Chemistry

Topicality and necessity of the thesis. Upon production of the modified structure with improved parameters, a good choice of technologies and methods of processing of semiconductors and structures based on them is important. For example, the use of pulse laser treatment of crystals and semiconductor structures can control the mechanisms and laws of diffusion. Moreover, nanosecond laser irradiation of binary and ternary solid solutions of semiconductor crystals makes it possible to receive an acoustic response and shock wave, to define the temperature, pressure and impurities distribution, providing new photovoltaic properties of semiconductor surfaces. The use of gallium nitride allows learning the correlation of acoustic emission and changes of luminescent and electrical characteristics in the LED structures when passing current. Research work carried out in the above directions indicate the relevance of the topic of the dissertation.
Relevant research priority' areas of science and developing technologies of the Republic. This thesis performed in accordance with the priority areas of science and technology of the Republic of Uzbekistan. See section III «Energetics, energy and resource economy, transport, mechanical engineering and instrumentation; the development of modem electronics, microelectronics, photonics, electronic instrument engineering.”
A review of international research on the topic of the thesis1. Research of laser irradiation to improve technology and optimize the parameters of X-ray and gamma-ray detectors conducted in leading scientific centers, including National Center for Biotechnology Information (USA) and Shizuoka University (Japan), Tashkent State Technical University, and Samarkand State University.
Problem development status. The decisions of a problem of controllable transformation of structure require (demand) superficial layers Cd (Me) Те and Ga (As, Se, N) with the help eiioeunii of laser processing for effective management of their photo-electric, electrical, luminescent and optical properties.
Relevance of the dissertation research to the plans of scientific-research works. The dissertation research is carried out within the framework of the plan of scientific research for the project P-18.52 "Exploring the technology of obtaining silicon wafers for intended solar cells", Nukus State Pedagogical Institute, and on the basis of collaboration between the V.E. Lashkaryov Institute of Semiconductor Physics NAS of Ukraine on the theme № 2.1.1/17 "Development and creation the acoustic-emission rapid method for monitoring and predicting the reliability of semiconductor materials and structures" for 2008-2017 years and Karakalpak State University.
The aim of research work is process optimization of nanosecond laser processing of semiconductor crystals of Cd (Me) Те and Ga (As, Se, N) and the study defect formation, diffusion, shock-wave process, acoustic emission and nonlinear optical effects there.
The subject of research - the compound semiconductors cd(Me)Te, Ga(As, Se,N) under pulse laser treatment.
The object of study - the processes of defect formation, mass transfer, the shock wave, the acoustic emission under nanosecond laser irradiation of Cd (Me) Те, Ga (As, Se, N).
Methods of the research: Raman scattering, photoconductivity, photoluminescence, electroluminescence, optical transmission, the two-photon absorption, induced absorption and bleaching, Auger analysis, stratified and selective etching, methods for studying the surface morphology, the currentvoltage, voltage-farad characteristics, acoustic emission method, theoretical calculations.
Scientific novelty' of the research work
it is shown that the treatment of high-resistance crystals of CdTe, CdZnTe by nano-second pulses of a ruby laser makes it possible to improve the state of the surface;
The conditions for increasing the sensitivity and reducing the rate of surface recombination, as well as changes in the spectral range of photoluminescence and photoconductivity, are found;
an acoustoemission method for determining the melting thresholds of semiconductor crystals, in particular, CdTe and GaAs, is developed from the change in the amplitude and energy of acoustic radiation during;
a method for fabricating a Te-CdTe structure with the electronic memory switching feature by nanosecond laser irradiation of CdTe is proposed;
it is established that on the basis of acoustic emission mechanisms it is possible to determine the melting threshold of single crystals of semiconductors under pulsed laser irradiation of CdTe and GaAs;
regularities and methods of optimization by pulsed laser surface treatment of semiconductors for use in the technology of laser processing of CdTe, TP based on it, GaAs, GaSe.
Practical results ot research work
It has been shown that treatment of high impedance crystal CdTe, cdxZn,^Te with x=o,i и x=0,04 under nanosecond ruby laser pulses can improve the condition of the surface: to increase the sensitivity and to reduce the surface recombination velocity, as well as change the spectral range of photoluminescence and photoconductivity.
It was proposed a method for the manufacture of Te-CdTe structure with electronic switching property with memory by nanosecond laser irradiation of CdTe.
.Discovered patterns and the optimization of method PLI for semiconductorsurface can be used in laser processing technology of CdTe, solid solution based on it, as well as GaAs, GaSe.
Authenticity of the obtained results is is confirmed by the use of modem scientific and technological methods, standard and proven monitoring techniques. 
The results and conclusions are justified on physical performances based on theoretical and experimental data. The reliability of the experimental data provided by the use of comprehensive independent data measurement and processing techniques, as well as their compliance with modern concepts of physics and technology of semiconductors and products based on them.
Scientific and practical value of the research results.
The scientific value of the research lies in the fact that the study of the mechanisms of mass transfer, diffusion, melting, ablation, defect formation, shockwave processes under the powerful pulsed irradiation of semiconductors and such structures as the film of metal-semiconductor is important for the correct description of ultrafast simultaneously occurring physical nonlinear processes under the powerful nanosecond laser irradiation of crystals.
The practical value of the work lies in the fact that in semiconductors CdMeTe the ascertained dominant mechanisms of the mass transfer, calculations of heat and pressure gradients during PLI allow a targeted modification of properties and get new layers and structures with unique optical, photovoltaic properties that will be used in a variety of sensors and detector devices .
Implementation of the research results.
Based on the results of studying the effect of pulsed laser processing of crystals and nonlinear optical effects on diffusion and defect formation processes:
the developed acousto-emission express methods of monitoring and predicting the reliability of semiconductor materials were used in the selection of InGaN LEDs for the serial production of energy-efficient LED luminaires (Reference of Poltava National Technical University, August 15, 2016). Application of the obtained results allowed to increase the light output coefficient of luminaires by 3%;
the results obtained for mass transfer mechanisms for nanosecond laser solid-state doping with CdTe by Indium; the mass transfer coefficients of Indium in CdTe; the causes of local melting of compounds of CdTe and GaAs single crystals; established thresholds for the melting of the surface of single crystals with a single nanosecond (20 ns) irradiation with X = 0.694 pm; the established relationship between the processes of acoustic emission generation and changes in luminescent and electrical characteristics of GaN-based heterostructures were used in the implementation of the grant by Karakalpak State University of Berdakh F-2-OT-1-10079 "Peculiarities of laser-induced nonlinear processes of defect formation in semiconductors" 2011-2016 (Reference of the Committee for the Coordination of the Development of Science and Technology of the Republic of Uzbekistan of February 21, 2017). The use of scientific results allowed to develop a nondestructive express method of monitoring and predicting the reliability of LEDs.
The results obtained by the mechanisms of the mass transfer of Indium atoms to cadmium telluride and the Raman scattering for Indium and Tellurium materials have been used in foreign journals (Journal of Applied Physics 119, 024106 (2016) 10.1063 / 1.4937996; Chem. Mater., 2014, 26 (7 ), pp 2313-2317, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, Volume 191, February 2014, Pages 673-680) to determine the depth of shock wave formation.
Approbation of the research results. Results of the research work have been discussed at international 17 and republican 5 scientific and practical conferences.
Publication of the results. The main results of the dissertation are published in 17 research papers, 3 papers are in English language, 1 book (monograph), and 9 conference Proceedings.
Publication of the research results. 40 scientific works were published on the thesis theme, including 17 articles in journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Republic of Uzbekistan for the publication of basic scientific results of doctoral theses. There is 1 utility model patent.
The structure and scope of the thesis. The thesis consists of an introduction, five chapters, conclusion and bibliography. Totally there are 208 pages.

