,
the height of the mucous membrane of the lips in boys is on average - 16.3±0.30 cm, in girls
on average - 14.9±0.20 cm, the width of the mouth in boys on average - 27.6±0.05 cm, in
girls on average - 31.4±0.50 cm
In 5-year-old male and female children, slight but significant increases in size were noted in
relation to 3- and 4-year-old boys and girls (P<0.05). Studies have shown that the zygomatic
diameter in male children is on average 8.10±0.10 cm, in female children on average
8.30±0.10 cm, the mandibular diameter in male children is on average 5.80±0.05 cm. in
female children, the average height is 6.30±0.10 cm. The morphological height of the face
in male children is on average 11.3±0.10 cm, in female children on average - 11.9±0.10 cm.
The physiognomic height of the face in male children is on average 16.6±0.10 cm, in female
children on average - 16.5±0.10 cm. The height of the nose in male children is on average
31.8±0.70 cm, in female children on average 32.1±0.80 cm The width of the nose in male
children on average is 27.4±0.40 cm, in female children on average - 23.3±0.30 cm External
orbital width in male childrenon average - 88.7±0.20 cm, in female children on average -
87.9±0.20 cm; the average interorbital width in male children is 30.3±0.70 cm, in female
children on average - 23.9±0.11 cm; the height of the mucous membrane of the lips in male
children is on average 18.5±0.30 cm, in female children on average - 16.7±0.30 cm; the
width of the mouth in male children on average is 37.1±0.60 cm, in female children on
average - 34.0±0.60 cm
In 6-year-old male and female children, both facial parameters were significantly higher
than the same indicators of 3- and 4-year-old children (P<0.05) and 1 parameter was
significantly higher (except for zygomatic diameter) in the ratio of 5-year-old boys and girls.
Theobtained results were as follows: zygomatic diameter in male children is on average
8.50±0.10 mm, in female children, on average, 8.6±0.1 mm; The mandibular diameter in
male children is on average 7.69±0.10 mm, in female children on average - 6.5±0.1. The
morphological height of the face in male children is on average 6.20±0.10 mm, in female
children on average - 16.7±0.0 mm. The physiognomic height of the face in male children is
on average - 11.0±0.04 mm, in female children on average - 10.5±0.0 mm. The height of the
nose in male children is on average 35.5±0.70 mm, in female children on average - 36.8±0.8
mm. The width of the nose in male children on average is 29.7±0.40 mm. in female children
on average - 24.2±0.3 mm. External orbital width in male children on average - 89.8±0.30
mm, in female children on average - 91.6±0.2 mm; the average interorbital width in male
children is 32.2±0.60 mm, in female children on average 26.7±0.5 mm; the height of the
mucous membrane of the lips in male children is on average 19.8±0.30 mm, in female
children on average - 17.6±0.2 mm; The width of the mouth in male children is on average
39.9±0.70 mm, in female children on average – 38.1±0.5 mm.
The measurements showed that 7-year-old boys and girls had the same tendency to change
as 6-year-old children. Studies of facial parameters in 7-year-old boys and girls have shown
that the zygomatic diameter in boys is on average 8.60±0.10 cm, in girls on average
8.70±0.10 cm, and the mandibular diameter in boys is on average 6.70±0.10 cm.
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in girls on average 6.70±0.04 cm. Morphological height of the face in boys on average is
11.8±0.10 cm, in girls on average - 12.3±0.10 cm.
The physiognomic height of the face in boys is on average 17.6±0.10 cm, in girls on average
- 18.0±0.10 cm. The height of the nose in boys is on average 36.3±0.80 cm, in girls on
average 39.0±0.90 cm. The width of the nose in boys is on average 32.1±0.40 cm, in girls on
average - 26.8±0.40 cm. External orbital width in boys on average is 94.3±0.40 cm, in girls
on average - 95.0±0.30 cm, interorbital width in boys on average - 37.1±0.80 cm, in girls on
average - 30.0±0.12 cm, the height of the mucous membrane of the lips in boys on average -
22.2±0.20 cm, for girls on average - 19.2±0.30 cm, the width of the mouth for boys on
average - 42.4±0.60 cm, for girls - 39.0±0.60 cm on average.
