Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
67
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In the Aristotelian system, knowledge is divided into three types: productive knowledge, which is a means of
producing results for the benefit of mankind, practical knowledge, which guides behavior, and theoretical knowledge,
which cannot be used as a tool for any purpose. These types of information are usually seen as unrelated and
independent information fields. This article argues that this notion is not correct and tries to explain the relationship
between the mentioned fields of knowledge by revealing the relationship between theoretical knowledge and
productive knowledge. For this, first of all, the subject of physical science should be determined, and then the
connection of natural art (non-practical art) with physics should be determined. By explaining this law, the concepts
of "productive knowledge", "productive art" and "theoretical knowledge" and the relationship between these
concepts are intended to be made clear and clear. Clarification of these concepts and the relationship between them
also shows the debt of the modern classification of sciences to Aristotle; It provides a theoretical framework for
understanding the relationship between modern engineering sciences and the basic sciences (physics, chemistry, and
biology).
KEYWORDS
Aristotle, art, technique, theoretical science, physics.
INTRODUCTION
Aristotle begins Book I of Metaphysics with the fact
that man has a natural desire to know. Although there
is no reason in this phrase, there is a sign: the use of
senses, which are the source of knowledge, gives
people pleasure. Aristotle then begins to explain the
levels of knowledge in a hierarchical manner: at the
bottom is intuitive perception (aisthêton), above it is
the recall of repeated perceptions (mnêmê),
Research Article
THE RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICS AND ART IN ARISTOTLE'S SYSTEM
Submission Date:
November 03, 2023,
Accepted Date:
November 08, 2023,
Published Date:
November 13, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue11-14
Jurakulov Sanjar Zafarjon Oghly
Asian International University, Senior Lecturer, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
68
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
experience resulting from accumulation in memory
(empeiria), art formed by knowledge (tekhne) added
to experience, and at the bottom is metaphysics, pure
knowledge of first principles and causes. But
metaphysics is not only concerned with first principles
and causes; It is also a science that examines existence
not in terms of being mobile or alive, but in terms of
being itself. However, not intelligent mortal or
immortal beings (heavenly spheres) are inaudible, but
only thinkable (noeta) and eternally real beings (pure
forms), which cannot exist, that is, God, the general
shape (generic shape is not possible). cut off from
existence). ) examines the heavenly minds and the
intuitive mind (nous) in man.
Aristotle's Metaphysics, Chapter VI. In his book, he
distinguishes these research topics from other
theoretical disciplines of physics and mathematics.
Accordingly, physics is the theoretical science that
studies primary substances that are subject to
formation and decay, have independent existence and
forms inseparable from matter; Mathematics is a
theoretical science that studies bodies that are
motionless, but cannot exist independently of matter
(numbers and spatial forms that describe primary
substances); Metaphysics is the theoretical science
that deals with entities independent of matter and
inert. Theoretical sciences differ from arts (techn e ) ,
which use knowledge to produce profit, and applied
sciences, which use it to direct action; they don't use
knowledge for the sake of using it. it is a means to any
end. They seek knowledge for its own sake. Moreover,
applied and productive sciences deal with the
contingent, and theoretical sciences deal with the
necessary, in other words, with things that cannot be
otherwise. Hence, the knowledge produced by the
theoretical sciences must be exact knowledge, or at
least aspire to exact knowledge.
Physics, in general, considers the general nature of
objects with the principles of motion and stability, and
the immediate and remote causes of the changes of
these objects under the category of necessity. But
metaphysics II. In his book, Aristotle states that
mathematical precision should be sought not in
everything, but only in non-matter. Therefore, in the
study of nature, one should not strive for such
accuracy. Mathematical accuracy can be used to make
judgments about the properties of non-matter bodies.
The study of nature (physics), then, by definition,
cannot have such precision; because its object includes
matter. Then does physics become the knowledge of
natural laws that occur in most cases, except for
exceptions? If so, how can it achieve the precision
common to theoretical sciences? Aristotle says: “Every
science deals with things that either always happen or
often happen (otherwise what would we learn or teach
others?). In science, something must be defined as
something that always or often happens."
Because in the true sense there is only the science of
eternal, immutable and necessary beings, but in a
broad sense we can also talk about the science of
things that often happen. the science of things that
happen" physics ?? It seems to us that art, not physics,
is meant; because the arts, not the theoretical
sciences, deal with the contingent, which means it can
be different. Theoretical sciences investigate their
objects under the category of necessity, and this is the
reason and condition of their being a priori. Here it is
necessary to clarify the topic of physics. For this
reason, Aristotle discusses whether physics studies
nature as matter or as form. Physics is not pure matter
or pure form; He studies forms that cannot be
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
69
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
separated from matter, quantity, quality and spatial
changes in this unity of matter-form, the causes of
these changes within the framework of the potential-
actual doctrine.