Topicality and relevance of the dissertation theme. Currently, the share of medicinal products derived from plant raw materials is more than 40% of the amount of the medicines used in medical practice. The main part of drugs based on natural compounds are created from biologically active substances extracted from plant raw materials - from alkaloids, flavonoids, ecdysteroidals, proteins, glycosides, essential oils, high molecular carbohydrates and others. In the pharmaceutical industry the bulk of medicaments prepared from the alkaloids which are derived from plant raw materials is produced by the technology developed on the basis of physicochemical properties of the active substance of the created medicament. These causes have some inconveniences to producers of substances. In pharmaceutical factories the production lines producing substances throughout the year can be idle for a while because of the inability of reorientation of the production line to the production of other substances. In particular, at Tashkent Chemical-Pharmaceutical Factory the production line of glaucine works for 3-4 months, cytosine - for 5-6 months. Tashkent Chemical-Pharmaceutical Plant on the liquid-liquid technology produces the substance of galantamine hydrobromide for 3-4 months. In the Institute of the Chemistry of Plant Substances on the liquid-liquid technology, the substance of deoxypeganine hydrochloride is produced for 5-6 months. During the rest of time these production lines are idle. Naturally, this leads to poor performance of these lines. It was possible to improve the performance of these lines with the possible production of other substances. This requires creating unified manufacturing techniques of existing and new drug substances.
Another important issue of the pharmaceutical industry of our country is the need to create new medications from local plant raw materials which are not conceding to imported drugs and their implementation into medical practice. So, despite the great achievements of the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic, the plants producing finished dosage forms of drugs still work using imported substances and intermediates.
From the above issues, it is clear that in modern pharmaceutical industry urgent tasks are creating new medicines based on alkaloids from plant raw materials, the development of production technology of substances of these medicines, the improvement of existing technologies and unification of their production technologies.
This research work devoted to the development of production technologies of biologically active substances from plant raw materials is aimed to the development of the pharmaceutical industry of the Republic in accordance with the Decree of Ministry Cabinet of the Republic of Uzbekistan № 283 from 14 august, 1996 «On measures of the state support for the development of medical and pharmaceutical industry in the Republic of Uzbekistan» and the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan № PD-731 from 19 November, 2007 «On the program of modernization of the pharmaceutical industry, technical and technological reequipment until 2011».
Purpose of the research is to create unified production technologies of substances of the medicines and bioreagents based on (diterpenoid, isoquinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine, and steroidal classes) alkaloids of various basicities.
Scientific novelty of the dissertational research consists of the following:
The strength of basicity (рНь.ь) of 11 diterpenoid, isoquinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids (protopine рНь.ь=3.6, licorine рНь.ь=7.5, galantamine рНь.ь=5.8, geliotrine рНь.ь=7.3, bicuculine рНь.ь=3.2, d-P-hydrastine pHb.b=2.2, aconitine рНь.ь=3.6, donaxine рНь.ь=6.2, imperialine рНь.ь=4.8, lappaconitine рНь.ь=3.4, N-desacetyllappaconitine рНь.ь=3.7) was for the first time identified in order to use this indicator in the study of heterophasic processes of their production;
for the first time it was established that all the 11 examined alkaloids in salt form, irrespective of their basicity strength, are readily soluble in aqueous alcohol with the concentration of 75-85% and with the maximum solubility in 55% alcohol, and it was proved that this figure could be the basis for the creation of the unified technology of alkaloids;
it was experimentally determined that regardless of a chemical structure the alkaloids can be selectively extracted from plant raw material with 75-85% ethanol solution with the lowest content of other extractive substances;
the optimal conditions of the extraction process of plant raw materials were found by optimization using method of mathematical planning of experiments;
for the first time the unified industrial production technology of 7 medicines and 6 bioreagents was developed by using 75-85% solution of ethyl alcohol as an extractant for diterpenoid, isoquinoline, indole, pyrrolizidine and steroidal alkaloids.
CONCLUSION
1. For the first time, for use in heterophase technological processes, we defined the basicity strength (рНЬь) of 11 alkaloids: protopine, licorine, galantamine, lappaconitine, N-desacetyllappaconitine, geliotrine, bicuculine, d-P-hydrastine, aconitine, donaxine, imperialine and found out that 2 alkaloids - bicuculine and d-P-hydrastine are weakly basic; 7 alkaloids - lappaconitine, N- desacetyllappaconitine, galantamine, aconitine, protopine, donaxine, imperialine are the alkaloids of the medium basicity strength; 2 alkaloids - geliotrine and licorine are strong basic.
2. For the first time it was established that the vast majority of the studied alkaloids in the form of salts, regardless of the strength of basicity, are readily soluble in alcohol-water system with a maximum dissolution at 55% by volume. It was experimentally determined that for the selective extraction of alkaloids from plant raw materials, use of ethyl alcohol with the strength of 75-85% by volume is rationale.
3. Industrial production technology of substances of the medicines and bioreagents - protopine hydrochloride, licorine hydrochloride, galantamine hydrobromide, allapinin, aklezin, aksaritmin, antiaritmin, geliotrine, bicuculine, d-P-hydrastine, aconitine, donaxine and imperialine was developed by using as extractant 75-85% ethanol solutions.
4. Economically profitable and ecologically safe production technology of substance of allapinin from the rhizomes with roots of Aconitum septentrionale and Aconitum leucostomum was developed, which eliminates using toxic substances, such as sulfuric acid, methanol and chloroform from technological cycles.
4. Economically profitable and ecologically safe production technology of substance of allapinin from the rhizomes with roots of Aconitum septentrionale and Aconitum leucostomum was developed, which eliminates using toxic substances, such as sulfuric acid, methanol and chloroform from technological cycles.
5. Production technology of substance of the new drug antiaritmin, which possesses an antiarrhytmic action, from waste of industrial production of substance of allapinin developed.
6. For the created medicinal preparations and bioreagents an appropriate regulatory and technical documentation - experimental industrial or industrial regulations, pharmacopoeia articles on plant raw materials, substances and ready dosage forms, technical specifications for bioreagents were developed.
7. Technology of alkaloids with a method of aqueous-alcoholic extraction from plant raw materials was introduced into production on the PM of ICPS AS RUz and the serial production of substances of 5 drugs (protopine hydrochloride, licorine hydrochloride, galantamine hydrobromide, allapinin, aklezin,) and 6 bioreagents (geliotrine, bicuculine, d-0-hydrastine, aconitine, donaxine and imperialine) is organized. The volume of production of the above preparations and bioreagents fully meets the needs of our country and allows export them abroad (Russia, France).
