Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
58
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
P
AGES
:
58-65
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In order to activate the educational activities of higher education students, to increase the quality and effectiveness
of their training, the acquisition of knowledge, the formation of skills and abilities is a complex dynamic process, there
are organizational forms of training as a result of the emergence of various tasks, ways, methods and tools of studying
the educational material. today, one of the forms of education in the activity of modern educational institutions is the
use of lectures, the organization of lecture classes is a very complicated and labor-intensive activity, and the lecture
class is organized on the basis of the intellectual potential of an experienced teacher with a high level of pedagogical
skills, only science is used in the lecture , without giving information about the basics of the subject, educate students
from a socio-ideological point of view, the main goal of the lecture is to develop the students' independent thinking
skills, to improve their knowledge and activity skills, and to improve their worldview, to increase the quality and
efficiency of their training in order to activate the learning activities of their students. issues of organization based on
the innovative approach and the use of modern technologies and methods are interpreted.
KEYWORDS
Education, student, teaching, impact, activity, activity, activation, goal, innovation, creativity, approach, observation,
organization, formation, process, result.
INTRODUCTION
Modern life today cannot be imagined without the
development of science and education, interest in
science and scientific research is growing more and
more. Today, the development of education is defined
as the main task, and the future development of the
country is closely related to its achievements in this
field.
Research Article
FACTORS OF INCREASING STUDENT ACTIVITY IN HIGHER EDUCATION
TRAINING SESSIONS
Submission Date:
January 16, 2024,
Accepted Date:
January 21, 2024,
Published Date:
January 26, 2024
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume04Issue01-12
Ruziev Shukhrat Islamovich
Shahrisabz State Pedagogical Institute Teacher of the "Social Sciences" department, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
59
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
01
P
AGES
:
58-65
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Teaching activities in higher education institutions are
further improved, and the quality of our people's
pursuit of knowledge, which has been formed over the
centuries, is being demonstrated once again. Our
young people are trying to live a healthy and beautiful
life, to have a permanent job in their profession, to take
responsibility, to achieve perfection in general, and in
this process they see education as the most important
condition.
The changes that took place as a result of the reforms
in the educational system, including higher education,
are of great historical importance from the socio-
political, legal, economic and spiritual point of view.
The implemented reforms not only brought great
positive changes in our country, but also brought the
country's reputation to a new level in the international
arena. A number of regulatory documents have been
adopted in this regard.
It is important to develop the education system,
increase the qualifications and prestige of pedagogues
in society, raise the spirituality of the young
generation, adapt the spiritual and educational
environment to the needs of the times, increase the
prestige of the teaching profession, educate new era
pedagogues, develop the science of pedagogy,
introduce innovative education and information and
communication technologies into education. showed
the need to seriously approach the issues of attention
and, at the same time, increase the salary of teachers
and encourage them, great work has been done on
these issues
All conditions and opportunities are being created in
higher educational institutions for the implementation
of the state policy aimed at confidently solving all the
issues put forward by modern science and industry. As
with any sustainable developing society, we must
admit that we have flaws. The opportunity of young
people to get higher education and realize their
constitutional rights has been increased.
In any country, the level of education of the population
plays an important role. "The educational system is an
indicator of the state's development, and its future
fate depends on it" [4]. Therefore, in order for our
country to take a leading place in the world, it is
necessary to take care of the intellectual potential of
the young generation, to eliminate existing problems
in the field of education, and also to prevent problems
in this regard. emergence of new problems. A state
striving for development, striving to occupy one of the
first places in the world, should take care of the literacy
and education of its population.