The measurements showed that 8-year-old boys and girls had the same tendency to change
as 7-year-old children. Studies of facial parameters in 8-year-old boys have shown that the
zygomatic diameter in boys is on average 8.60±0.08 cm, in girls it is on average 8.8±0.0 cm;
The mandibular diameter in boys is on average 7.00±0.03 cm, in girls on average - 7.1±0.0
cm. The morphological height of the face in boys is on average 12.3±0.10 cm, in girls on
average - 12.4±0.1 cm. The physiognomic height of the face in boys is on average -
17.6±0.09 cm, in girls on average - 17.8±0.1 cm. The height of the nose in boys is on
average 38.7±0.82 cm, in girls on average - 39.0±0.7 cm. The width of the nose in boys on
average is 33.9±0.36 cm. in girls on average - 29.3±0.3 cm. External orbital width in boys -
on average - 95.3±0.42 cm, in girls
on average – 96.1±0.3 cm; the average interorbital width in boys is 38.9±0.80 cm, in girls on
average - 40.3±0.2 cm; the height of the mucous membrane of the lips in boys is on average
22.9±0.20 cm, in girls on average - 21.3±0.5 cm; the width of the mouth in boys is on
average 45.5±0.50 cm, in girls on average - 41.1±0.5 cm. Studies of facial parameters in 9-
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year-old male and female children have shown that the zygomatic diameter in male children
is on average 8.81±0.08 cm, in female children on average - 8.90±0.04 cm; and the
mandibular diameter varied from 7.6 to 10.0 cm, in male children on average - 7.2±0.03 cm,
in female children on average - 7.10±0.04 cm. Morphological height of the face in male
children on average - 16.8±0.04 cm, in female children on average - 17.1±0.04 cm.
Physiognomic height of the face in male children on average - 11.3±0.03 cm, in female
children on average - 11.4±0.04 cm. Nose height in male children is on average 41.3±0.76
cm, in female children on average 42.2±0.90 cm. Nose width in male children on average -
35.5±0.33 cm, in female children on average - 31.8±0.30 cm. External orbital width in male
children on average - 99.5±0.13 cm. in female children on average - 99.3±0.20 cm; the
average interorbital width in male children is 39.2±0.80 cm, in female children on average -
41.8±0.20 cm; the height of the mucous membrane of the lips in male children is on average
24.4±0.24 cm, in female children on average - 23.8±0.50 cm; The width of the mouth in
male children is on average 52.30±0.04 cm, in female children on average - 44.9±0.40 cm.
The face size of 10-year-old boys and girls was almost at the level of 8- and 9-year-old male
and female children, the results of which did not differ significantly ( P>0.05), significant
changes were noted compared to boys and girls of 3-7 years old (P<0.05). In 10-year-old
boys , the zygomatic diameter averaged 8.90±0.04 cm, in girls on average - 9.00±0.03 cm.
and the mandibular diameter in boys was on average 7.21±0.03 cm, in girls on average -
7.29±0.04 cm. Morphological height of the face in boys on average - 12.4±0.1 cm, in girls
on average - 12.5±0.09 cm. Physiognomic height of the face in boys is on average -
17.9±0.08 cm, in girls on average - 18.2±0.09 cm. Nose height in boys is on average
43.4±0.76 cm. in girls on average -44.2±0.91 cm. The width of the nose in boys on average
is 36.1±0.38 cm, in girls on average - 35.1±0.26 cm.
