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ABSTRACT
A descriptive correlation design was used in the current study conducted to assess the relationship of time
management in relieving work stress from the period of 9th May, 2024 to 30th June, 2024. A purposive (non-
probability) sample of (95) Teaching staff and staff worked at the college of nursing, university of karbala. The data
were, were based on a dual-part self-report questionnaire. Part one consisted of questions about the participants'
traits; Part two covered time management in its four dimensions (time planning, time organization, time direction,
and time control); and Part three included work stress in its three dimensions (role ambiguity, role conflict, role
burden) collected through interviews. Data were analyzed and interpreted through use application of Statistical
Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version (IBM 26). The result of the present study showed work stress domain three
have significant correlation with domain four and overall time management.
KEYWORDS
Research Article
THE RELATIONSHIP OF TIME MANAGEMENT IN RELIEVING WORK
STRESS
Submission Date:
December 05, 2024,
Accepted Date:
December 10, 2024,
Published Date:
December 15, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume04Issue12-06
Safi Alzeyadi
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Department /College of Nursing/University of Kerbala, Iraq
Zahraa Mahdi Abd Ali
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Department/College of Nursing/ University of Kerbala, Iraq
Walaa yehya abed zead
Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Department/College of Nursing/ University of Kerbala, Iraq
Hayder Najm Abd
Technical Institute-Suwaira, Middle Technical University, Wasit, Iraq
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijmscr
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Time Management, Work Stress.
Highlights
•
Nearly half of the lecturers in this survey faced moderate work stress.
•
Over Two-thirds of the lecturers nurses reported good time mangement
•
A robust positive correlation was observed between time mangement and work stress.
•
Time mangement might impact on reducing work stress.
•
Further research is needed to understand the cause-and-effect relationship.
Plain Language Summary
This study examined the relationship of time management in relieving work stress. More than half of the lecturers
who responded to the survey said they had been good time management in four domains and moderate level of work
stress. These two factors were determined to have a substantial correlation by the survey. The study indicates that
making work environments college safer is crucial. To create strategies that effectively reduce work stress at lecturers,
more research is required.
INTRODUCTION
Effective time management plays a crucial role in
today's fast-paced world, where individuals face
numerous challenges and responsibilities. It is vital for
reducing work-related stress, promoting personal well-
being, and maintaining professional performance. By
mastering time management skills, individuals can
achieve a balance between work and personal life,
leading to increased productivity and reduced feelings
of stress (Barletta et al., 2023). Moreover, effective
time management enables individuals to prioritize
tasks, set realistic goals, and allocate time efficiently to
accomplish them. By planning ahead and organizing
their schedules effectively, individuals can avoid last-
minute rushes and deadline pressures, which are
common triggers for work stress.Work-related stress
typically arises when there is a lack of compatibility
between individuals and their work environment. Work
stress refers to the harmful physical, mental, and
emotional
responses
that
occur
when
the
requirements and expectations of a work do not align
with the talents and capacities of the individual (Noor,
N., Rehman, S., & Gull, M ,2023).
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Additionally, time management fosters a sense of
control over one's workload and allows for better
decision-making
when
faced
with
competing
demands. Ultimately, by cultivating good time
management habits, individuals can experience a
sense of accomplishment, reduce anxiety levels, and
improve overall quality of life (Qtait & Sayej, 2024).
According to the research published in the Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine, individuals
who effectively manage their time experience lower
levels of psychological stress and fatigue in the
workplace. This finding underscores the significant
impact of time management on mental well-being and
work performance (Sushyk & Sushyk, 2021).Achieving
a work-life balance is essential for maintaining personal
health and mental stability. By learning time
management techniques, individuals can mitigate
work-related pressures, leading to an overall sense of
well-being in their lives. This balance is a cornerstone
of personal and professional success (Shaikh et al.,
2023). It is essential to highlight the psychological and
health aspects of an individual when discussing the
importance of time management. Mental and physical
balance is a fundamental pillar in achieving personal
and professional success (Woolford et al., 2022). In
summary, effective time management plays a vital role
in alleviating work-related stress, enhancing individual
well-being, and ultimately, investing in both their
health and professional performance (Black& Britt,
2022).
METHODOLOGY
Design, Population, and Setting
A descriptive correlation study design was conducted
to assess the relationship of time management in
relieving work stress from the period of 9th May, 2024
to 30th June, 2024. Study was conducted at the college
of nursing, university of kerbala. A non-probability
(purposive sample) of (95) Teaching staff and staff
worked at the College of Nursing, University of
Karbala. The official authorities involved in this subject
must receive a` formal request before the current
research may be started in order to properly begin. A
protocol for research design was established as part of
the research procedure. The protocol included: title,
objectives and questionnaire were presented to the
Ethics Committee formed within the college of nursing,
and therefore agreed to conduct the study.
