Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
204
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
204-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
The article presents interpretations of the concepts of personality, development, and individuality by foreign
scientists, as well as the concept of development and its content were analyzed by the author from the literature.
KEYWORDS
Personality, individuality, subjectivity , individual, subject of activity.
INTRODUCTION
In order to carry out a comprehensive description of
the category “Personality”, it is necessary to present
its definition and distinguish between such concepts as
“Individual”, “Subject of activity”, “Personality”,
“Individuality” and identify their relationship with each
other. In science there is still confusion in the use of the
concepts
“man”,
“individual”,
“individuality”,
“subject” and “personality”. In some cases, these
concepts are identified, in others they are opposed.
The root, generic, initial concept is the concept of man
- a biosocial being, emdiving the highest stage of
development of life, a subject of socio-historical
activity. Man is a system in which the physical and
mental, genetically determined and formed in life,
natural and social form an indissoluble unity.
Thus, as a special projection of man B.G. Ananyev
singled out his individuality. A person as an individual,
in his opinion, appears in his age-sex, individual-typical
properties, in the dynamics of psychophysiological
functions, in the structure of organic needs. The
highest integration of individual human properties is
represented in temperament and inclinations. An
individual exhibits properties and characteristics
common to all people, species-wide properties that
Research Article
THE
CONCEPT
OF
PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT
IN
THE
INTERPRETATION OF FOREIGN SCIENTISTS
Submission Date:
December 16, 2023,
Accepted Date:
December 21, 2023,
Published Date:
December 26, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue12-37
Oskinbaeva.G.D
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
205
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
204-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
determine the genotype, on the basis of which the
phenotype is formed during life.
A special projection of a person as a whole is his
existence as a subject. S.L. Rubinstein insisted that in
this capacity a person must be brought inside, into the
composition of existence, into the composition of the
being of the world, which he transforms as a conscious
being and subject of action. “Man as a subject,” writes
A.V. Brushlinsky, “is the highest systemic integrity of all
his most complex and contradictory qualities, primarily
mental processes, states and properties, his
consciousness and the unconscious.”
Subjectivity is represented by five components: desire
(needs, motives), feeling, mind (cognitive processes),
character, abilities. The formation of a person as a
subject of his own life activity means mastering the
norms and methods of human activity, the rules of
community life, the basic meanings and values of
people’s life together. The concept of personality is
widely used in psychology. Personality is, first of all, a
personalized, self-determined self among others, for
others, and thereby for oneself. “The concept of
personality,” writes A.N. Leontyev, “expresses the
integrity of the subject of life... but personality is an
integral formation of a special kind. Personality is not
an integrity determined genotypically: one is not born
with a personality, one becomes a person...”.
B.G. Ananyev notes that personality is a relatively late
product of the socio-historical and ontogenetic
development of man. Just as the beginning of an
individual is a long and multiphase process of
embryogenesis, so the beginning of a personality is a
long and multiphase process of early socialization of an
individual, most intensely occurring in 2-3 years of life.
A personality is a person as a representative of society,
who freely and responsibly determines his position
among
others.
Personal
values,
freedom,
independence,
responsibility,
personal
dignity,
prospects, life strategy and goals constitute the
psychological formation of the individual.
Personality is characterized by: - activity (the desire to
go beyond one’s own boundaries, expand the scope of
activity); - orientation (stable dominant system of
motives);
-
deep
semantic
structures
that
determine
consciousness and behavior;
-
the degree of awareness of one’s relationship to
reality (attitudes, attitudes, etc.).
People are born as individuals and become individuals
in the system of social relations. Individuality in
psychology is considered to be the highest synthesis,
the integral result of a person’s life path; this is the
originality and uniqueness of a person as an individual,
as a subject and as a person. A person as an individual
is a unique, original person who realizes himself in
creative activity. Deep-semantic, value orientations,
worldview, conscience, and faith of a person are the
main “dimensions” of his true individuality. Speaking
about the relationship between the categories
“personality” and “individuality,” B.G. Ananyev
noted
that if personality is the highest level of human
development, then individuality is its deepest
dimension. Man as an individual is revealed in the
original, author’s “reading” of social norms of life, in
developing one’s own, purely individual (uni
que and
unrepeatable) way of life, one’s own worldview, one’s
own (“uncommon”) face, following the voice of one’s
own conscience.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
206
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
204-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In Foreign psychology, the concept of individuality is
correlated with the concept of “self” (Jung K.G.,
Allport G., Rogers K.). According to humanists, the
structure of the self consists of:
-
feeling of your own div;
-
a sense of self-identity;
-
a sense of self-esteem based on the awareness of
success in achieving various goals;
-
expansion of the self through awareness of
external objects as
"mine" or "related to me";
-
self-image, the ability to imagine oneself and think
about oneself;
-
rational self-management;
-
desire for self-improvement.
