Vol. 1 No. 6 (2025): International journal of medical sciences

Congenital hepatic hypoplasia, or liver hypoplasia, refers to a rare developmental anomaly characterized by an underdeveloped hepatic parenchyma. This condition may affect the entire liver or be confined to one lobe (typically the left lobe), leading to asymmetry and potential functional compromise. Although it is often asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during imaging or autopsy, hepatic hypoplasia may also present clinically with portal hypertension, hepatopulmonary syndrome, or be associated with other congenital malformations. A thorough understanding of the embryological, anatomical, and pathological features of hepatic hypoplasia is crucial for early diagnosis, surgical planning, and differential diagnosis from more severe conditions such as hepatic agenesis or atrophy secondary to vascular insults.

Varicose vein dilation is characterized by the expansion of blood vessels in the lower limbs, thinning of their walls, and insufficiency of the venous valves. This article provides a scientific overview of the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, modern and traditional treatments of varicose veins, including the practical role and effectiveness of phytotherapy. Particularly, a comprehensive approach to combating varicose disease is presented based on statistical data from Uzbekistan and around the world.

 Neurons are highly specialized cells that serve as the building blocks of the nervous system. Their unique morphology—featuring dendrites, a cell body, and a long axon—enables them to transmit signals with precision and speed. This paper discusses the structural classifications of neurons, including their functional roles in sensory and motor pathways. It also explores the physiological process of action potential generation, highlighting the role of ion channels and membrane depolarization. Furthermore, the paper explains how synaptic transmission occurs, detailing the release and effect of neurotransmitters in chemical synapses. By synthesizing insights from anatomical and physiological sources, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of how neurons maintain communication within the human body and how dysfunctions in these processes can lead to neurological disorders.

 Early-term miscarriage, occurring within the first 12 weeks of pregnancy, remains a significant reproductive health concern, with genetic abnormalities being the predominant cause. This article reviews the key genetic factors contributing to early pregnancy loss, including chromosomal aneuploidies, structural abnormalities, and single-gene mutations. It further examines modern diagnostic methods such as karyotyping, chromosomal microarray analysis, and next-generation sequencing that have enhanced the detection and understanding of these genetic causes. Advances in genetic testing provide critical insights for clinical management, enabling personalized reproductive counseling and improved outcomes for affected couples.

 Considering the increasing incidence of toxic liver damage—the primary organ for xenobiotic detoxification—the insufficient effectiveness of currently used pharmacological treatments necessitates the search for and implementation of new effective drugs for treating hepatobiliary system pathology in prepubertal patients. In this context, the authors studied the effects of Rutan and Karsil on the levels of lipid peroxidation products (Acylhydroperoxides [AcGP], malondialdehyde [MDA]) and the activity of antioxidant enzyme systems (catalase [CAT], superoxide dismutase [SOD]) in the liver during acute hepatitis induced by carbon tetrachloride in one-month-old rats. Results showed that Rutan, similarly to Karsil, reduces elevated levels of AcGP and MDA in the microsomal-cytosolic liver fraction significantly increased by acute toxic hepatitis induced by carbon tetrachloride. Notably, this effect is accompanied by increased activity of antioxidant enzyme systems. It was concluded that Rutan may be used in the treatment of acute liver diseases in the prepubertal period.

This article discusses the role, opportunities, and future of artificial intelligence (AI) in modern medicine. It sheds light on the use of AI in diagnostics, robotic surgery, personalized treatment, and scientific research, based on real examples and factual evidence. It also analyzes emerging ethical and technical risks alongside technological advantages. As the author, I recognize the positive sides of this technology but emphasize that it cannot be fully trusted without human oversight.

This article examines the primary etiological factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and modern treatment strategies of inflammatory gynecological diseases (IGDs) in women. The pathogenesis of infections such as vaginitis, endometritis, and salpingitis, along with their complications and antibiotic-based therapies, are analyzed based on scientific sources. The article also provides preventive measures to maintain reproductive health and reduce recurrent infections.