8. On the technological line created on the base of PM of ICPS for the production of alkaloids, a sufficient amount of substances of the preparations aksaritmin and antiaritmin is produced for the pharmacological, toxicological and clinical trials and for the development of dosage forms of the drugs.
9. Technology for the production of alkaloids from plant raw materials with the method of extraction of plant raw materials with water, weak solutions of mineral or organic acids with subsequent ultrafiltration was developed. The technology is tested in the production of substances of allapinin, galantamine gidrobomida, licorine hydrochloride and bioreagent aconitine. It was established that it is possible to remove high molecular surfactants with a molecular mass of over 10,000 (proteins, pectin, polysaccharides, lipids, and others) by ultrafiltration, and thereby prevent the formation of emulsions and increase the yield of desired products. Stable examples of the above drugs were obtained.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. Nowadays applying of state-of-the-art technologies is becoming a very urgent task to face ecology and climate challenges due to fast development of various branches of industry and energy production, and also to be able to meet competition in the market. It is especially noticeable in such activities as desalination of natural water for industrial usage, extraction of precious metals from process solutions, wastewater treatment by ion-exchange technologies. «For the past years the need for technology solutions based on ion-exchange has been increasing. A considerable part of materials used for water purification is ion-exchange resins»1.
Starting from the very beginning of our independence, in Uzbekistan all required conditions have been creating for industrial development and new nonwaste productions of competitive, ecological and import-substituting goods arc creating. We can name some of them - «Shurtan Gas Chemical» and «Ustyurt Gas Chemical», producing polymers using local raw materials, and a new chemical plant which is creating at «Navoiyazot Ltd» and expecting to be completed in 2017 with annual production of 100000 tons of polyvinylchloride (PVC). It makes possible to difersify chemical industry by creation of production of various polymer materials having different and complex properties.
Developing and increasing of industrial production over the world creates new demands for sorbent materials, especially targeted rcascarchcs on synthesizing sorbents having complex properties arc one of high-priority tasks and the following aspects arc of high interest: obtaining ion-exchange materials having complex properties and contatining acidic as well as basic groups, determining the selectivity of synthesized sorbents for precious, rare and nonferrous metals, waste water treatment by removing toxic and heavy metal ions.
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The study aimes particularly at solving tasks defined in President’s Decrees №916 dated 15 July 2008 «On additional measures to stimulate innovation rpojects and technology implementation into production» and №1071 dated 11 March 2009 «On measures to accelerate creation and adoption of production of new types of chemical products» and oter relevant legal documents.
Purpose of research work: is synthesizing anionites and polyampholitic resins containing nitrogen and phosphorus groups by modifying polyvinylchloride and studying the physical and chemical properties of obtained products.
Scientific novelty of the research work consists of:
Optimal conditions for synthesis of anion-exchange resin using granular polyvinylchloride as a substrate have been determined for the first time; it has been shown that reaction depends on porosity of modified polyvinylchloride structure and follows under heterogeneous reaction kinetics rules;
ion-exchange resin containing nitrogen and phosphorous groups and having polycomplcxon properties has been synthesized by modifying granular polyvinylchloride based anionite with phosphorous acid; optimal conditions for this process have been developed;
it has been found that synthesized ionites have high sorption efficiency, thermic and mechanical resistance and arc similar to those of commercial anionite AN-31 in terms of abovementioned characteristics;
high sorption factors of synthesized anionites and polycomplexons for chromate, copper, vanadium, nickel, indium ions and iodine have been found and metal ions have been extracted in dynamic conditions from complex solution containing copper (II), nickel (II), zinc (II), cobalt (II) and high selectivity of polyampholitic resin for Cu(II) ions has been found.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions on doctoral dissertation «Obtaining and physicalchemical properties of nitrogen- and phosphorus containing ionites on the base of polyvinylchloride» arc represented:
1. The impact of several factors on a modification process of granular polyvinylchloride with polyethylene polyaminc as well as on condensation process with phosphorous acid in the presence of formalin has been studied in order to produce anionite and nitrogen- and phosphorous containing polycomplcxon. The value of activation energy and dependence of reaction rate only on concentration of low-molecular reagents show that the studied processes run in accordance with the rules of heterogenic reactions.
2. Chemical structure of anionit and polycomplexons produced on the base of granular polyvinylchloride, their chemical and thermal resistance have been proved by IR-spcctroscopy, element analysis, thermic analysis and analytical methods. It has been determined that appearance of ion-exchange features of anionite is due to amine groups and of plycomplcxon is due to amine groups and residues of phosphorous groups.
3. The main physical and chemical properties of obtained anionites and polyampholytes, defined in official standards, have been examined in laboratory and industrial conditions and it has been represented that synthesized anionite is not worse than AN-31 commercial anionite which is used in industry.
4. Kinetics and thermodynamics of a sorption process of Cr2O2'7 ions and iodine from potassium iodide solution by anion-exchange resin synthesized from granular polyvinylchloride has been studied. Defined kinetic and thermodynamic parameters show high affinity of anion resin to dichromate ions and molecular iodine and its resistance to the influence of strong oxidizers.
5. The following order of selectivity for non-ferreous metals: Cu(II)>Ni(II)>In(III)> vanadyl(I) has been defined by studying kinetics and thermodynamics of absorption of Cu(II), Ni(II), In(III) and vanadyl(I) by polycomplcxon.
6. Sorption and desorption of Cu(II) and In(III) by synthesized polycomplcxon in dynamic condition have been examined. Obtained results demonstrate chemical stability of polycomplcxon and its repeatedly usage has been recommended. Containing nitrogen and phosphorus polycomplcxon has been successfully used to extract and concentrate indium selectively from complex technological solution of Zn producing plant of «ОММС» JSC company.
7. Granular anion resin on the base of polyvinylchloride has been synthesized in large amount using a pilot device at «MAXAM-CHIRCHIQ» company and used for effective desalination of natural waters. The anion resin was able to work 10-15% longer than competitive anion resin. It is recommended by Notification Letter №42 of Cabinet of Ministers to invest one billion sums by «MAXAM-CHIRCHIQ» company JSC on production of PPE-1 anion resin.
8. A high efficiency is achieved in using anion resins to remove impurities of thermic stable salts from mcthyldicthanolaminc that is used for cleaning converter gases in «Fargonaazot» company (Reference Letter of «Fargonaazot» №37/3768, dated 26 July 2016). The annual cost efficiency has been estimated as 10 million sums.