Data collection instruments:
The version of the questionnaire which was used in the
current study taken from the Arabic study of (Hoho&
Munasiria, 2017) The researcher relied in preparing this
questionnaire on a group of previous questionnaires
related to topics similar to the subject of the study the
questionnaire was divided into two main sections:
PartI:Demographic Data: The socio-demographic
includes age, gender, level of education, experience
years, and residence.
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Time management questionnaire:
To address the analytical aspects of the study topic, we
resorted to collecting primary data through the
questionnaire as a main research tool, which is
considered a model consisting of 28 questions. In
preparing this questionnaire, we relied on a group of
previous questionnaires. Observations, which resulted
in excluding some phrases and modifying the wording
of some other phrases. In the end, we were able to
produce it in its final form and direct it to a group of
employees in faculity of nursing in University of
Karbala.This part of the instrument inculde two
section consist (28 items) .This section includes
questions about time management in its four
dimensions (time planning the number of its items
from 1-4, time organization the number of its items
from 5-8, time direction the number of its items from
9-12, and time control the number of its items from (13-
16).This questioner was used in (Rahmatallah.,2024)
Work stress questionnaire:
The third part of the instrument this section includes
questions about work stress in its three dimensions
(role ambiguity the number of its items from 17-20, role
conflict the number of its items from 21-24 , role burden
the number of its items from 25-28). The response was
designed on the questionnaire using the Likert scale
method quintet, as the following: strongly agree,
agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
Validity of the Questionnaire:
The validity of the study tool was tested through both
apparent validity and internal consistency validity. To
test the apparent validity of the study tool, the
questionnaire was judged by six professors from the
faculty members at the College of Nursing/University
of Karbala and then distributed to the study
community. They were asked to review the
questionnaire the majority of experts agreed that the
questionnaire was appropriately designed to measure
the problem statement. Based on the experts'
suggestions and recommendations, slight changes and
modifications were made. The internal consistency
validity (structural validity) of the tool was also
confirmed by calculating the Spearman correlation
coefficient between each statement of the
questionnaire and the axis to which it belongs.
Pilot Study:
A pilot study is done before data collection, it was
applied on (10) Teaching staff and staff worked at the
university of kerbala , college of nursing .The average
time taken was for answering questionnaire is nearly
(10) minute, the pilot study was conducted from 13th ,
May, 2024. The sample that was used in the pilot
research is not included in the original study.
Reliability of the Instrument:
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Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were used to test
reliability of the current study instrument. The result of
the test showed acceptable and demonstrated
construct validity. Cronbach’s alpha 0.79 for time
management, Cronbach’s alpha 0.75 for work stress.
Data collection:
After the approval of faculty deanship of nursing,
university of kerbala, participants were given the
questionnaire and asked to fill it out in its entirety using
the self-administer approach. The data collect teaching
staff and staff worked at the university of kerbala ,
college of nursing .The time for data collect was start
from 8:30 a. m to 2:00 p.m. The data collection
process has been performed from 15th, May, 2024 to
23th, May, 2024.
Data Analysis:
The data were analyzed and interpreted through use of
the application of Statistical Package for Social
Sciences (SPSS) version (IBM 26)
RESULTS
Table one: Time management overall
Statement
Levels
Frequency
Percent
Time management overall
Fair
21
22.1
Good
74
77.9
Total
95
100.0
Table two: the level of time management for the participants.
Statement
Levels
Frequency
Percent
Time management domain 1
Poor
1
1.1
Fair
3
3.2
Good
91
95.8
Total
95
100.0
Time management domain 2
Poor
0
0
Fair
6
6.3
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Good
89
93.7
Total
95
100.0
Time management domain 3
Poor
1
1.1
Fair
26
27.4
Good
68
71.6
Total
95
100.0
Time management domain 4
Poor
0
0
Fair
21
22.1
Good
74
77.9
Total
95
100.0
Table one and two shows that good time management
for all, the findings were the following: overall time
management
was
95.8%,
domain
one-time
management
was
95.8%,
domain
two-time
management was 93.7%, domain three was 71.6%,
domain four-time management was 77.9%.
Table three: work stress overall and the level of work stress among participants.
Statement
Levels
Frequency
Percent
work stress
overall
Low
14
14.7
Moderate
69
72.6
High
12
12.6
Total
95
100.0
Time management
domain 1
Low
8
8.4
Moderate
62
65.3
High
25
26.3
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Total
95
100.0
Time management
domain 2
Low
12
12.6
Moderate
50
52.6
High
33
34.7
Total
95
100.0
Time management
domain 3
Low
22
23.2
Moderate
54
56.8
High
19
20.0
Total
95
100.0
Table three 72.6% of total participants have moderate
work stress followed by 14.7% who have low work
stress as overall, in details work stress 1 was moderate
in 65.3% of sample, and the work stress 2 also was
moderate in 52.6% of the participants and finally, 56.8%
of the work stress 3 was moderate.