The regeneration of nervous tissues is a fundamental topic in neuroscience and regenerative medicine, with significant implications for the treatment of injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. While many vertebrates demonstrate a remarkable capacity to regenerate components of their nervous system, humans have a relatively limited ability in this regard. This disparity has led to intense scientific interest in understanding the underlying biological mechanisms that govern nervous tissue regeneration across different species. In vertebrates such as fish and amphibians, neuronal regeneration is robust and efficient. For instance, zebrafish can regenerate entire sections of their spinal cord and optic nerve after injury. Similarly, salamanders are capable of regenerating complex neural structures, including limbs that contain nerve tissues. These regenerative processes are supported by the presence of active neural stem cells, permissive microenvironments, and reduced scarring and inflammation following injury.

In contrast, humans and other mammals exhibit a very restricted ability to regenerate nervous tissues, particularly within the central nervous system (CNS). Injuries to the spinal cord or brain often result in permanent functional deficits due to limited neurogenesis, glial scarring, and inhibitory molecular signals that prevent axonal regrowth. Although some neurogenesis occurs in the adult human brain, particularly in regions like the hippocampus and subventricular zone, it is not sufficient to repair extensive damage. Moreover, peripheral nervous system (PNS) regeneration is more successful in humans than CNS regeneration, yet even this is limited by the extent and severity of injury.

The evolutionary basis for these differences is an area of active investigation. It is hypothesized that the enhanced complexity and specialization of the human brain may have come at the cost of regenerative plasticity. Additionally, differences in immune responses, gene expression patterns, and the cellular microenvironment contribute to the disparity between species. Vertebrates that can regenerate nervous tissues typically exhibit a dampened immune response that allows for tissue repair without extensive fibrosis. In contrast, humans have a more robust inflammatory response, which, while protective, often impedes regeneration.

Recent advances in molecular biology and stem cell research have opened new avenues for understanding and potentially enhancing nervous tissue regeneration in humans. Techniques such as induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), gene editing, and biomaterial scaffolds are being explored to mimic the regenerative capacity observed in lower vertebrates. Comparative studies between regenerative and non-regenerative species offer valuable insights into the key factors that promote or inhibit nervous system repair.

In conclusion, the regeneration of nervous tissues represents a key biological difference between vertebrates and humans, with profound implications for medical science. While lower vertebrates demonstrate impressive regenerative abilities, humans are significantly limited in their capacity to recover from neural injuries. Understanding these differences at a cellular and molecular level is crucial for developing effective therapies to treat spinal cord injuries, brain trauma, and neurodegenerative conditions. Bridging the gap between species through translational research may eventually enable humans to harness regenerative processes that are currently beyond our biological capabilities.

Nervous tissue is considered the most complex and specialized tissue in the human and animal body. It consists of nerve cells—neurons—and supportive glial cells, and it forms both the central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (peripheral nerves and ganglia) nervous systems. The main function of nervous tissue is to receive, transmit, and respond to information from both external and internal environments. Its morphological structure and cellular/tissue-level organization play a crucial role in the performance of its physiological functions.

The regeneration of nervous tissue, i.e., its ability to recover after injury, is one of the most pressing areas of modern neurobiology. The regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS) is significantly lower than that of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This implies a limited capacity for full recovery after injuries to the brain or spinal cord. In contrast, the peripheral nervous system, particularly due to the activity of Schwann cells, demonstrates a comparatively higher regenerative capacity. This difference is mainly attributed to the presence or absence of factors within the tissue microenvironment that either promote or inhibit regeneration.

Recent studies have shown that, although limited, neurogenesis—the formation of new neurons—also occurs in the central nervous system. Neuroblast formation has been particularly observed in the hippocampus and the subventricular zones surrounding the lateral ventricles in adults. This suggests that nervous tissue has a certain potential for self-repair under specific conditions. However, such processes are typically slow and rarely lead to complete regeneration.

One of the main obstacles to regeneration in the CNS is the formation of glial scars (gliosis) caused by the proliferation of glial cells, especially astrocytes, at the injury site. These scars act as physical and chemical barriers that restrict nerve impulse transmission and axon growth. Therefore, many modern studies aim to overcome these barriers, identify biomolecules that stimulate regeneration, and enhance neuronal recovery using neurotrophic factors.

This article analyzes the histological structure of nervous tissue, the interaction between neurons and glial cells, mechanisms of regeneration, differences between the CNS and PNS, and modern therapeutic and restorative approaches (including neurostimulation, biomaterials, and stem cell therapy). It also explores recent experimental and clinical advancements as well as the existing challenges in the field of neural regeneration.