The universe is the completeness of human reality;
man as a universe is equivalent to actual and potential
infinity, in which man appears as a microcosm, as an
individuality identical to the human race. The universe
as a form of integral human organization has not been
specially highlighted in psychology. At the same time,
indications of specific manifestations of a person, not
determined by his individual, subjective, personal and
individual properties, were found in abundance in
philosophical, psychological, religious, and fiction
literature.
This type of phenomenon includes human actions for
the benefit of the entire race, guided by the highest
values of life and existence. Sacrifice and asceticism are
forms of manifestation of man as a universe. In 1937, G.
Allport analyzed about 50 definitions of personality,
highlighting the most significant in them, and
formulated his own: “Personality is the dynamic
organization of all psychophysical systems of a person,
determining his behavior and thinking.” In the concept
of Gordon Allport, a person has the potential for
personal growth, is capable of overcoming himself and
self-realization.
Mature individuals are more capable of conscious,
rationally based actions, building their own lives
depending on goals, intentions, plans, worldview
according to G. Allport. Characteristics of a mature
personality according to the theory of G. Allport: 1. A
mature personality has wide boundaries of the “I”. 2. A
mature person is capable of warm, cordial, social
relationships.3. A mature person demonstrates non-
concern and self-acceptance. 4. A mature person
demonstrates the realistic perception on which his
experience and aspirations are based. 5. A mature
person demonstrates the ability to self-knowledge and
a sense of humor. 6. A mature person has a coherent
philosophy of life.
In the concept of Sigmund Freud, personality is a
complex ensemble of continuously interacting
conscious and unconscious structures of the psyche, to
which biological (instincts) and social (norms,
prohibitions)
and
developmental
tendencies
correspond. According to Z. Freud, human personality
includes three structural components: Id (It), Ego (I)
and Super-Ego (Super-I). The id, which represents the
instinctual core of the personality, is primitive,
impulsive and subject to the pleasure principle. The id
uses reflexive reactions and primal ideas to obtain
immediate gratification of instinctual urges.
The ego represents the rational part of the personality
and is guided by the reality principle. Its task is to
develop for the individual an appropriate plan of action
to satisfy the requirements of the id within the
constraints of the social world and the individual's
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
207
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
204-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
consciousness. The Ego solves this problem with the
help of secondary representation processes. The
super-ego, which is formed last in the process of
personality development, represents its moral side.
The super-ego consists of two structures - conscience
and ego-ideal. The teachings of Carl Gustav Jung
emphasize the relationship between the individual Self
(Ego), the personal unconscious and the factors of the
collective psyche (archetypes); personality is described
through dominant mental functions and orientations
of consciousness. Within the framework of the theory
of psychological types K.G. Jung proposed a typology
of personality. He associated typological differences
with two factors:
- the predominance of a certain attitude of
consciousness in the mental
activities of the individual;
- dominance of one of the psychological functions.
In Jung's theory, two attitudes of consciousness are
distinguished:
introversion
and
extroversion.
Introversion is the focus of psychological activity on
the phenomena and content of the subject’s inner
world: his thoughts, fantasies, experiences. An
introvert is a person who turns inward, listens to the
inner voice, leads an intense inner life and shows little
interest in the environment. Extraversion turns a
person to the outside world. An extrovert, in his
thoughts, feelings, and actions, tends to obey
objective external requirements or the attractive
power of an object.
According to the second factor of differentiation of
types according to K.G. For Jung, one of the four
psychological functions is maximally expressed:
thinking, feeling, sensation and intuition. In
accordance with this, he distinguished mental,
emotional, sensory and intuitive types. Karen Horney,
developing the sociocultural theory of personality, was
convinced that every person has the ability for positive
personal growth. Three strategies (orientation
towards people, orientation from people and
orientation against people) are in a state of conflict; a
mentally healthy person is able to change them
according to the circumstances of life to effectively
solve emerging problems.
Thus, the effectiveness of coping with various life
circumstances depends on a person’s ability to choose
an adequate personal position. E. Erikson considered
personality in the aspect of its stage-by-stage
formation, including a number of psychosocial crises
that naturally arise at certain age stages of
development and whose functions are to create stable
personality structures that are the results of specific
solutions to key problems of social development.