The aim of the research work is development of nitrogen-sulfuric fertilizers technology with improving physicochemical and consumer’s features based on additive of (NH4)2SO4 and phosphogypsum in ammonium nitrate melt.
The scientific novelty of dissertational research consists in the following:
it was reveilcd that using additive such (NH4)2SO4 and phosphogypsum in the NH4NO3 melt when weight ratio from 100 : 0.5 to 100 : 15 granules of AN increased in 2.5-4 fold but packing is in 2-3 fold in comparison with saltpeter obtained based on imported magnesia;
it was proved that conversion of NH4NO3 in the composition of sulphate-gypsum-nitrate melt;
it was proved that implementation of granulation process by prilling in case content to 40% (NH4)2SO4 in sulphatc-nitratc mixtures, while content (NH4)2SO4 over 40% by balling;
it was established that when cooling NH4NO3 melt with (NH4)2SO4 or phosphogypsum as opposed topurc AN absence of III phase and presence direct transition II—>IV with provision of stability of the product without breakdown of granules when fluctuating temperature (25-45°C) was revealed;
it has been developed that the technology of nitrogen-sulfuric fertilizers based on NH4NO3 melt and (NH4)2SO4.

The aim of research work is to provide a stimulus - sensitive polymers by radical polymerization of monomers based on hydroxyacids and to determine the characteristics of their properties.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
for the first synthesized new monomers of a N-substituted acrylamide series based on hydroxy acids with ionic functional groups and developed the optimal conditions for obtaining pH - and temperature-sensitive water-soluble and water-swellable polymers.
the influence of various factors such as pH -media, ionic strength of the solution to radical polymerization and proven compliance kinetics and mechanism of the reaction Kabanova and Topchieva theory, the ability to control the radical polymerization of monomers of the process there have been confirmed;
by co-polymerization obtained of monomers from diethylacrylamide, N-vinylpyrrolidone obtained new temperature-sensitive polymers and the possibility of regulating their temperature-sensitive properties of the change in the composition of the copolymers;
it showed a positive effect on yield, growth of stems and efficiency of germination of wheat grains polyacrylamide methylene-N-lactic acid used as a plant growth promoter.