A deeper understanding of the regenerative potential of nervous tissue not only helps address challenges in surgery, traumatology, and neurology but also lays a scientific foundation for the future treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Approximately 1.28 billion adults aged 30–79 years worldwide have hypertension, the majority (two-thirds) of whom live in low- and middle-income countries. Approximately 46% of adults with hypertension are unaware that they have the condition. Less than half (42%) of adults with hypertension are diagnosed and treated. One in five (21%) adults with hypertension have their condition under control.[3,4]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused numerous health issues not only in adults but also in children. This infection, especially, may lead to the development of pneumonia, which severely affects children’s health. This article examines post-COVID pneumonia and its complications in children. The article outlines the impact of pneumonia on children’s bodies, its development process, clinical symptoms, analyses, and treatment methods. Additionally, it provides information on the psychological and physical effects of this disease on children.

Biorevitalization has emerged as a minimally invasive technique in aesthetic dermatology aimed at restoring skin hydration and promoting dermal regeneration to counteract signs of aging. This review synthesizes current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, safety profile, and procedural techniques of biorevitalization, with a focus on hyaluronic acid-based formulations enriched with bioactive compounds. Clinical evidence indicates improvements in skin elasticity, texture, and hydration following treatment, though methodological limitations in existing studies necessitate cautious interpretation. Safety data suggest a favorable profile with primarily mild and transient adverse effects. Key challenges include heterogeneity of products, lack of standardized protocols, and insufficient high-quality randomized trials. Future research directions emphasize the development of advanced biomaterials, mechanistic elucidation, and personalized therapeutic approaches to optimize outcomes. Overall, biorevitalization holds promise as a valuable adjunct in anti-aging therapies within cosmetology, warranting further rigorous investigation.

 Background: Cardiac pathophysiology comprises molecular, structural, and functional alterations that disrupt normal myocardial performance. A comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
Objective: This study aims to analyze the key pathophysiological processes underlying myocardial dysfunction, focusing on ischemia, hypertrophy, ventricular remodeling, and arrhythmogenesis.
Methods: A systematic review of experimental and clinical studies published between 2010 and 2024 was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Articles were selected based on relevance to cellular, molecular, and systemic mechanisms of cardiac pathophysiology. The findings were synthesized and categorized into major pathological pathways.
Results: The primary mechanisms identified include impaired calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress-induced cellular injury, and maladaptive neurohormonal activation leading to ventricular remodeling. These changes were consistently associated with the progression from compensated hypertrophy to overt heart failure.
Conclusion: Cardiac pathophysiology is a multifactorial and dynamic process that integrates disturbances at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels. Early identification of these alterations is critical for optimizing preventive and therapeutic interventions in cardiovascular disease.

Scientific research and technological innovation in the field of Medicine are important in improving human health and developing treatments for diseases. Through scientific research, medical scientists and specialists study in depth the complex processes of the human body, generate new knowledge aimed at identifying the causes of diseases, diagnostic methods and methods of treatment. This process sets the stage for improving the efficiency of the health system, creating new medicines and improving existing therapies.

In modern medicine, technological innovations are harmonizing with scientific research and radically changing the methods of diagnostics and treatment. For example, new technologies such as artificial intelligence, genetic analysis, robotics, telemedicine provide great opportunities for pre-detection of diseases and making individual treatment plans. Such technologies help to achieve more accurate and effective results in clinical practice, as well as provide comfort and safety for patients.

Together, scientific research and technological innovation accelerate the process of discoveries in the field of Medicine. For example, during global health crises such as the pandemic, high levels of scientific research and advanced technology are used to create new vaccines and drugs. Also, many discoveries in this field lead to the introduction of new standards in medical education and clinical practice.

In addition, scientific and technological advances, in addition to improving the quality of medical services, also help to ensure the stability of Health Systems. For example, automated systems and digital health platforms improve patient data management, reduce the workload of Physicians, and provide emergency care.

Background: Ultrasound diagnostics (UZI) is a non-invasive imaging modality widely used for real-time assessment of soft tissues and internal organs. Continuous advancements in ultrasound technology have expanded its clinical applications and improved diagnostic accuracy.
Objective: This study analyzes current trends in ultrasound diagnostics, focusing on technological innovations and their impact on clinical practice.
Methods: A systematic review of 60 studies (2014–2024) from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was conducted. The analysis covered B-mode imaging, Doppler techniques, elastography, and 3D/4D ultrasound. Parameters evaluated included sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy across different clinical fields.
Results: Modern UZI demonstrated high diagnostic performance: elastography improved liver fibrosis staging sensitivity up to 92%, while 3D/4D ultrasound enhanced fetal anomaly detection accuracy by 15–20%. Portable ultrasound devices increased accessibility in emergency and rural healthcare settings.
Conclusion: Technological advancements in ultrasound diagnostics have significantly improved real-time imaging, making UZI a cornerstone of modern medical diagnostics. Integration with AI-based image analysis promises further enhancement of diagnostic precision.

