Vol. 1 No. 7 (2025): International journal of medical sciences

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder that becomes increasingly prevalent among women during the climacteric period due to complex hormonal changes. Estrogen and androgen deficiencies associated with menopause affect the lacrimal and meibomian glands, leading to decreased tear production and instability of the tear film. As a result, affected women often experience symptoms such as ocular dryness, irritation, burning sensation, and visual fatigue, which can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.
This study aims to investigate the primary causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of DES in climacteric women and to assess the effectiveness of various preventive strategies, including the use of artificial tears, nutritional supplements (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
A total of 120 women aged 45 to 60 years were examined and divided into premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal subgroups. Clinical tests, hormonal assessments, and patient-reported symptom questionnaires were used to evaluate tear function and ocular surface health.
The findings highlight a strong correlation between estrogen decline and the severity of DES symptoms. Preventive interventions demonstrated varying degrees of success, with the greatest improvement observed in patients who received early, individualized treatment.
The results of this study emphasize the need for increased awareness, timely screening, and comprehensive management of dry eye syndrome in menopausal women, which can ultimately reduce the burden of disease and improve their visual comfort and quality of life.

This article investigates the typology of proverbs containing numerical elements in the French and German languages. It demonstrates that numbers in such proverbs function not only as quantitative markers but also as symbolic, axiological, and cognitivesemantic units. French proverbs draw on Catholic traditions and rich metaphorical imagery, whereas German proverbs reflect moral order, social hierarchy, and practical reasoning. The study shows how numerical proverbs encode collective consciousness, cultural norms, and nationspecific patterns of thought through structured linguistic models.

This article examines the role and effectiveness of judicial oversight in the application of administrative penalties. It explores the interdependence between administrative authorities and the judiciary, while also analyzing the principle of independence necessary for fair adjudication. The paper highlights how judicial review enhances legal safeguards, protects citizens’ rights, and ensures lawful actions by administrative bodies.

The enterprise efficiency many consists of factors : process efficiency, personnel, equipment. Downtime, speed reduction, the need for repairs and re-equipment directly affect the company's profit. One of the modern methods that allows minimizing the negative impact of these factors is the TPM system, a tool for lean production.

This article analyzes the main characteristics of the education system, its role, and significance in the development of society. The education system is considered as a key factor in ensuring the socio-economic development of each country. The article also discusses the structural components of the education system, its close connection with state policy, quality indicators, continuity, and innovative approaches.

This article examines the semantic, cognitive, and cultural dimensions of numbers in Uzbek proverbs from a paremiological perspective. It highlights how numerical components in proverbs serve not only as quantitative indicators but also as symbolic, axiological, and cognitive-cultural markers that reflect the worldview, social experience, and linguistic traditions of the Uzbek people. Drawing upon the works of key Uzbek linguists, as well as modern cognitive theories such as conceptual metaphor theory, the study advocates for a deeper, interdisciplinary analysis of numerical proverbs. The research underscores the significance of numbers as structurally conservative yet semantically dynamic units within the Uzbek paremiological system.

This article discusses the principles of organizing education quality management correctly, providing insights and considerations regarding the proper structuring of the education system. It highlights scholarly opinions and describes the application procedures for ensuring a quality-focused education system.

In this article, the nation's spirituality is a historical category. It was also noted that national spirituality is formed, developed and becomes a national value in society over a long historical development. At the same time, it is noted that each nation has its own spirituality, language, traditions, rituals and rules of etiquette.

This thesis examines the boundaries of research on simultaneous interpretation (SI), with a particular focus on comparing professional interpreters and students in training. The study reviews existing literature to highlight key differences in cognitive processing, performance strategies, and stress management between these two groups. Professional interpreters, with their years of experience, tend to demonstrate greater efficiency in handling cognitive load, multitasking, and maintaining accuracy under pressure. In contrast, student interpreters often face challenges related to cognitive overload, slower reaction times, and less refined coping strategies. The article also explores how training programs can better bridge the gap between students and professionals, emphasizing the importance of domain-specific knowledge, real-world practice, and the development of adaptive strategies for managing stress and fatigue. By defining the research boundaries between these two groups, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of how experience shapes the skills and techniques necessary for successful SI. Additionally, it provides insights for future research on interpreter training and cognitive development in SI.