The average external orbital width in boys is 96.8±0.11 cm, in girls on average - 101.4±0.19
cm; the average interorbital width in boys is 40.0±0.08 cm, in girls on average 44.4±0.24 cm;
mucosal height
Table 3.6.2
Anthropometric facial indicators of boys and girls aged 8-11 years with hypertrophied
pharyngeal tonsils
Age
Floor
8 – flight
9-flight
10 – flight
11 – flight
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
SD
7,9-8,5
8,1±0,02
6,0-9,0
7,7±0,15
7,0-8,5
7,8±0,1
7,3-9,1
8,3±0,1
*
7,2-9,1
8,1±0,1
*
7,4-9,4
8,3±0,1
*
7,6-9,4
8,5±0,1
*
7,5-9,2
8,6±0,1
*
NCD
4,9-6,6
5,6±0,1
4,3-7,4
5,5±0,1
4,9-6,1
5,6±0,0
4,4-7,1
6,1±0,1
*
5,4-6,2
5,8±0,0
5,4-7,3
6,3±0,1
*
5,5-7,2
6,2±0,1
*
5,6-7,5
6,5±0,1
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MVL 15,1-17,3
16,0±0,1
15,8-
17,3
16,5±0,1
9,8-
11,9
10,9±0,
1
10,7-
12,9
11,8±0,
1
9,9-
12,6
11,3±0,
1
10,8-
13,0
11,9±0,
1*
14,9-
17,9
16,7±0,
1
16,2-
17,2
16,7±0,
0
FVL
9,2-10,7
10,0±0,1
8,7-12,2
10,9±0,1
14,9-
18,1
16,5±0,
1*
14,8-
18,0
16,4±0,
1*
15,2-
18,0
16,6±0,
1
15,2-
17,8
16,5±0,
1
10,5-
11,4
11,0±0,
0
9,9-
11,0
10,5±0,
0
EXT
19,2-35,6
27,4±0,7
20,7-
32,3
26,5±0,5
19,8-
38,0
28,9±0,
7*
20,7-
39,7
30,2±0,
8*
22,7-
40,8
31,8±0,
7*
22,4-
41,8
32,1±0,
8*
26,1-
44,8
35,5±0,
7*
26,7-
46,9
36,8±0,
8*
SN
19,7-29,7
24,7±0,4
18,4-
25,4
21,9±0,3
19,9-
30,4
25,2±0,
4*
18,9-
26,0
22,5±0,
3*
22,3-
32,4
27,4±0,
4*
19,4-
27,2
23,3±0,
3*
25,2-
34,2
29,7±0,
4*
19,9-
28,4
24,2±0,
3*
NGS
80,3-87,1
83,7±0,3
76,4-
82,1
79,3±0,2
82,1-
87,4
84,8±0,
2*
81,3-
99,0
90,2±0,
7
86,2-
91,2
88,7±0,
2*
85,4-
90,4
87,9±0,
2
86,4-
93,2
89,8±0,
3*
89,3-
93,8
91,6±0,
2*
MGS
16,7-31,9
24,3±0,6
15,2-
26,2
20,7±0,4
19,8-
32,4
26,1±0,
5*
16,3-
27,4
21,9±0,
4*
21,3-
39,2
30,3±0,
7*
19,4-
28,3
23,9±0,
4*
24,2-
40,1
32,2±0,
6*
20,2-
33,1
26,7±0,
5*
VG
9,9-18,4
14,2±0,3
11,6-
19,7
15,7±0,3
12,4-
20,1
16,3±0,
3*
11,9-
17,8
14,9±0,
2
14,6-
22,4
18,5±0,
3*
12,8-
20,5
16,7±0,
3*
15,9-
23,7
19,8±0,
3*
14,6-
20,6
17,6±0,
2*
ShG
28,0-39,9
34,0±0,5
24,7-
37,4
31,1±0,5
27,6-
27,6
27,6±0,
0
24,8-
37,9
31,4±0,
5*
29,1-
45,0
37,1±0,
6*
25,9-
42,1
34,0±0,
6*
30,7-
49,1
39,9±0,
7*
31,7-
44,4
38,1±0,
5*
Note: *-confidence index (P <0.05) compared to the previous age
parts of the lips in boys - on average - 26.1±0.30 cm, in girls - on average - 26.7±0.52 cm;
The width of the mouth in boys is on average 51.8±0.36 cm, in girls the average mouth is
46.5±0.51 cm.