Main part. In order to activate the learning activities of
higher education students, increasing the quality and
effectiveness of their training, acquiring knowledge,
and developing skills and competencies is a complex
dynamic process. There are various tasks, ways,
methods and means of studying the educational
material. As a result of this, there are organizational
forms of training sessions, and today, one of the forms
of education in the activities of modern educational
institutions is the use of lectures. Organizing lectures is
a very complex and labor-intensive activity. Lectures
are organized based on the intellectual potential of an
experienced teacher with high pedagogical skills. In
the lecture, it is necessary not only to provide
information about the basics of science and
educational subject, but also to educate students from
a social-ideological point of view. The main goal of the
lecture is to develop independent thinking skills of
students, to improve their knowledge and skills, and to
improve their worldview [5].
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
60
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
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2771-2281)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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:
58-65
SJIF
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(2021:
5.
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The lecture works as a means of activating the learning
activity of students. Speech originated in Ancient
Greece and was further developed in Ancient Rome
and the Middle Ages. The university lecture is the main
link of the cycle of didactic education. Its purpose is to
create a basis for students' further mastery of the
learning material.
The lecture performs the following functions:
informative (provides the necessary information),
stimulating (arouses interest in the topic), educational,
developmental (events are evaluated, develops
thinking), guiding (in the problem, in literature),
explanatory (main scientific facts), persuasive or
demonstrative ( with an emphasis on the evidence
system),
also
helps
the
student's
personal
development, the formation of his general culture and
knowledge.
At present, along with the supporters of the lecture
presentation of the educational material, the
opponents also present their arguments. As the main
form of higher education, lecture classes are expressed
as follows [6]:
-
the lecture teaches you to passively accept the
opinions of others and does not develop
independent thinking;
-
lecture reduces interest in independent education;
-
if there are no textbooks, lectures are needed;
-
not all students have time to understand the
material during the lecture.
But abandoning lectures reduces the academic level of
students' preparation and disrupts the consistency and
uniformity of work during the semester. Therefore, the
lecture is still the leading form of organizing the
educational process in higher education. To a large
extent, the above shortcomings can be overcome by
advanced methods of presentation of educational
material and its rational construction.
By mastering economic knowledge, one can
successfully develop independent thinking and, above
all, mental operations such as analysis, synthesis,
comparison, and generalization. At the same time, the
lecture has unused opportunities and internal reserves
for solving this pedagogical task.
Effective lecture technology within the framework of
the "Critical Thinking" project, American specialists D.
V. Johnson, R. T. Johnson and K.A. proposed by Smith
[3]. They distinguish three stages in the structure of the
lecture:
1) preparatory stage, in which the teacher updates the
existing knowledge of students, draws their attention
to the problem under consideration and arouses
interest in learning it;
2) the stage of implementation and understanding, in
which new educational information is presented and a
well-thought-out system of tasks for its critical
processing is used;
3) the reflection stage, in which students analyze the
content rather than the process of learning new things.
The presented lecture technology requires the use of
methods to activate students' learning activities during
the lecture. Having studied the methods developed
and used in practice, the most appropriate ones for
learning economic sciences are: the method of
problem situations, the method of activating
questions, the dialog method, thinking aloud, the
visualization method, as well as the technique of
developing critical thinking technology [7].
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
61
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
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2771-2281)
VOLUME
04
ISSUE
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5.
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(2023:
6.
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Method of problem situations. A problem situation is a
mental state of mental interaction between a subject
(student) and an object of knowledge, a situation
characterized by the student's need and efforts to
search for, create and acquire new, unknown
knowledge necessary to solve an educational problem.
A problem situation has a logical form of a cognitive
task, which corrects some contradiction in its
conditions and ends with a question (questions) that
corrects this contradiction. Unknown is an answer to a
question that resolves the conflict the student is
experiencing as an intellectual challenge. Introducing
students to the logic of solving these contradictions is
an excellent school for developing students'
independent, creative thinking and stimulating
learning.
How to activate questions. To stimulate students'
thinking and engage their attention, the speaker can
ask stimulating and rhetorical questions to the
audience. After the break, the teacher invites students
to answer activation questions of their choice or calls
on a specific student personally. It is more appropriate
to offer at will, as the probability of getting a correct
and complete answer is higher. Calling a particular
student may be related to an educational aspect. The
teacher should comment on the answers, in addition to
guiding the students to the correct answers or, as a last
resort, answering the question yourself.