Table four
the correlation between the different variables
of the study.
Statement
Time
management
Time
manageme1
Time
management
2
Time
management
3
Time
management
4
work
stress
work
stress
1
work
stress
2
work
stress
3
Spearman's
Time
management
Correlation
Coefficient
1.000
.537
**
.653
**
.686
**
.690
**
-.040-
.134
-.073-
-.184-
*
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.
.000
.000
.000
.000
.351
.097
.242
.037
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
Time
management
domain 1
Correlation
Coefficient
.537
**
1.000
.369
**
.216
*
.079
.068
.051
.041
.012
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.000
.
.000
.018
.223
.256
.312
.348
.455
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
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Time
management
domain 2
Correlation
Coefficient
.653
**
.369
**
1.000
.190
*
.311
**
.000
.223
*
-.095-
-.112-
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.000
.000
.
.032
.001
.499
.015
.179
.140
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
Time
management
domain 3
Correlation
Coefficient
.686
**
.216
*
.190
*
1.000
.364
**
-.023-
-.025-
.051
-.103-
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.000
.018
.032
.
.000
.413
.406
.310
.161
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
Time
management
domain 4
Correlation
Coefficient
.690
**
.079
.311
**
.364
**
1.000
-.148-
.028
-.173-
*
-.204-
*
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.000
.223
.001
.000
.
.077
.396
.047
.024
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
work stress
Correlation
Coefficient
-.040-
.068
.000
-.023-
-.148-
1.000
.728
**
.827
**
.733
**
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.351
.256
.499
.413
.077
.
.000
.000
.000
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
work stress 1
Correlation
Coefficient
.134
.051
.223
*
-.025-
.028
.728
**
1.000
.448
**
.290
**
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.097
.312
.015
.406
.396
.000
.
.000
.002
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
work stress 2
Correlation
Coefficient
-.073-
.041
-.095-
.051
-.173-
*
.827
**
.448
**
1.000
.485
**
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.242
.348
.179
.310
.047
.000
.000
.
.000
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
work stress 3
Correlation
Coefficient
-.184-
*
.012
-.112-
-.103-
-.204-
*
.733
**
.290
**
.485
**
1.000
Sig.
(1-
tailed)
.037
.455
.140
.161
.024
.000
.002
.000
.
N
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (1-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (1-tailed).
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Table four show that there is a significant correlation
between the time management as overall and the four
domains of the time management at p value less than
0.05, also there is significant correlation between the
work stress as overall and the three domains of work
stress at p-value less than 0.05 finally; there is
correlation between the time management and work
stress in the following aspect work stress1 correlate
with domain two time management and work stress 2
have negative correlation with domain four time
management, finally; work stress 3 have significant
correlation with domain four and overall time
management
DISCUSSION
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the
influence of time management skills in releving work
stress.Time management is a vital skill that helps
people to be more productive and organized. Good
time management is necessary for everydiv,
especially for university teaching staff whose calendar
is often filled with activities and classes. The findings of
this study showed that good time management skill
were associated with high levels of academic
achievement. In table one shows the present study
finding revealed that there were highly statistically
significant in the total and all time management
skills’dimensions. This finding is consistent with
(ElShaerA,2015&Awad
A,2016)
and
(Mohamed
MM,2019) who emphasized that statistical significant
improvement were found among nurses regarding
time management skills. However, the result of time
management among nursing college lecturers, which
found that the lecturers generally had a good level of
time management.
Work stress among nursing lecturers is caused by
excessive workloads or other responsibilities such as
Teaching, research and supervision.In table three The
present study shows that 72.6% of total participants
have moderate work stress. Study by (Gupta et al.,
2021) discovered that more than half of the total
participants experienced a moderate level of work-
related stress have significantly contributed to the
overwhelming stress experienced by nurses.Several
studies have been conducted on work stress of nurses.
In a study, the Greek nurses’ work stress was measured
to be at moderate level (Chatzigianni D et al., 2018).
In Table four the result of present study shows that
there is significant correlation between the time
management and work stress as overall at p value 0.05.
Study by (Calderón et al. 2020) was agree with present
study discovered that determined there was a
relationship between time management and work
stress who when correlating the data found relations
of strong levels. It is worth mentioning that it has been
determined that time management has kept a relation
with the stress in moderate level. Similarly, the results
obtained to Quiliano (2020) as well as those of Aldana,
Isea, and Colina (2020), who demonstrated that stress
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kept a close association related to time management in
academic life.
