Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
39
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
39-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
(2023:
6.
184
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The morphofunctional specificity of the digestive system organs, the integration of the regulatory systems of the div
is the result of the development, formation and formation of the organs of the digestive and other systems,
adaptation to breastfeeding and definitive nutrition, the formation of a functional system for the breakdown of
biopolymers and the absorption of monomers. The structural foundations of this complex process are not well
understood. The article shows the patterns of formation of the digestive-transport conveyor and the mechanisms of
homeostasis regulation in early postnatal ontogenesis.
KEYWORDS
Mechanisms, absorption, morphogenesis, small intestine.
INTRODUCTION
The morphofunctional specificity of the digestive
system organs, the integration of the regulatory
systems of the div is the result of the development,
formation and formation of the organs of the digestive
and other systems, adaptation to breastfeeding and
definitive nutrition, the formation of a functional
Research Article
FEATURES OF THE SUCTION MECHANISMS IN EARLY POSTNATAL
ONTOGENESIS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE MORPHOGENESIS OF THE
SMALL INTESTINE
Submission Date:
February 18, 2023,
Accepted Date:
February 23, 2023,
Published Date:
February 28, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume03Issue02-08
Nishanova A.A.
Department Of Fundamental Medical Disciplines, Kimyo International University In Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Don A.N.
Department Of Fundamental Medical Disciplines, Kimyo International University In Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijmscr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
40
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
39-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
(2023:
6.
184
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
system for the breakdown of biopolymers and the
absorption of monomers. The structural foundations
of this complex process are not well understood.
The purpose of this study:
to establish, on the basis of
general
morphological,
electron
microscopic,
histochemical studies, the patterns of formation of the
digestive transport conveyor and the mechanisms of
homeostasis regulation in early postnatal ontogenesis.
Material and methods. White outbred rats of both
sexes on the 1st, 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st days of
embryonic development under standard vivarium
conditions. The terms of the study were chosen by us
on the basis of ideas about the structural and
functional features of internal organs and types of
nutrition
in
postnatal
ontogenesis
and
age
periodization of laboratory animals.
For general morphological and electron microscopic
studies, tissue pieces of the fundus of the stomach,
pancreas, duodenum, jejunum and ileum were used.
The cytophysiology of the process of absorption in the
mucous membrane of the small intestine, the cellular
mechanisms of its regulation were studied electron
microscopically in dynamics after a single feeding of
newborn, 3-, 7- and 14-day-old rats with breast milk;
protein solution (7% bovine or egg albumin).
To synchronize the process of absorption in the
jejunum, rat pups fasted for 3 hours before feeding.
The slaughter of animals was carried out in accordance
with the rules of the European Convention on
Experimentation with Animals for Scientific Research
at 10, 30, 60 minutes, 3,6,9 and 24 hours after feeding.
Decapitation was carried out after anesthesia with
Nembutal. At least 3 animals were used for each
period.
Protein specificity identification, administered to rat
pups per os and absorbed by the mucous membrane of
the jejunum was carried out by the immunofluorescent
method. The tissue for general morphological and
electron microscopy studies was fixed in Carnoy's fluid
and 1% OsO4 solution, respectively. After passing
through alcohols of increasing concentration, they are
embedded in paraffin or araldite. Viewing of sections
stained with hematoxylin and eosin or counterstained
with uranyl acetate was carried out, respectively, in
microscopes MIKMED-6 (Russia) or JE M-100 S (Japan).
Results and discussion. At birth, in rat pups, the
resulting shallow gastric pits are lined with highly
prismatic mucus-secreting epithelium. They contain
numerous electron-dense secretory granules in the
supranuclear region. At the bottom of the fossae, very
short glands are revealed without a lumen or with a
narrow lumen forming. The epithelium that forms
them is low-prismatic, consists mainly of cambial cells,
with initial signs of differentiation of accessory and
parietal cells.
In the mucosa of the jejunum, villi of various
generations are detected: from formed to barely
outlined. Their surface is lined with highly prismatic
epithelium, the apical part of which has numerous
typical microvilli 1.0 µm high and 0.1 µm in diameter.
The plasmalemma between their bases forms tubulo-
vesicular endocytic formations. In the supranuclear
region there is a well-developed Golgi complex, a
smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum and
mitochondria; lysosomes are single, small. Between
the villi, short depressions of the resulting crypts are
found. The lamina propria of the jejunal mucosa
consists of intensively developing blood and lymphatic
capillaries, blast cells, and lymphoblasts that form rare
clusters.