Dry eye syndrome (DES) is a multifactorial ocular surface disorder that becomes increasingly prevalent among women during the climacteric period due to complex hormonal changes. Estrogen and androgen deficiencies associated with menopause affect the lacrimal and meibomian glands, leading to decreased tear production and instability of the tear film. As a result, affected women often experience symptoms such as ocular dryness, irritation, burning sensation, and visual fatigue, which can significantly impact daily activities and quality of life.
This study aims to investigate the primary causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of DES in climacteric women and to assess the effectiveness of various preventive strategies, including the use of artificial tears, nutritional supplements (e.g., omega-3 fatty acids), and hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
A total of 120 women aged 45 to 60 years were examined and divided into premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal subgroups. Clinical tests, hormonal assessments, and patient-reported symptom questionnaires were used to evaluate tear function and ocular surface health.
The findings highlight a strong correlation between estrogen decline and the severity of DES symptoms. Preventive interventions demonstrated varying degrees of success, with the greatest improvement observed in patients who received early, individualized treatment.
The results of this study emphasize the need for increased awareness, timely screening, and comprehensive management of dry eye syndrome in menopausal women, which can ultimately reduce the burden of disease and improve their visual comfort and quality of life.

This article considers esophageal cancer as an urgent oncological problem in modern medicine. The main etiological factors, histological types, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods and treatment approaches of the disease are analyzed. The differences between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, risk factors and modern diagnostic methods are highlighted. The prospects for immunotherapy and targeted therapy are also discussed. The article emphasizes the importance of early detection of esophageal cancer and preventive measures.

Uzbekistan is undergoing a fundamental transition toward sustainable development by embracing green energy and digital transformation as dual pillars of its national strategy. This study explores the synergy between renewable energy deployment and digital technologies in achieving a low-carbon, efficient, and inclusive energy future. Using policy analysis and sectoral data, the research highlights key developments such as solar and wind energy projects, smart grids, and digital energy management systems. The findings show that digitalization enhances energy efficiency, facilitates transparency, and optimizes resource allocation in the renewable sector. However, challenges remain, including outdated infrastructure, skills gaps, and regulatory fragmentation. The study concludes with policy recommendations to strengthen the green-digital nexus and accelerate Uzbekistan’s transition to a resilient and innovative energy economy.

This article is dedicated to the topic of changes in blood during pregnancy and biomarkers of pathology in the circulatory system of your heart, the importance of diagnosing and treating this disease. Heart disease is an important cause of maternal mortality in developing countries. Rheumatic heart disease is the cause of most abuse and deaths, and mitral stenosis is the most common lesion. In accordance with the purpose and objectives of the study, 110 pregnant women were examined. The results of the study showed that pregnant women with mitral stenosis show signs of systemic inflammation (increased levels of CRP, il-α), hypercoagulation (high levels of fibrinogen and d-enzyme) and impaired immune balance (decreased levels of il-10, increased IL-2). IL

Hemorrhagic stroke represents a significant cause of mortality worldwide, often accompanied by complex systemic pathophysiological changes. The adrenal glands, being highly vascularized organs crucial for stress response, may undergo specific pathomorphological alterations in patients with fatal hemorrhagic stroke. To investigate the pathomorphological changes in adrenal glands of patients who died from hemorrhagic stroke and analyze their relationship with clinical outcomes and mortality patterns. A retrospective autopsy study was conducted on 156 patients who died from hemorrhagic stroke between January 2020 and December 2023. Adrenal glands were systematically examined using histopathological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and morphometric evaluation. Clinical data including stroke severity, duration of illness, and comorbidities were correlated with pathological findings. Adrenal pathological changes were identified in 89.7% (140/156) of cases. Hemorrhagic changes were present in 62.8% of patients, with bilateral involvement in 23.1% of cases. Cortical necrosis was observed in 45.5% of patients, predominantly affecting the zona fasciculata. Medullary changes including chromaffin cell depletion were noted in 71.2% of cases. These changes appear to be related to the severity of cerebral injury and systemic complications, potentially contributing to the fatal outcome through impaired stress response mechanisms.

Preterm birth (PTB), defined as delivery before 37 completed weeks of gestation, remains a major global challenge and is one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Despite advancements in perinatal care, the incidence of PTB has not significantly declined. Effective prediction and prevention strategies are essential for reducing its impact. This article reviews current approaches and recent innovations in the prediction and prevention of preterm birth, including risk factor analysis, cervical length measurement, biomarker screening, and pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic preventive strategies.

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is a chronic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the thyroid gland, leading to progressive hypothyroidism. The condition occurs when the body’s immune system produces antibodies that attack thyroid tissue, resulting in inflammation and impaired hormonal function. Diagnosis is based on clinical symptoms, elevated TSH levels, low free thyroxine, and the presence of anti-thyroid antibodies. Treatment typically involves lifelong hormone replacement therapy with levothyroxine to normalize metabolic function.

The article presents a review and brief comparison of predominantly surgical methods of treatment of degenerative stenosis of the lumbar spinal canal based on foreign publications over the past 5 years. Also marked main current problems modern spinal neurosurgery.