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Facial parameters in 11-year-old boys and girls showed that the zygomatic diameter in male
children averaged 8.91±0.08 cm, in female children on average - 9.00±0.04 cm, and the
mandibular diameter in male children averaged 7.50±0.07 cm, in female children on average
7.40±0.04 cm. The morphological height of the face in male children is on average
12.5±0.11 cm, in female children on average - 12.8±0.11 cm. The physiognomic height of
the face in male children is on average - 18.3±0.08 cm, in female children on average -
18.5±0.08 cm. The height of the nose in male children is on average 44.3±0.78 cm, in
female children on average 45.3±0.72 cm. The width of the nose in male children is on
average 37.3±0.32 cm. in female children on average - 35.9±0.23 cm. External orbital width
in male children on average - 101.3±0.15 cm, in female children on average - 103.1±0.20 cm;
the average interorbital width in male children is 41.3±0.71 cm, in female children on
average - 45.9±0.25 cm; the height of the mucous membrane of the lips in male children is
on average 27.9±0.20 cm, in female children on average - 27.4±0.52 cm; The width of the
mouth in male children is on average 53.1±0.34 cm, in female children on average -
51.5±0.58 cm.
Thus, the growth rate of the zygomatic diameter of the face of boys was 1.09 times, and in
girls it was 1.17 times, and the growth rate of this parameter in males was 2.35% (9 years)
and in females was 7.23% (4 years).
The growth rate of the mandibular diameter of boys increased by 1.33 times, and in girls it
was 1.34 times, the increase was observed in boys at 6 years (7.46%), and in girls at 4
years (9.67%).
The growth rate of morphological and physiological height of the face in boys is 0.78 and
1.84 times, and in girls it was 0.78 and 1.69 times, respectively. The highest growth rates
for boys were 4.08 per cent at 8 years of age and 2.18 per cent at 11 years of age compared
to the previous age, while those of girls were 2.72 per cent and 1.36 per cent at 11 years of
age compared to children of the previous age.
In boys, the parameters of the nose (height and width) increased by 1.62 and 1.51 times, and
in girls it was equal to 1.71 and 1.64 times, the rate of increase in the height of the nose in
males was observed at 9 years (6.53%) and in females at 6 years (7.47%). The rate of growth
in the width of the nose was observed in male children at 4 years (8.04%) and in females at 6
years (9.89%). A comparative assessment of the growth rate of children of both sexes is
estimated in Figure 3.6.1.
Figure 3.6
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Figure 3.6. Comparative assessment of facial parameters in children with adenoids in
the sexual aspect
The growth rate of the outer orbital width in male children was 1.21 times, and in females
it was 1.30 times. The growth rate of the external orbital width in boys at 7 years of age is
4.72% and in girls at 5 years of age is 3.99%, respectively.
In boys, the interorbital width increased by 1.70 times, in girls by 2.22 times. In male
children, the growth rate at 5 years was 5.91% and in female children at 4 years 8.39%,
respectively.
The growth rate of lip height and width in males was 1.97 and 1.56 times, and in females it
was 1.75 and 1.66 times, respectively. The growth rates in boys were observed at the age
of 10 (6.69%) and 5 years (7.14%), in girls it was observed at the age of 8 (9.65%) and 11
years (9.71%).
Literature:
1. Alimova, N. (2021). The influence of the adenoid on the physical development and
immune system of children. Society and Innovation, 2(2/S), 391-398.
2. Alimova, N. P. (2020). Anthropometric study of the facial index of medical students.
Young Scientists in Medicine.
3. Alimova, N. P. (2021). Assessment of the condition of children with adenoid hypertrophy
in the quarantine pediodium. Barqarorlik va yetakchi tadqiqotlar onlayn ilmiy jurnali, 1(6),
774-785.
4. Alimova, N. P. (2022). Analysis of anthropometric parameters of the facial area and
physical development of children with adenoid hypertrophy before and after adenoectomy.
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