Dialogue method. The dialogue in the lecture is based
on the use of intermediate educational information
presented at some stage of the lecture as an exchange
of ideas between the teacher and the audience.
Organization of communication, as a rule, is based on
three questions:
-
What information did we get?
-
what are we striving for in our actions, is the
available information sufficient to achieve the
goal?
-
how can you use the results obtained to achieve
your goal?
It is necessary to ensure complete confidence in the
organization of the conversation, to create a situation
where each student wants to share his opinion with the
teacher, even without fear of giving a wrong opinion.
After all, the main thing in communication is to arouse
interest in a given problem, to activate thinking
mechanisms, and a teacher who has achieved this can
easily correct students' wrong answers by briefly
summarizing them, if necessary. explain the material in
detail.
Visualization method. This method implements the
principle of visual learning. It is known that
visualization not only helps to more successfully
perceive and remember the educational material, but
also enables students to activate their mental activity
and gain a deeper understanding of the essence of the
studied phenomena. The study of visual thinking
patterns shows that it is related to creative decision-
making processes. The visualization method helps to
form the thinking process by systematizing,
summarizing and highlighting the most important
elements of the analyzed data.
Visual information can be presented to students in the
form of showing models, drawings, graphs,
photographs, diagrams, histograms, films, animations,
etc. This type of information can be created by the
teacher on the blackboard or presented using posters
[4].
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
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International Journal of Pedagogics
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VOLUME
04
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5.
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(2023:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
The well-known pedagogue V.P. Bespalko notes that
the structural elements of the educational process are
as follows [1]:
1) student;
2) the purpose of education;
3) content of education;
4) educational process;
5) teacher or technical means;
6) organizational forms of education.
At this point, it is worth mentioning that among the
structural elements of the educational process, it is
necessary to include the methods used by the teacher
and the result of education. Therefore, without these
two structural elements, the educational process
cannot exist as a whole, as a whole, that is, as a system.
Such lectures, carefully prepared and organized from
the point of view of interaction with students, not only
convey new information, explain and organize
complex concepts, but also analyze the connection
between the development of creativity and the
modeling of the problem-solving process, and create
enthusiasm and motivation for learning different
points of view.
During the lecture, the teacher, who uses the methods
of activation of thinking and memory, learns to work in
the mode of creative co-authorship, to be ready for
conscious changes, to make non-standard and
responsible decisions.
Results and Discussions. It is important for students to
acquire practical skills and competencies in the
activation of educational activities. Because they carry
out a number of scientific researches in the process of
studying in higher education institutions (educational
activities, organization of independent education in
the auditorium and outside the auditorium, course
work, activities aimed at preparing bachelor's and
master's theses). It, in turn, requires students to have
research skills and competencies.
Among the subjective factors affecting the
development of students' learning activity, two
aspects are important. They are:
1) pedagogical capabilities of the teacher;
2) personal capabilities of the student.
Pedagogical opportunities represent the presence of
the
teacher's
knowledge,
high
professional
competence, creativity, the ability to take a
technological and creative approach to the selection of
educational materials and the formation of didactic
tasks; age, psychological characteristics, physical
capabilities of students, motivations for learning,
mastering learning and learning subjects, interests,
educational goals, ability to master the skills of
consistent organization of learning and learning
activities organized in order to achieve these goals,
describe the personal capabilities of the learner [10 ].
Educational activity is ensured by the following actions
and operations: 1) action aimed at knowing the
educational material and mastering it; 2) an effort to
process educational material [2].
R.S. According to Nemov, the closer the educational
material is to practical and professional activity, the
higher efficiency is achieved in mastering it. Only then
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
will students' motivation and learning activity increase
[9].
