Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
9
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
06
Pages:
9-14
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.654
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
Literature analysis was carried out according to the classification of drugs (PM) with antiviral action. In the literature
sources cited, the authors classify drugs according to their chemical structure and application. The article provides
information on the study of the market of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2019-2022. The analysis performed showed
the prospects for the development, standardization and further introduction of antiviral drugs into medical practice.
Along with synthetic drugs, preparations derived from plant materials are not inferior in relevance.
KEYWORDS
Medicines, plant materials, antiviral drugs, mechanism of action, chemical structure.
INTRODUCTION
Recently, there has been a wide interest in antiviral
drugs. For the treatment and prevention of diseases
caused by viruses, people buy more drugs. The effect
obtained from the use of drugs in this category is
Research Article
THE USE OF ANTIVIRAL X DRUGSIN MODERN PHARMACOTHERAPY
Submission Date:
June 10, 2022,
Accepted Date:
June 20, 2022,
Published Date:
June 30, 2022
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue06-03
Dr. Kamila Sh. Mukhitdinova
Associate Professor, PhD, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute,
Uzbekistan
Sievush A. Mukhitdinov
Researcher, Uzbek Research Chemical and Pharmaceutical Institute, Uzbekistan
R.R. Sayidnazarov
Master Student, Tashkent Pharmaceutical Institute, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijmscr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
10
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
06
Pages:
9-14
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.654
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
expressed in ensuring the suppression of the
pathogen, as well as stimulation of immunity. It should
be noted that drugs in this category are not cheap and
are used in the treatment of ARVI, influenza, viral
hepatitis, HIV and herpetic infections.
For a clearer understanding, it was decided to conduct
a brief classification and characteristics of the
pharmacological action of antiviral drugs.
Antiviral drugs are classified by use (mechanism of
action, clinical classification, by
clinical and
pharmacological feature and features of practical
application) and by chemical structure, and also
separate the class of drugs usedfor the treatment and
prevention of influenza and ARVI.
Irus are the cause of a large number of diseases,
including a number of diseases with extremely high
lethality, as well as high epidemic potential (included in
the WHO list of infectious diseases included in the list
of events that can cause an emergency in the health
system on an international scale", according to Annex
No. 2 of the IHR-2005 [1]. All viral diseases that are life-
threatening or may be accompanied by dangerous
complications (for example, hepatitis B and C, herpetic
encephalitis, diseases caused by cytomegalovirus in
suppression of immunity in recipients during organ
transplantation, HIV, Lassa fever) are classified as
"requiring drug therapy"). In addition, specific therapy
requires diseases that reduce the quality of life, in
particular, causing significant cosmetic defects (for
example, diseases caused by the human papillomavirus
or herpes simplex).
The purpose
of
the study is to analyze antiviral drugs
used in medical practice, according to the principle of
action and use, as well as the chemical structure.
METHODS
In the course of the study, information and analytical
methods were used, literature data were studied, as
well as the Register of Registered Drugs in the Republic
of Uzbekistan.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Viral diseases are one of the big problems of medicine.
According to the World Health Organization, about 2
million people die annually from influenza and acute
respiratory diseases. About 90% of the adult population
is infected with herpes simplex virus type 1, more than
70% with cytomegalovirus. More than 40 million people
are infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
Based on the foregoing, the creation of effective and
safe antiviral drugs is relevant To develop drugs of this
group, it is necessary to take into account the ways of
transmission of viruses: airborne (respiratory viruses
and viruses of natural and chickenpox, measles and
mumps); food (enterocyrus, reoviruses, alpha viruses,
adenoviruses, etc.); transmissible (with an insect bite,
such as arboviruses and rhabdoviruses); through the
skin (viruses of rabies, cowpox, papillomas); sexual
(herpes viruses and papovaviruses); parenteral
(hepatitis B) [2, 3, 4, 5]. In scientific articles,
classifications of antiviral drugs are given.
Medicinal preparationare classified by mechanism of
action [6], by chemical structure [7] and by medical use
[8]
Most drugs with antiviral activity affect viral proteins
that are important for viral replication, less often
cellular proteins. Antiviral drugs can act at various
stages of the life cycle of the virus, from the
attachment of the virus and penetration into the cell,
through the replication of viral DNA or RNA, up to the
formation of new viral particles and their exit from the
Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
11
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
06
Pages:
9-14
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.654
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
cell. Most antiviral drugs interfere with the functioning
of viral enzymes or structural proteins. This is the basis
of their more or less pronounced selectivity. Other
substances bind to cellular proteins or glycoproteins,
which are necessary for the replication of the virus
inside the cell, or serve viruses as receptors. Antiviral
drugs inhibit the reproduction of the virus and thereby
allow the immune system to "cope" with a smaller
number of cells infected with the virus. Some
substances (for example, Imichimod) only increase the
synthesis of cytokine proteins (interferon, etc.), so
their mechanism of action is to enhance the div's
own immune response. Unlike bactericidal antibiotics,
antiviral chemicals do not directly destroy virus
particles, having a viral effect.
The following stages of the life cycle of the virus are
used as targets for selective antiviral therapy:
Adsorption cell receptor virus
Penetration of the virus into the cell
"liberating" the viral genome
Formation of viral proteins
The process of formation of a virus molecule
("packaging")
Exit of the virus from the cell
A prerequisite for effective antiviral therapy is
knowledge of the pathogen. Unlike a number of
antibacterial drugs, no antiviral agent has a wide
spectrum of action, i.e., can not be used in various
diseases. In cases where the exact causative agent
cannot be determined (virological or clinical
differentiation is not effective or is unreliable, for
example, with life-threatening herpetic encephalitis),
antiviral therapy is carried out, based on the
assumption of a possible source of infection, "blindly",
the virological diagnosis is then, if necessary,
supplemented.