On the other hand, if form is the ultimate cause of all
change, then physics is essentially the study of general
form (nature or essence). But as it was said above,
general form is one of the eternal, unchanging pure
forms because it does not cease to exist. For this
reason, Ross says that the distinction between
Aristotelian metaphysics and physics is very vague, and
that physics should be described as "the metaphysics
of nature" because it examines a priori the forms that
are inseparable from matter. The framework speaks of
necessary, not conditional, relations and is therefore
specific. Suppose an observation is made and a dwarf
is encountered to see the experimental counterpart of
the process predicted in the theory of physics
regarding the physical transformation of humans. The
form of the human species includes a telos (goal) for
physical perfection and personal growth.
According to physical theory, this is necessary, but
according to observational data, the theory has not
been implemented. Based on this, it is necessary to
explain; In other words, the "natural process"
conceptualized as "what should have happened" did
not occur, and this must be the reason for the failure.
This is the subject of medicine, which is an art. In
general, physics deals with natural motion, while art
deals with supernatural motion. The first claim of this
article is that the mentioned physical theory
constitutes the theoretical component of art. From this
theoretical framework, there must be procedural
knowledge about "how" to do certain activities
because the arts produce results for the benefit of
humanity. Such knowledge of the process is called the
practical component of art. In our opinion, Aristotle
defined the difference between the theoretical
component and the practical component of art as
"epistêmê poiêtikê" and "tekhn e poi e tik e ". This is
the second claim of this article. That is, the "known"
part of the production activity arising from the physical
theory and the "contingent" part of the production
based on experience.
According to the distinction we have made, if the
physician is interested in an obstacle to an unrealized
goal and in removing that obstacle, he must first know
what the goal is, and therefore "natural process" or
"what should have the concept of "must have". This
concept of a "natural process" gives him an idea of
what can stop or disrupt this natural process and limits
its effectiveness by regulating the way the treatment is
administered. In other words, this physical theory
determines which of the doctor's procedures are legal
and which are illegal.
In this sense, the theory of physics, which is the
criterion of the legality of artistic activity, is the arch of
that art, that is, its starting point: the beginning of
thinking, but the natural state that is the goal (last
stage). about the activity. Since the absence of such a
criterion means that the artist does not have a starting
point for action and does not have a limiting and
regulating principle (arkh e ), in this case the activity
does not have a purpose, and the artist does it without
knowing why. In this case his activities will not be legal;
This situation creates disorder, that is, anarchy (an-arkh
e ). The reason why some traditional treatments are
not legal in today's medicine is because these
treatments are unprincipled.
Aristotle is opposed to pure mechanism, arguing that
the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
70
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
the parts should be studied in terms of the whole.
Within this principle, Aristotle establishes regularity in
the relationship between art and physical theory. We
will try to make this regularity clear here.
Art Theory: Physics
Natural entities are always mobile because they are
material, but physics investigates these objects not in
the category of possibility, but in the category of
necessity. What could otherwise be is not necessary:
the phenomena that physics deals with are those that
must happen. are events that occur. Otherwise,
possible (contingent) events are related to art related
to physics. Therefore, art is knowing how one of the
things that may or may not have happened has
happened. The principle of these products, which do
not necessarily exist, but are possible, lies not in the
object itself, but in the artist who produces it. In the
case of objects whose existence is necessary, a
principle or purpose is inherent in that object.
However, chance should not be confused with an
unforced natural phenomenon, because chance is not
the subject of any science. Therefore, its principle of
action (form) is physics, the universal and necessary
knowledge of the entities and facts that exist within it,
and the principle of action is the knowledge of
conditional facts and entities that exist outside of it
(art). For example, "The form is definitely directed to
its entelechy." "Where there is materiality, there is
bound to be formation and destruction." Such
suggestions are absolutely correct. On the other hand,
just as stone and iron have the ability to become a
house, no medicine cures the disease to which it
belongs, but cures it. Aristotle explains this in the
Nicomachean Ethics:
"The subject of art is always creation, and the giving of
oneself to art is one of those things which may or may
not exist, but the principles of existence exist in the
artist, not in the artist. is to think about a way of being.
a created thing. "As art does not concern itself with
things that actually exist or do not exist, it does not
concern itself with natural entities whose principles are
in themselves."
Imitation and printing:Plato said that art imitates
nature. The god Timaos also imitates ideas. However,
in the Republic, art looks for ways to manage the
processes in natural moving things, in other words, in
objects that are material and subject to formation and
decay, in a way that benefits man. Art for Aristotle. not
only imitates nature, but imitates it in general. Nature
also completes the unfinished work. Aristotle explains
his position on art and imitation in physics with the
following sentences: "Now, if there is no obstacle,
every thing has its own nature as it is made; it is realized
as its nature is increased.