In Viktor Frankl’s concept, personality is a c
omplex
multidimensional phenomenon, individual aspects of
which are studied by various scientific disciplines:
biology, sociology, medicine, literature, psychology,
physiology, etc. The central concept of V. Frankl’s
theory is the responsibility of the individual, considered
in the context of his realization of life values - finding
the meaning of life. The most valuable contribution of
R. Cattell in the study of personality is a psychometric
model that considers personality as a structure
represented by a complex of 16 initial personality traits,
diagnosed using a 16-factor questionnaire specially
developed by him.
Raymond Cattell views personality as a complex and
differentiated structure of traits, where motivation
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
208
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
204-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
primarily depends on a subsystem of dynamic traits. A
trait is a “mental structure” responsible for the
regularity and consistency of an individual’s behavior.
Traits differ in modality of expression:
-
dynamic features lead action in the direction of a
certain
-
goals;
-
ability traits are associated with the effectiveness
of achievement
-
the individual of the goal;
-
temperamental traits are associated with speed,
energy and emotional reactivity;
-
transitional and changing states and roles.
Within the framework of humanistic psychology, its
representatives - A. Adler, A. Maslow, K. Rogers, E.
Fromm and others -
consider personality as a person’s
desire for his highest, authentic “I”. The center of
personality,
according
to
Alfred
Adler,
is
consciousness. People are conscious beings who
usually understand the reasons for their behavior, they
are aware of inferiority and they are aware of the goals
they strive for. The concepts of “Organism” and “I” are
of fundamental importance for K. Rogers’ theory of
personality, and the central problem is the congruence
between the perceived “I” and the actual experience
of the organism. Congruence is manifested in two
aspects: the degree of correspondence between
subjective reality and external reality, as well as
between the real “I” and the ideal “I”. If the
discrepancies are significant, the person is dissatisfied
and poorly adjusted. In the theory of K. Rogers, all
human motives are included in one motive for
achieving mastery - the tendency to actualize, the
innate desire of a person to actualize, preserve and
intensify himself. This trend encourages all people to
move towards greater complexity, autonomy and
potential. Abraham Maslow introduces the concept of
“self
-
actualizing personality” into psychology and
defines it as the desire for self-realization, or more
precisely, the tendency to actualize what is contained
in the personality as potentials, as the main
motivational factor in a person’s ascent to individuality
based on the sensory experience of the need for
perfection.
REFERENCES
1.
Абрамова Г.С. Психология только для студентов:
Учебное пособие для вузов. –
М.: ПЕР СЭ, 2001. –
С.167
2.
Абрамова Г.С. Психология только для студентов:
Учебное пособие для вузов. –
М.: ПЕР СЭ, 2001. –
С.168.[]
3.
Слободчиков
В.И.,
Исаев
Е.И.
Основы
психологической антропологии. Психология
развития человека: Развитие субъективной
реальности в онтогенезе: Учебное пособие для
вузов. –
М.: Школьная Пресса, 2000. –
С.323.
4.
Братченко С.Л. Экзистенциальная психология
глубинного
общения:
уроки
Джеймса
Бюджентала. –
М.: Смысл, 2001. –
197 с.
5.
Абульханова
-
Славская К.А. Стратегия жизни. –
М.: Мысль, 1991. –
С.29.
6.
Ананьев Б.Г. Человек как предмет познания. –
Л.:
ЛГУ, 1999. –
С.154
-162.
7.
Ғ
озиев
Э
.
Психология
:
(
Ёш
даврлари
психологияси
).
–
Тошкент
:
Ў
қ
итувчи
, 1994.
–
244
б.
8.
Rezyume: Maqolada xorijiy olimlar tomonidan
shaxs, rivojlanish, individuallik tushunchalarining
talqinlari
berilgan,
shuningdek,
rivojlanish
tushunchasi va uning mazmuni muallif tomonidan
adabiyotlardan tahlil qilingan.
Volume 03 Issue 12-2023
209
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
12
P
AGES
:
204-209
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
9.
Резюме: В статье даются трактовки понятий
личности,
развития,
индивидуальности
зарубежными учеными, а понятие развития и его
содержание анализируются автором на основе
литературы.
.
10.
Kalit so‘zlar: Kalit so'zlar: shaxs, individuallik,
sub'ektivlik, individuallik, faoliyat sub'ekti
11.
Ключевые слова: человек, индивидуальность,
субъектность,
индивидуальность,
субъект
деятельности.