T.I.Shamova's
research
has
formulated
the
requirements for the organization of education aimed
at the activation of educational activities in higher
education institutions. They are: the theoretical
(meaningful) block of science must be composed of
the main intellectual and practical actions of students;
means of activation should be directed to the activity
of the algorithm of knowledge acquisition and activity
methods; the choice of means of activation should
create an opportunity for each stage of knowledge to
be carried out based on a specific goal, affecting the
components of education [11].
It is important for students to acquire practical
research skills and abilities in the development of
educational activities. Because they carry out a number
of scientific researches (coursework, activities aimed
at preparing bachelor's and master's theses) during
their studies at higher educational institutions. It, in
turn, requires students to have research skills and
competencies.
According to the well-known scientist N.A. Muslimov,
the uniqueness of the educational activity is
determined by the fact that it is directed by the
students to master new knowledge, skills and abilities,
to understand the objective existence. However, there
may be characteristic differences in knowledge
acquisition [8]. In our opinion, it is precisely this that
differentiates the purpose of different forms of
educational activity.
The following aspects are noticeable in the study of
each educational subject: 1) information aspect -
assimilation of information; 2) personal aspect -
acquisition of methods of activity.
The main types of learning activities of students in
training sessions are: observation, experience, working
with books, systematization of knowledge, etc. They
are interconnected.
In our opinion, defining the levels of educational
activity as follows provides an opportunity to
differentiate and more accurately evaluate students'
practical actions in this regard based on their nature: 1)
reproductive (productive, effective); 2) heuristic; 3)
research; 4) creative.
Based on the above-mentioned ideas, the concept of
"activating learning activities" can also be defined.
According to our opinion, the development of
educational activities is a process that represents the
growth of students' low-level knowledge, skills and
qualifications to medium and high levels in accordance
with established criteria.
In the conditions of the traditional educational process
in the institution of higher education, the lecture
remains the main form of students' learning. However,
the attitude towards it has changed significantly in
recent years. The emergence of computers and other
didactic tools allows the use of electronic textbooks, as
well as quick repetition of lecture texts.
Students put the lecture on educational forms in the
fourth place after practical training, practical and
laboratory training and independent work. They
believe that e-textbooks for the course can reduce the
waste of taking notes on the lecture material and
increase the time for practice. Unfortunately, the
"average" lecture has some costs that reduce its
effectiveness. Educational information, as a rule, is
Volume 04 Issue 01-2024
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International Journal of Pedagogics
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VOLUME
04
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:
58-65
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2023:
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OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
transmitted verbally, without sufficient use of visual
aids and with minimal intellectual activity of students.
It is known that knowledge is not formed in an additive
way, that is, by simply adding information to existing
information. Intensive mental activity is required to
understand, process and systematize the material.
Unfortunately, many students in their intellectual
development stop at the level of passive repetition of
received knowledge without criticism, they cannot
express their opinion on the problem, they cannot
compare alternative opinions, they cannot summarize
the material and draw conclusions. Students will have
the opportunity to increase the effectiveness of the
lecture by using pedagogical methods that activate
their thinking.
CONCLUSION
Thus, managing students' learning activities during
lectures is one of the main problems faced by the
teacher. This problem includes the tasks of stimulating
cognitive and professional interest in students,
activating the work of students during the lecture,
managing this work and organizing independent work
of students based on the lecture materials. All these
problems are solved using a whole set of
methodological methods. All methods that activate
the learning activity of students should be used
depending on the content of educational information,
the composition and readiness of the audience, and
the environment. In a general sense, learning activity is
a unit of emotional perception, theoretical thinking
and practical activity. It is realized in various activities,
social relations, as well as various subject-practical
activities in the educational process at the life stages of
a person. However, only the knowledge in the
educational process will have a unique description of
the individual learning activity. Understanding on the
basis of education has a specific form in the person's
educational and cognitive activities, for example,
conducting experiments, building, designing, and
performing subject-practical actions in solving
research problems during the educational process.
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(2023:
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Publisher:
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Servi
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