Background: Ultrasound diagnostics (UZI) represents a cornerstone in pediatric imaging due to its safety profile, absence of ionizing radiation, and real-time evaluation capabilities. In pediatric patients presenting with acute abdominal pain, rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for timely intervention and improved outcomes.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting common pediatric abdominal disorders, focusing on appendicitis, intussusception, and hepatobiliary abnormalities.
Methods: A prospective observational study of 120 pediatric patients aged 1–14 years with acute abdominal pain was conducted. All underwent abdominal ultrasound using high-resolution linear and convex probes. Findings were correlated with surgical results and laboratory data to determine sensitivity and specificity.
Results: Ultrasound demonstrated high diagnostic performance: sensitivity for acute appendicitis was 92%, with 89% specificity; intussusception was correctly diagnosed in 95% of cases; and hepatobiliary abnormalities showed 91% sensitivity. In 78% of patients, ultrasound findings eliminated the need for CT scans, thereby reducing radiation exposure.
Conclusion: Ultrasound is an effective first-line imaging modality in pediatric abdominal pathology. Its non-invasive nature and diagnostic accuracy make it indispensable in emergency pediatric care.

 During the COVID-19 pandemic, pneumonia and its delayed complications in children became an urgent issue in pediatric practice. Studies show that 20–30% of children who have recovered from COVID-19 develop long-term pulmonary changes, while 10–15% develop chronic broncho-obstructive syndrome. This article focuses on the clinical picture, epidemiology, diagnostic methods, pediatric observations, treatment, and rehabilitation measures for post-COVID pneumonia in children.

In this study, changes in central vision and visual field were studied using static automated perimetry in 19 patients with hemolytic anemia. The main goal of the study is to determine the influence of anemia on the visual system by assessing the state of ocular microcirculation and nerve fibers. The obtained results showed significant narrowing of the visual field and a decrease in sensitivity, which justifies the need for advanced diagnostics and monitoring.

An analysis of the treatment results of 227 elderly and senile patients with femoral neck fractures was conducted. Women prevailed - 146 (64.4%), and between the ages of 60 and 80 - 183 (80.6%). To study the effectiveness of treatment tactics and assess the immediate and long-term results of treatment, two observation groups were formed: the main group - 110 patients who underwent 114 primary endoprosthetics of the hip joint in the early period of injury (up to 7 days), the control group - 117 patients who also underwent endoprosthetics of the hip joint in the late period (10 days or more).

This 39-year-old in the article male in the patient eye of the apple heavy level contusion and horn curtain piercing past injury with together colorful curtain output status presented The patient​ house under the circumstances in the drill while working right iron wire tattoo on the eye with enter gone. Urgent diagnosis put; primary surgery processing Done. On time. shown medical help as a result the patient's see ability partially preserved This is the clinical situation urgent ophthalmological approach and surgery intervention relevance shows.

Acne vulgaris is one of the most common dermatological conditions affecting both adolescents and adults. In recent decades, significant advances have been made in the treatment of acne due to the development of new pharmacological agents and the implementation of modern device-based therapies. This article reviews current treatment strategies, including the use of topical and systemic retinoids, antibiotics, hormonal therapy, as well as laser and photodynamic therapies. Special attention is given to the importance of a comprehensive and personalized approach based on the severity of the condition, skin type, and the patient’s overall health. Additionally, the paper explores emerging trends in acne management such as the role of the skin microbiome, probiotics, and targeted molecular therapies.

Rhinoplasty is one of the most in-demand procedures in modern plastic surgery, combining both aesthetic and functional goals.
This article explores current approaches to rhinoplasty, including open and closed techniques, the use of autografts, and the role of 3D planning in preoperative preparation. Special attention is given to the indications for surgical intervention, criteria for selecting the method of correction, and prevention of complications. Patient satisfaction with surgical outcomes and the impact of rhinoplasty on quality of life are also analyzed.
Modern trends in rhinoplasty aim to achieve natural results with minimal trauma while preserving nasal function. Performing rhinoplasty on patients with thick skin often presents a significant challenge. This article describes an assessment tool that classifies patients based on skin thickness and demonstrates the clinical application of this classification in preoperative evaluation.