Ushbu moqola tarkibida 3d-metallari bo‘lgan {Ni(NO3)2•6H2O}x magnit suyuqlikning yopishqoqlik koeffitsientini kontsentratsiyasiga bog‘liqlik natijalari keltirildi.

The aim of the research work: is to determination of molecular mechanisms of the reactivity of chitosan with different types of interactions and nature of its surface.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
to reveal the elementary physical and chemical processes underlying the mechanisms of reactivity of chitosan;
the entropy character of adsorption of macromolecules onto the surface of carbon nanotubes has been determined from the temperature dependence of the interaction energy of the carbon nanotubc with chitosan in an aqueous solution by using molecular dynamics method.
for the first time, the thermoadsorption model of adsorption of polymeric coils into the pores of chitosan has been constructed, taking into account the ion-dipole nature of the interaction; the analytical formulas for dependencies of sorption and desorption characteristics on temperature has been obtained.
for the first time, thermodynamic model covering the criteria for the realization of two mechanisms of the bactericidal activity of chitosan have been proposed taking into account the specificity of the molecular structure.

Subjects of research: White not purebred rats: offspring, transferred chronic intrauterine hypoxia; newborn children with a cerebral ischemia of a various degree and their mothers.
Purpose of work: studying molecular mechanisms of biomembranes destruction under the action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at hypoxia and effects of water - and fat-soluble antioxidants in ultra low doses on ROS generation in the brain tissues, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of liver at postnatal period after intrauterine hypoxia.
Methods of research: thin layer chromatography, biochemical, immuno-hystochcmical, clinical, ultrasound and cerebral blood flow evaluation, statistical.
The results obtained and their novelty: it is established the interrelation of a brain and liver, its contribution to aggravation of consequences of a cerebral ischemia at last terms after intrauterine hypoxia. It is established positive effect of phenazan in ultra low doses on the ROS overproduction and phospholipids composition misbalancc in the mitochondrial fraction of the liver and on the liver cells apoptosis too at last terms after intrauterine hypoxia. It is shown modulate effect of tocopherol on the ROS scavenger enzymes activity at early period after intrauterine hypoxia in liver microsomal fraction. It is established strong positive effect of synthetic water-soluble antioxidant phenazan on the ROS scavenger enzymes activity in the brain tissue, which cause the phospholipids composition normalization and provide optimal conditions to the brain development.
Practical value: The modified scale of a sub-optimality of the prenatal risk factors of cerebral ischemia in newborn was created, application of ultra low doses of antioxidants is proved at experimental search.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: the received results arc introduced as methodical recommendations and information letter in The Republican Specialized Scientific - Practical Medical Centre of Obstetrics and Gynecology, department of neonatology of the Tashkent Post graduated Medical Institute, department of biochemistry of Tashkent Pediatrician Medical Institute.
Field of application: biochemistry, pediatrics.

The aim of research work is a Mossbauer study of electron exchange processes between tin centers in crystalline and glassy chalcogenide semiconductors.
Scientific novelty of dissertation work is as follows:
composition of As|.xSex, Gci.xSex и Gei.x.yAsySex, Asy(Gei.zSez)i.y glassy alloys and solid solutions has been determined by means of x-ray fluorescent technique, with fluorescent stimulation by brake X-ray radiation or by mono-energy electrons (with error ±0.0002) on x, у and z parameters in the surface layer of depth from 0.1 mm (using brake X-ray radiation) upto 0.1 mem (using electron stimulation);
for the first time EMS with "9mSn isomer using maternal ll9mmSn and ll9Sb nucleus has been used to determine the process of electron exchange between Sn^+ and Snj*+ states of donor If defects, created by tin mixture in degenerate and non-dcgcncratc crystalline lead chalcogenides and glassy alloys (As2Se3)|.z(SnSe) z.x(GeSe)x and samples of solid solutions (A = Na, Tl, x = 0.01-^0.02 and 0.005) within temperature range 80 + 900 K;
it has been shown that the lines responding to Sn^+ and Sn^+ states were converging in the Mossbauer spectra with the temperature increase, that corresponds to the electron exchange between the states at the expense of two electrons transfer simultaneously;
the dependence of central shift of ll9Sn Mossbauer spectra for Ph^Sn^-xSe, compounds on composition has been explained within electron exchange model between Sn^+ and Sn^ states of donor U center created by tin;
electron exchange between Sn^’and Sn3+ states has not been detected in the Ge2S3, Ge3Se3и As0S3, As,Se3glassy alloys containing amphoteric U defects created by tin impurity upto 480 K, that can be explained by existance of bivalent and four-valent tin in different coordinational states.