In table four the result of current study show did not
found any statistically significant difference between
work stress and demographic data at p value 0.01 level.
Studies by (Yim et al., 2017and Sabzi et al.,2017)
consistent with the findings of present study did not
find any significant difference between the mean of
n
urses’ work stress and their age. regard sex some
studies agree with present result that there was no
relationship between the mean of work stress of
nurses and their sex (Chatzigianni Det al ., 2018) ( Yim
Het al ., (2017). Regarding educational level study by
(Wu H,et al ., 2010) consistent with the findings of
present study. In our study, did not find any significant
difference between the mean of nurses’ work stress
and their work experience (Sharma et al.,2018) and
Sahraian et al., (2013) also concluded the same finding
in their studies. Although in our study there was no
significant difference between the mean of
occupational stress and work experience of nurses, we
believe that with the increase in work experience,
nurses’ occupational stress is expe
cted to decrease. In
our opinion, one of the most important factors that can
lead to a reduction in the level of occupational stress of
nurses with high work experience is the clinical
competence that over time increases through the
acquisition of various occupational experiences in the
field of patient.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study add to the div of knowledge
regarding lecturer ’ stress and time management.
There was a statistically significant positive correlation
between the the time management and work stress as
overall . Therefore, a time management preparation
program and stress management training programs
should
be
provided
for
nursing
lecturers.
Understanding work stress involves recognizing the
various factors that contribute to it and implementing
strategies to mitigate its impact. Effective time
management is a powerful tool that can help
individuals manage their workload, regain control,
achieve work-life balance, and reduce stress levels. By
mastering time management skills, individuals can
enhance their well-being, improve job performance,
and cultivate a healthier work environment. It is crucial
for individuals to prioritize self-care, set boundaries,
and practice mindfulness to effectively navigate work-
related stress and maintain overall health.
Recommendations:
In the realm of reducing work stress through effective
time management, several key strategies can
significantly impact one's ability to balance
professional demands and personal well-being. Here
are some tailored recommendations to optimize time
management for stress reduction:
1.
Prioritize Tasks Efficiently:
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a.
Begin each day by outlining priorities and
dedicating focused time to essential tasks.
b.
Utilize tools like to-do lists or time-blocking
techniques to structure your day effectively.
2.
Set Realistic Goals and Boundaries:
c.
Establish achievable goals that align with your
workload and skill set to avoid feeling overwhelmed.
d.
Define boundaries between work and personal
life to maintain a healthy balance and prevent burnout.
2.
Utilize Technology for Productivity:
a.
Leverage productivity tools and apps to
streamline tasks, manage workflow, and avoid
distractions.
b.
Implement time-tracking software to monitor
progress and identify areas for improvement.
3.
Delegate and Collaborate:
a.
Delegate tasks that can be handled by others
to free up time for high-priority responsibilities.
b.
Foster collaboration within teams to distribute
work effectively and leverage collective skills and
expertise.
4.
Practice Mindful Time Management:
a.
Incorporate mindfulness techniques such as
deep breathing or short breaks to stay focused and
reduce stress during work hours.
b.
Avoid multitasking and focus on one task at a
time to enhance productivity and reduce mental
fatigue.
5.
Schedule Breaks and Self-Care:
a.
Allocate regular breaks throughout the day to
recharge and prevent burnout.
b.
Prioritize self-care activities like exercise,
healthy meals, and adequate sleep to support overall
well-being.
6.
Reflect and Adjust Routinely:
a.
Reflect on daily time management practices to
identify areas of inefficiency or time wastage.
b.
Continuously adjust your schedule and
routines based on feedback and self-assessment to
optimize productivity and minimize stress.
7.
Develop a Resilient Mindset:
a.
Embrace challenges as opportunities for
growth and learning, fostering a resilient attitude
towards work-related stress.
b.
Cultivate a positive outlook and practice
gratitude to counteract negativity and maintain
motivation during challenging times.
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By implementing these tailored time management
strategies, individuals can proactively reduce work
stress, enhance productivity, and improve overall
quality of life. Effective time management serves as a
powerful tool in navigating work demands while
prioritizing mental and emotional well-being.
Remember, consistency and adaptability are key in
mastering the art of time management and stress
reduction.
Study limitations:
There are a few limitations of this study that restrict the
generalizability of the findings. First, the study relied
on self-report measures. No objective measures were
used in this study. Second, there was a limited sample
size; thus, replications of this study are needed that
include larger samples from different nursing college.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
The University of Karbala / college of Nursing has
independen tly examined the study protocol The
Declaration of Helsinki was followed throughout the
entire study protocol.
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