 Digital technologies have become indispensable in modern dentistry, facilitating unprecedented improvements in diagnostic precision, treatment planning, and prosthetic fabrication. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and future prospects of digital dentistry, focusing on artificial intelligence (AI) applications in diagnostics, three-dimensional (3D) data acquisition through laboratory and intraoral scanning systems, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM) workflows, and the integration of augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) technologies. Technical principles, clinical applications, advantages, and limitations are critically examined. The challenges of cost, training, data interoperability, and clinical implementation are discussed, alongside emerging innovations that promise to further enhance patient care and clinical efficiency.

As the most prominent protein in a human body, collagen underpins one’s fortitude, elasticity, hydration, and skin health. Both topical and ingestible collagen-based skin products have proliferated in recent years, offering diverse forms like creams and serums to powders, jellies, and emulsions. This article analyzes and evaluates the skincare methods of topical and ingestible collagens, suggesting that the skin barrier limits topical formulations, making ingestible collagen peptides more effective. After reviewing the mechanisms, available science, and outcomes, this article forges a conclusive argument for the optimal method of dermal collagen supplementation.

According to domestic and foreign literature, a large number of unsatisfactory results (up to 40%) in the treatment of patients with intra-articular fractures of the distal metaepiphysis of the tibia are associated with massive destruction of the articular surface of the ankle joint. This leads to repeated surgical interventions aimed at correcting the orthopedic consequences of the trauma.

Currently, there is no clear algorithm for preoperative planning and operative technique. This is due to errors made during preoperative planning and surgical treatment.

For modern medicine, the problem of reducing the labor activity of patients with CRF and leading to disability in 26% of cases is very important.

During the period 2020-2024, 32 injured with injuries to the ankle joint of I-III-degree severity were treated.

Conservative treatment methods were used in 25 patients (78%), and osteosynthesis was performed in 7 patients. Of these, 4 (12,5%) patients underwent transarticular fixation with Kirschner spokes, and 3 (9,5%) were fixed with a tightening bolt.

Long-term treatment outcomes within 2-4 years were studied in 32 (100%) patients. After conservative treatment, good results were noted in 22 (68,7%) patients, satisfactory in 8 (25%), and unsatisfactory in 2 (6,3%). A comparative analysis of treatment methods revealed that fixing bone fragments with Kirschner's spokes is effective in patients with lower tibial syndesmosis.

Clarification of the criteria for establishing the severity of fractures of the metacarpal bones of the hand and determining the mechanism of their formation.

The enzymatic properties of saliva, urine, and blood in patients with kidney pathology were studied. An increase in the content of amylase and pepsinogen in the blood and a decrease in lipase, were found in patients with acute and chronic renal failure and chronic pyelonephritis. Similar changes are observed in saliva and urine. There is a direct dependence of the release of enzymes from saliva on their level in the blood. This indicates that many enzymes in saliva are of both secretory and secretory nature.

This review explores the role of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 in the acute decompensation of chronic heart failure (CHF), focusing on their mechanistic and clinical relevance. A systematic analysis of studies up to mid-2024 shows consistent cytokine elevation during decompensation, with IL-6 strongly linked to severity and mortality. These cytokines activate NF-κB, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways, contributing to myocardial dysfunction and adverse remodeling. While IL-1 blockade shows therapeutic promise, anti-TNF strategies remain inconclusive. The findings highlight the need for targeted, phenotype-specific therapies and improved biomarker use in managing inflammation-driven CHF.

This review synthesizes research on early diagnosis of hearing loss in inflammation diseases in the inner ear using audiological tests and imaging techniques in children to address gaps in standardized diagnostic protocols and integration of multimodal assessments. The review aimed to evaluate audiological test efficacy, benchmark imaging modalities, identify risk factors, compare diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and propose integrative diagnostic approaches. A systematic analysis of diverse studies from prospective cohorts and retrospective reviews spanning multiple geographic regions was conducted, focusing on pediatric inflammatory etiologies including autoimmune, autoinflammatory, and infectious conditions. Findings indicate that otoacoustic emissions and auditory brainstem responses demonstrate high sensitivity and reliability for early detection, often preceding imaging findings.