The aim of the research work was definitions of possibility of creation of a ferromagnetic condition in a highly compensated monocrystallinc silicon doping by method ion implantations and complex investigation of formation nanocluster structures, and also to research of clcctrophysical, magnetic properties.
Scientific novelty of the research work:
for the first time, is shown, possibility of obtaining by ion implantation method monocrystallinc highly compensated semiconductor, containing high spin nanoclusters with ferromagnetic properties;
for the first time, it is revealed formations high spin magnetic nanoclusters manganese at ion implantation and under certain conditions annealing of samples;
it was found ferromagnetism of samples Si <B, Mn> at a room temperature;
for the first time, it is revealed positive magnetoresistance and a kinetics and hysteresis of magnetoresistance connected with magnetic nanoclusters of manganese in an ion implanted samples Si <B, Mn>;
it is revealed the mechanism of magnetization and existence of the ferromagnetic condition, influencing transport properties of samples;
existence of a ferromagnetic condition it is explained by existence of exchange interaction between electrons of ions of impurity in a clusters and interaction between clusters;
it was found out that interaction between clusters and exchange interaction in clusters is not entered within the limits of one theory.

Hozirgi texnika va texnologiya jadal rivojlangan bir vaqtda, har bir soha vakili oldida juda katta, keng ko‘lamli vazifa turganligi barchamizga ma’lum. Shu nuqtai nazar bilan qaraganda soha vakili sifatida oldimizdagi vazifadan ruhlanib, bizning oldimizga yana bir kichik vazifani rejalashtirdik.

Subject of research: natural gas, air, gas career - nitrogen, inert gas - helium, keramzite, catalyst, calcium monocarbide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, hydrogen, carbon mono-oxide.
Purpose of work: to base the oxidative coupling of methane thermody-namicly to study kinetic law in the differential reactor condition and to model and to optimize the process on the basis of the obtained results.
Methods of research: thermodynamic calculations, kinetic calculations, gas-chromatography, statistical methods.
The results obtained and their novelty: kinetic regularities of the oxidative coupling (condesation) of methane in the differential reactor conditions have been studied and on the basis of recommended equations reaction mechanism was established. The optimal conditions of the process were elaborated.
Practical value: the obtained results give chance to increase the conversion degree of methane to C2-hydrocarbons, catalysts selectivity and elaborate the system of automatic control of the process.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: the elaborated method and kinetic models will give chance to synthesis of valuable product ethylene by one-stage process.
Field of application: physical chemistry, kinetics and catalysis, petroleumgas chemistry.

Melaninlar azot o'z ichiga olgan va azotsiz polifenollarning fermentativ oksidlanishi paytida organizmlarda hosil bo'lgan quyuq rangli yuqori molekulyar tartibsiz polimerlardir. Ular radioprotektiv va antioksidant xususiyatlarga ega, radionuklidlar va og'ir metallar uchun sorbent bo'lib, tirik organizmlarni ultrabinafsha nurlanishidan samarali himoya qilishga ega. Melaninlar tibbiyot, farmakologiya, qishloq xo'jaligi va boshqa sohalarda qo'llaniladi [1].

Oziq-ovqat sanoati hamda tibbiy amaliyotda kashtan ekstrakti asosidagi olingan qushimchlar suyuq (Eskuzan va boshqalar), ham quruq ekstraktlar (Esflazid, Reparil va boshqalar) keng qo'llaniladi. Kashtan mevasidan olingan turli konsentratsiyali ekstraktlaridan foydalaniladi [1].

In this article, the process of obtaining extractive phosphoric acid (EPA) from unbaked washed concentrates of phosphorites of the Central Kyzylkum (UWC FCK) is studied. To solve the problems, the following research methods were used: chemical analysis, microscopic analysis, X-ray phase analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, titrimetric analysis and viscometric method for determining the viscosity of liquids. And also studied the rheological properties of the resulting solutions (extraction pulp) at the temperature range of 20-80 °C. We have determined that with an increase in the mass ratio L:S from 2:1 to 5:1 at the temperature of 20 °C, the density decreases from 1398 to 1296 kg/m³.

Subjects of the inquiry: 2,3-tri-,-tetra-,-penta-,-hexamcthylcnc-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-oncs.
Aim of the inquiry: reduction of 2,3-polymctylen-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones by sodium borhydride, systematic study of acylation, carbamoylation, amidomcthylation and clcctrophyl substitution l,2,3,4-tctrahydroquinazolin-4-ones, revealing the optimum conditions reaction. Research of biological activity of synthesized compounds.
Method the inquiry: organic synthesis, IR-, 'H-NMR-spcctroscopy, mass-spectrometry, TLC, X-RAY.
The results achieved and their novelty: reception methods 2,3-polymctylene-l,2,3,4-tctrahcdroquinazolin-4-ones by reduction of 3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-onc arc improved. It is shown that acylation, carbamoylation, amidomcthylation of them goes on atom of nitrogen N-l, leading corresponding 1-alcyl(aryl)amino(tio)carbamoyl-, -pyrrolidon-2-mcthyl derivatives. It is revealed that in reactions electrophyl substitution at relation 1:1 reaction goes to position C-6, i.e. the normal monosubstituted products arc formed, at relation 1:2 reaction goes unnormal, mentioning positions C-6, C-8 with simultaneous
dehydrogenization -:NH-HC<-bonds, i.e. with formation of-:N=C<-doublc bond.
Practical value: the designed methods of the obtaining 2,3-polymcthylcn-l,2,3,4-tctrahcdroquinazolin-4-ones, their 1-acyl-, -carbamoyl-, -pyrrolidon-2-mcthyl derivatives, as well as 6,8-disubstituted-2,3-polymethylen-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-4-ones, which is difficult to obtain by other methods. It is created way of the syntheses 6-monosubstituted-2,3-polymcthylen-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-ones. Amongst synthesized compounds arc revealed biologically active ones.
Degree of embed and economical effectively: amongst synthesized compounds arc revealed compounds, possessing plant growing activity. In future they can find using as stimulators.
Sphere of usage: organic chemistry, agriculture.