In addition, drugs with other mechanisms of action,
including immunomodulators, pathogenetic and
symptomatic agents, are used. Drugs of both synthetic
and plant origin are used. Drugs are classified as
follows: nucleoside analogues, drugs of non-
nucleoside nature.
Currently, a number of herbal preparations that
combine clinical efficacy with minimal severity of
undesirable drug reactions are widely used for the
treatment of herpetic infections [6].
Hyporamine
is a
dry extract based on a polyphenol complex, obtained
from the leaves of buckthorn buckthorn, this drug
directly blocks the synthesis of viral DNA (the main
active ingredient is hydrolyzed tannins, at least 60% in
terms of casuarynin) [7]. A similar mechanism of action
has
panavir
– tuberous nightshade shoot extract
containing hexose glycosides, additionally for this drug
the general immunomodulatory effect is described [8,
9].
Helepine
, an extract of Lespedenza bicolor,
containing the sum of flavonoids, has a virucidal effect
when applied topically [10].
Alpizarin is
an extract of
the Altai penny and yellowish penny, its active
ingredient is the glycoside of the xanthonic nature
mangiferin, which blocks the penetration of the virus
into the cell [11]. For g
ossypol
, an extract of seeds and
roots of the shaggy snapper, a combined mechanism
of action is described: a direct inactivating effect on the
virus due to interaction with envelope proteins of viral
particles, as well as indirect immunomodulatory, due
to the induction of interferons. The antiherpetic
activity of
cuff extracts is described
[12]. Also known
is the remedy
Aronim
, in the form of a liquid extract,
which is used orally and contains in its composition
extracts of the herb Echinacea purpurea and licorice
roots, which in synergy increase immunity, show anti-
inflammatory properties and activate the liver.
Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
12
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
06
Pages:
9-14
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.654
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Tromantadine
, an antiviral agent for external use.
Active against Herpes simplex viruses of the 1st and
2nd types, Herpes zoster. Inhibits the adsorption and
penetration of viruses into the cell [13; 14].
Vitagerpavak
, a vaccine containing specific inactivated
antigens of herpes simplex viruses (HSV) Ι and ΙΙ
serotypes, obtained by reproduction in culture of
transmissible cells Vero B. The therapeutic effect of the
herpetic vaccine is associated with the activation of a
specific reaction of antiviral immunity, increased
activity of patients' lymphocytes, which persists for
several months after the end of vaccination [15; 16, 17].
Allokin-alpha
, an immunomodulating drug, is most
similar in nature to α-interferon [18].
Inosine
pranobex
, a drug with a combined mechanism of
action: the ability to suppress the synthesis of i-RNA
viruses, as well as to activate the synthesis of cytokines
and increase the phagocytic activity of macrophages
(immunomodulatory effect) [19].
Docosanol
, a polyatomic saturated alcohol, is found in
the composition of policosanol. It is used in the
cosmetic industry as a softener and emulsifier. Antiviral
properties are described for the compound, the
mechanism of action is currently not well understood
[20].
Hepon
is a synthetic immunomodulator of a
peptide nature. The drug induces alpha-, beta- and
gamma-interferons,
activates
neutrophilic
granulocytes, attracts monocytes (macrophages) to
the zone of inflammation, enhances the synthesis of
antibodies, thereby significantly increasing the ability
of the immune system to resist infections, including
viral etiology. An effective monotherapy with hepone
against diseases of a herpetic nature is described.
Based on the foregoing, marketing research
wasconducted on the pharmaceutical market of the
Republic of Uzbekistan of antiviral drugs. For this, the
State Register of Medicines from 2019 to 2022 was
used.
Fig.1. Antiviral drugs registered in the period 2019-2022 in the Republic of Uzbekistan
противовирусные средства
местного производства
противовирусные средства
Российского производства
противовирусные средства
зарубежного производства
Volume 02 Issue 06-2022
13
International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research
(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
VOLUME
02
I
SSUE
06
Pages:
9-14
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
694
)
(2022:
5.
893
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
METADATA
IF
–
5.654
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
As can be seen from the diagram, more than 30 names
of medicines were registered by local manufacturers,
9 of which is "Acyclovir" in the form of tablets and
ointments. Drugs of Russian manufacturers are
registered about 20 names, prevail the drugs used in
the treatment of HIV infections, as well as drugs used
in the treatment of simple flu.
In view of the large number of imported drugs from
foreign countries (more than 100 items), it was decided
to study them according to the classification of use in
medical practice. So, the study of drugs registered in
the RUz of foreign production, make up drugs used in
the treatment of HIV-, AIDS, HPV, as well as hepatitis B
and C, cytomegaloviruses, to a lesser extent the drugs
are used in the treatment of herpesviruses.
CONCLUSION
Currently, the development
of
new effective and safe
drugs
with antiviral activity is relevant. A number of
studies are being conducted in the preparation and
standardization of drugs in this category. At the same
time, along with the synthesis of drugs, increasing
preference is given to the search and production of
drugs from plant raw materials.
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(ISSN
–
2771-2265)
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02
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06
Pages:
9-14
SJIF
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(2021:
5.
694
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5.
893
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OCLC
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1121105677
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
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