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
41
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
39-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
(2023:
6.
184
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Thus, at birth along the digestive tube, the mucous
membrane of the small intestine is the most
structurally and functionally formed . The limbic
epithelium of the villi and the vasculature in the jejunal
mucosa can carry out absorption by endocytosis.
When breastfeeding, the tubulo-vesicular formations
between the bases of the microvilli very quickly
separate and transfer the ingredients of breast milk to
the cytoplasm of the limbic enterocytes. According to
our data [1,2,5,7] as well as the data of other
researchers [6,8,13,15,16,17], transport is carried out by
receptor-mediated endocytosis. The length of the
membranes of endocytic formations and receptors
determines the volume and amount of the substrate
transported into the cells from the intestinal lumen.
A new generation of endocytic formations and
receptors appears by the time of the next feeding and
depends on the metabolic capabilities of the cell. As a
result of the unique organization of the digestion
process and the cyclic activity of the absorbing cells,
the transport of breast milk ingredients is regulated
and carried out in a dosed and optimal manner,
contributing to the harmonious formation of the
functional systems of the div [1,2,3,7,8,13,14,15].
If , instead of breast milk, rats are given a 7% solution of
albumin 1.3 and 7 days after birth, then its absorption
by the limbic enterocytes of the villi of the jejunum is
carried out with the help of tubulo-vesicular
formations without change (the identity of the
absorbed
protein
was
established
by
the
immunofluorescence method). After 20 minutes, when
the bulk of the albumin absorbed by the enterocytes is
deposited inside the structures of the Golgi complex,
the vesicles of a certain part of it transport the primary
lysosome formed in the supranuclear region, the other
part is unloaded into the expanding space between
adjacent enterocytes and the lamina propria of the
mucous membrane of the jejunum.
As a result, after 30 min. after the first signs of the
process of protein absorption in the enterocytes of the
jejunal villi, the epithelium is infiltrated by single
monocyte-like cells, in the macrophages of the lamina
propria of the jejunal mucosa, large secondary
lysosomes are detected. Along with this, some of the
transported albumin from the interstitium of the
lamina propria moves towards the lymphatic capillaries
and enters their lumen through the interendothelial
spaces.
With evolutionarily established natural feeding with
breast milk in rat pups 1,3,7 and 14 days after birth, the
total duration of the absorption process in the mucous
membrane of the villi of the jejunum lasts an average
of 5-6 hours, while the duration of the intracellular
stage in enterocytes is 2-3 hours. It should be noted
that by the time the ingredients of breast milk are
unloaded into the intercellular space, the zone of the
Golgi complex occupies a significant volume, but
consists only of the smallest vesicles without content.
During the transport of a foreign protein (albumin), a
secondary lysosome over the nucleus of enterocytes of
the villi of the jejunum is detected from 6 to 9 hours
after the start of the absorption process. During this
time, either one large and a group of small ones, or only
groups of small and medium secondary lysosomes with
heterologous contents, are detected above the
nucleus of villus enterocytes. Around them,
mitochondria with a moderately dense matrix and
oriented cristae are constantly detected.
Conclusions: Thus, in the early postnatal period of life,
the homeostasis of the internal environment is
regulated by several interconnected and interacting
functional systems. In the jejunum, its components are
Volume 03 Issue 02-2023
42
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
02
P
AGES
:
39-43
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
(2023:
6.
184
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the intestinal cavity with microorganisms, receptor-
mediated endocytosis, intracellular transport from the
base of the microvilli to the structures of the Golgi
complex, from the Golgi complex to the interepithelial
space and interstitium (if the absorbed substrate is
homologous) or to primary lysosomes and interstitium
(if the substrate is heterologous). ); from the
interstitium, the absorbed ingredients of breast milk
are transported to the blood and lymphatic capillaries
(depending on its chemical nature); when the protein
is heterologous, it is digested in the secondary
lysosomes of macrophages and transported only by
the lymphatic capillaries.
As noted by K.A. Zufarov, A.Yu. Yuldashev [3,4,5,6],
A.Yu. Yuldashev et al. [9,10,11,12], during the first year
of life in children, 3 weeks in rats (in other mammals -
in other periods of time), a regular, interconnected
structural and functional formation of the salivary
glands, stomach, pancreas, liver, endocrine and
immune systems of the mucous membrane of the
gastrointestinal tract. Consolidation and integration of
heterochrono-developing structures before and early
after birth is completed by the time of transition to
definitive nutrition with the formation of a perfect
functional system of digestion, absorption and
regulation of homeostasis.
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