The choice of apparatus for obtaining finely dispersed powders with maximum grinding efficiency is the most important problem. As a rule, for this purpose, installations are used, which are a complex of grinding units. When designing grinding units, in addition to dispersion, size of pieces and mechanical properties of the initial material, it is necessary to take into account the requirements for the final product. A prerequisite for the implementation of developments in the industry are: the minimum possible cost of electricity and the duration of the technological process, the simplicity of design and operational reliability of the units.

Subjects of the research: Crude, hydrated and refined cotton oils, received forpress and extraction in the ways, and also allocated of them phospholipids.
Purpose of work: is development of high-intensity technology of hydration forpress and extraction cotton oils with using of Microwave radiations and application received phospholipids in various branches of economy.
Methods of research: Modem physical and chemical methods, gaschromatographicc, spectrophotometer, IR-spcctroscopic, HPLC, researches of cotton oils and phospholipids.
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time features of structure and properties phospholipids, received of forpress and extraction cotton oils with Microwave radiations using arc revealed. It is established, that at using of microwave radiation in structure hydrated in comparison with traditional way the maintenance gossypol chlorophyll and their derivatives considerably decrease. It is revealed, that at hydration of cotton oil with Microwave radiation use at a stage of coagulation integration of flakes phospholipids is accelerated at 8-12 time (depending on structure in crude cotton oils).
For the first time positive influence of hydration forpress and extraction cotton oils with Microwave radiation use, on increase of an exit and quality of the refined oils is shown. The high-intensity technology of hydration forpess and extraction cotton oils with Microwave radation use is developed. At following optimum modes: frequency of Microwave radiation - 2450 MHz, radiation time - 5 min., intensity of hashing of phases - 60 rpm and quantity of hydration waters - 4 % from weight of oil.
Practical value: Results of research have allowed to prove scientifically possibility of an intensification of process of hydration forpress and extract cotton oils with using of a modem method and Microwave radiation equipment, and also application received phospholipids in various branches of economy in particular in oil refining for fluidity increase high-viscous and high-paraffinic oils on the pipeline.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Expcrimcntally-thcorctical results of researches of influence of Microwave radiation on structure and properties of cotton oil and received of it phospholipids can be used in educational process at course reading «Technology of processing of fats» in the Tashkent chemical-institute of technology, the Bukhara institute of food technology and light industry, the Fergana polytechnic institute and other high schools.
Field of application: The industry of oil-fatty.

Subjects of research: raw paraffin and cleaned paraffin with powdered clay like adsorbents with ultrasound interfering.
Purpose of work: intensification of contact paraffin cleaning process in powdered day like adsorbents with ultrasound interfering.
Methods of research: advanced methods of physical and chemical research of paraffin, planning of extreme experiment and optimizing the technological process.
The results obtained and their novelty: setting up the optimal range of ultrasound impact to the paraffin cleaning in the powdered clay like adsorbents and their separation from the latter, which intensified the process in 1.2- 1.3 times (depending of the quality of cleaned raw paraffin): -setting up the mechanism up of ultrasound impact to the melted paraffin in its cleaning by means of clay like adsorbents:, -setting up of ultrasound impact to the quantity and quality indicators of cleaned paraffin of different designation.
Practical value: there has been worked out the method of intensification of paraffin cleaning process from powdered adsorbents through ultrasounds interfcring;-scicntific and theoretical results of research can be used in study process of TSTU, TCTI, BTIFLI, FPI and other universities of the republic.
Degree of embed and economic affectivity: Experimental and industrial testing of offered method of intensification in Fergana OPP gave positive results and expected economic effect from its implementing at this enterprise will be more than 56.0 mln. sums per year ( act of testing in the research work).
Field of application: oil processing plant “Uzbekneftegas”

The aim of the research work is intensification of processes dehydration and desalination of WOE with using new composite from demulsifying agent K-l and saponated cotton soap stock, as well as ultrasonic influence.
The scientific novelty of disscrtational research consists in the following:
it is proved the more difficult contents of WOE, especially emulsifying substances, the resistance armoring cover globules of waters at due to formation thermochemical proof associates and complexes is steady;
it is established application possibility in quality flocculants saponifying of cotton soap stock which reduces the residual contents of mechanical impurity and salts in oil;
proved efficiency magnetsrtactural converter of ultrasound 1,2-1,3 times, than hydrodynamic in the process of dehydration and desalination steady WOE;
it is created possibility of an intensification of process of dehydration and desalination, steady WOE with application of the developed compositions and ultrasound;
it is developed the intensification of processes of dehydration combined way steady WOE and desalination of oil with use of the composition consisting from K-l and SCSS, and also ultrasonic influence.