The article presents a review and analytical study of the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as an additional method of treating autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in children, using the example of practice in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The author, psychiatrist Umida Yusupbaevna Niyazimbetova, focuses on the relevance of the problem of early childhood autism, the difficulties of diagnosis and the limitations of traditional methods of therapy. TMS is considered as a promising, non-invasive neuromodulation technology capable of correcting key symptoms of ASD: decreased social adaptation, autostimulation, anxiety, and deficits in verbal and non-verbal communication. Based on data from international and domestic studies, including clinical observations at the Nukus Psychoneurological Dispensary, the potential effectiveness of TMS has been substantiated, especially when using repetitive (rTMS) and theta-rhythmic stimulation (iTBS). The proposed neurophysiological mechanisms of action of TMS are considered: restoration of the balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain, stimulation of the prefrontal cortex, improvement of neuroplasticity and emotional regulation. The need for an integrated approach combining TMS with behavioral therapy and cognitive rehabilitation is emphasized.

Systems in dentistry. Based on the research findings, the author proposes practical recommendations for expanding the use of laser technologies in clinical practice, suggesting their potential to transform modern dental care by improving treatment outcomes and promoting patient well-being This scientific article provides an in-depth analysis of the application of laser technologies in modern dentistry, highlighting their clinical advantages and growing importance in dental procedures. The use of laser systems has become one of the most advanced methods in dental practice, offering minimally invasive, pain-free, and highly precise treatment alternatives to traditional techniques. The article examines the fundamental mechanisms by which laser beams interact with biological tissues, specifically photothermal, photochemical, and microexplosive effects. Furthermore, various types of lasers — including diode lasers, erbium (Er:YAG) lasers, and CO₂ lasers — are reviewed with regard to their application on both soft and hard tissues. Their technical specifications, therapeutic properties, and clinical benefits are thoroughly discussed. The article explores the use of lasers in periodontal therapy, caries removal, root canal treatment, teeth whitening, mucosal surgeries, and biopsy procedures. A comparative assessment between traditional and laser-based approaches reveals significant advantages in terms of reduced bleeding, lower risk of infection, shortened healing times, and enhanced patient comfort. In addition, the study emphasizes the importance of professional training, accurate device calibration, and adherence to safety protocols when using laser.

Migraine and fibromyalgia are among the most common neurological disorders characterized by chronic pain syndromes in modern medicine. Recent scientific studies indicate that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction play a significant role in the pathogenesis of these conditions. This article analyzes the impact of oxidative stress in migraine and fibromyalgia, deficiencies in the antioxidant defense system, and the key mechanisms associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.

This article highlights the essence and technological foundations of laparoscopic surgeries, their advantages over open surgery, and their application in clinical practice. Laparoscopy is a surgical method that is safer, less painful, and involves a shorter rehabilitation period for patients, making it an integral part of modern surgical practice. The article analyzes the benefits of the laparoscopic approach based on statistical data, international clinical guidelines (EAES, SAGES), and practical experience.

This manuscript presents a comprehensive analysis of inflammatory periodontal diseases, examining their prevalence, etiopathogenetic mechanisms, clinical forms, and therapeutic approaches. Drawing on epidemiological data from both global and Uzbek populations, it details age-related disease distribution, diagnostic tools (CPITN index, Shiller–Pisarev test, Kulajenko vacuum test), and modern treatment strategies. A clinical study involving 40 patients was conducted. Results indicate that “Glikodent” demonstrates high efficacy in early-stage periodontal inflammation, while antibiotic therapy proves effective in advanced disease. Accurate assessment through diagnostic indices enabled individualized treatment planning, underscoring the importance of a specific, multimodal approach. The study concludes that early diagnosis and innovative, combined treatment protocols significantly enhance clinical outcomes.

This scientific study investigates morphological and morphometric changes in the major salivary glands of laboratory animals under chronic exposure to NO₂ and SO₂ gases. The histological structure of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands was analyzed using microscopic and morphometric methods. The results revealed cellular and tissue-level degeneration, inflammation, atrophic changes, and a decrease in secretory activity. These changes reflect the adverse effects of the gas mixture and emphasize the need for preventive measures to ensure environmental safety.