It is well-known, that our country is the basic manufacturer of a cotton, and accordingly cotton seeds. At processing cotton seeds receive up to 47 % shrot. It does not conditioned of grain by humidity and granularity. Therefore, shrot follows granulation and to dry. It is known, that dry is one of the most power-intensive processes. That’s why, the economy of power resources always is a urgent problem in the field of engineering dry.
The experiences on dry of damp granules are carried out in the following diapason of change of regime parameters: U = 26,74-35,2%, tg.£ = 60°C, tjet=804-160°C, p = 24 4- 130 kg/м2 and deq= 2 4-6 mm.
The way dry damp granule in energetically effective area is offered at Kw< 1,8 and difference of temperatures between a general flow and jet 604-80°C. Has been determined value of speed of fluidization' beginning and ablation, so criteria! formulas for their account have been deduced too. On the basis of these formulas have been determined the limits of existence of layer’s statuses. Granule’s drying in stream - fluidization layer allows intensification process of heat exchange on 10 4- 30 %.
It’s been determined the optimum regime parameters of this process: temperature of a general flow is tg.£ = 60°C, of the jet is tjet = 120 4- 140°C, and the number of a fluidization is Kw <1,8.
The research results on Nu -criterion are generalized as criterial formula, which error does not exceed ± 8,9 %.
On the basis of the spent researches and received results the engineering technique of account of stream - fluidization of a layer drying devices is developed.
Is offered without wastes and energy-effective technology of reception enriched, quality and granularity improved granules.
It will make 48,05 mill, sum per one year on the expected economic efficiency from introduction of results of work in complete volume. Besides, the basic scientific results of the dissertation are used at reading a rate "Processes and machines of food industry".

Subject of inquiry: process of the evaporation crystallizing solution.
Aim of the inquiry: Study of hydrodynamics and external heat exchange in dispersible ambience, creation high performance machinery for evaporation crystallizing solutions in fluidized layer and development of the methods of the calculation evaporating device with weighted layer the hard particles.
Method of inquiry: experimental studies of hydrodynamics, external heat exchange and scale in evaporation device and check result on industrial device.
The results achieved and their novelty: For the first time organized complex studies of hydrodynamics, external heat exchange and scaling in fluidized layer of the granivorous stuff in fine-bored tube. Industrial experimental and theoretical researches have allowed installing the regularities heat hydrodynamic processes in evaporating device depending on operation condition, expense parameter, geometric characteristics and physical feature of the particles of the granivorous stuff and getting the generalizing dependencies, embracing range regime parameter of functioning evaporating device in practice.
Practical value: Offered method of increasing efficiency of the evaporation crystallizing solutions, allowing increase inter - flushing path of functioning device, improve quality of manufacturing product and reduce power consumption and purification equipment, which do not demand considerable expenditures.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Materials of thesis are utilized in Joint Stock Company "Navoiazot" for update quadruple-effect evaporator, with expected economic benefit 209 mln. bag; implanted in Joint venture - closed joint-stock company "Electrohimzavod" for increasing of efficiency of functioning evaporating kettle for evaporation of solution of the cookery salt, which allowed increase inter-industry path of equipment; implantation of got results in OJSC "PIRIT-M" in Moscow, allow increase machine capacity by heat exchange intensification and gain economic benefit at a rate of 4,2 mln. rubles in a year; results of work implanted in JSC Shyolkovsky Factory of Secondary Precious Metals (Russia) for increase productivity, decrease air pollution and reduction of silver loss and got annual economic effect at a rate of 7 mln. rubles in a year (in prices 2008).
Sphere of usage: Chemical and food industry, metallurgy.

Today, in an era of rapid development of technology and techniques, it is difficult to imagine the production process without modern technological means. In particular, the oil and fat industry is one of the most important sectors of the economy not only in the world, but also in our country. Historically, simple machines were used to obtain oil products, but today this process is carried out using modern, high-tech equipment. Today, linseed oil is one of the highest quality oils and stands out in the oil and fat industry for its structural advantages. Therefore, since ancient times, flaxseed oil has been widely used not only in the food industry, but also in folk medicine. The beneficial properties of linseed oil and the possibilities of its industrial cultivation increase the demand for this product year by year.

Objects of research: high-strength composite fosfogipsovye binding a-modification increased water resistance, obtained in an autoclave in the presence of phosphogypsum sanding lime, portland cement, slag or clcktrotcrmofosfornogo bclite clinker and additives controls the crystallization process.
Purpose: to develop formulations and optimization technology for high-strength composite fosfogipsovogo binding а-modification increased water resistance on the basis of phosphogypsum sanding "Ammophos-Maxam" by hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave fosfogipsovoy pulp in the presence of various hydraulic additives.
Methods of research: modem physico-chemical, chemical and physico-mcchanical (X-ray analysis, DTA, microscopic) methods of analysis and standard testing methods of gypsum binders.
The results obtained and their novelty: the compositions arc designed and optimized for high-technology for composite fosfogipsovogo binding a-modification of sanding phosphogypsum and hydraulic additives under hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave with the introduction of the regulators of the crystallization process. The mechanism and developed a way to eliminate passivation of impurities P2O5 and fluorine contained in phosphogypsum, by linking them to practically insoluble compounds. Found that the introduction of lime, portland cement, slag or clcktrotcrmofosfomyh bclite clinker promotes the formation of calcium and hydro nizkoosnovnyh tobermoritopodobnyh phases, semi-aquatic gypsum crystals screening, whereby increased strength and water resistance fosfogipsovogo binder.
Practical significance: designed HsCFA increased water resistance can be used in exterior and interior of buildings instead of expensive Portland cement, as well as for the manufacture of building products and designs. It is established that these binders arc durable, stable both in air and in water, alternate drying and water saturation, freezing and thawing.
The degree of implementation and economic efficiency: a pilot-industrial batch HsCFA increased water resistance, held his trial, made the product. Get a real economic effect UZS 33480 /1.
Applications: construction materials, the construction industry.