However, it is done "because of something, for
something"; So, naturally, it's "for something". For
example, if the house were one of the objects of
nature, it would be shaped as it is by modern art;
Objects from nature are formed in the same way as
they are natural, even if they are formed not only by
nature, but also by art. So one exists because of the
other. In general, art finishes what nature could not
finish, and sometimes imitates them. Therefore, if the
things related to art are for the sake of something, so
are the things related to nature. Indeed, what comes
before and what comes after is equally related in
objects of art and in objects of nature.” Art and nature
are goal-directed: Every the steps to be observed in
both formations are the same, the formation of natural
things and the formation of artificial things. Art goes
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
71
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
beyond imitating it and completes the work left
unfinished by nature. Completing the work left
unfinished by nature means going beyond the
imitation of nature and the natural processes in the
object to the goal requires a corresponding
reorganization. Two situations are at play here,
conceptualized as the theoretical component and the
practical component of art. In this sense, Aristotle says
that the theoretical component is the founding
element, and the practical component is the
productive element. Here is the source of the
theoretical component physics, and the source of the
practical component is experience.
The art of mathematics:The art of medicine is not a
mathematical art and consists of a theoretical
component provided directly by the physical sciences
and a practical component provided by experience. In
other words, the science on which the art of medicine
depends is physics. But the Aristotelian line
characterizes some arts as mathematical; Because
these arts are between physics, which deals with real
things, and mathematics, which deals with abstract
things, such as optics, mechanics, astronomy, and
music. Physical objects have surfaces, volumes, lines,
and points that mathematics deals with, but
mathematics does not examine these qualities as the
boundaries of physical objects.
Mathematics studies these properties by abstracting
them from physical objects and motion. Mathematical
art, on the other hand, examines mathematical objects
physically rather than mathematically. Aristotle argues
that optics, which is a mathematical art, works on
mathematical lines in a physical sense, not a
mathematical sense. In the Second Analytics, Aristotle
makes a hierarchical classification of science: The lower
arts present empirical facts; These are the arts of
optics, mechanics, music and stargazing. The higher
arts are geometry, geometry of solids, arithmetic and
astronomy; They explain their objects through
mathematical proofs. Optics is lower than geometry,
mechanics is lower than geometry of solids, music is
lower than arithmetic, stargazing is lower than
astronomy. The first classifies phenomena, and the
second
mathematically
explains
"how"
that
phenomenon occurred. According to Aristotle's
philosophy, these arts can be used to mathematically
describe physical objects and processes. Every
proposition in these arts is based on mathematical
principles and theorems, principles of that art, and
theorems previously proved in that art. Geometrical
lines used in optics may facilitate calculations by
representing light rays, but they are not able to answer
questions such as "What is the nature of light?", "What
are the causes of optical phenomena?" cannot answer
physical questions like.
CONCLUSION
To verify the validity of the above conclusions, the
following question can be asked: What is health?
Whatever the answer, what gives legitimacy to the
definition of achieved health? In the Aristotelian
system, health is defined as the balance of the four
elements in the human div, namely heat, cold,
moisture and dryness. So, did Aristotle arrive at this
definition through experience? To deepen the tension,
one may go beyond the Mediterranean basin and ask
about the definition of health in classical Indian
medicine. As you know, in classical Indian medicine,
health is defined as the openness of the seven
chakras.So, did the Indian doctors arrive at the concept
of health through experience? The science that gives
legitimacy to these definitions is physics; that is, "why
is nature the way it is and not otherwise?", which
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
72
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
presents the common nature and common causes of
individual observed phenomena as a whole. It is
physics that answers the problem. Going back to
Aristotle, this physical science consists of subtheories
such as matter-form theory, potential-actual theory,
and soul theory. These theories emphasize such
doctrines as "natural earth", "closed universe",
"imperishable sky", "four elements", "organic nature",
and "immovable mover". In the philosophy of science,
this set of doctrines, which is the basis of science, is
called a paradigm. When this paradigm changes, only
the practical component based on experience remains,
because the physics that gives legitimacy to the
theoretical parts of art also changes. A new physical
science based on a new paradigm can give new reasons
to the practical components of art; He can declare
illegal what he cannot give. Legitimate treatments,
justified by the theoretical component that Aristotelian
physics provides to the art of medicine, are positioned
as "alternative" treatments for modern medicine. No
modern medical school conducts research on these
treatments; These procedures are not used in modern
hospitals. What justifies a medical procedure, then, is
not that it works, but that it is justified by an existing
physical theory. An unreasoned activity, that is, an
activity that is guided by knowledge of "how" without
a theoretical component, is an activity that does not
know why it is doing it. Since the successes he achieves
are random, they are closed to development. The
reason why justification by physical theory is preferred
over derived benefits is that the former is open to
development.
REFERENCES
1.
"Prior Analytics." The Complete Works of Aristotle.
2 volumes. Ed. Jonathan Barnes. New Jersey:
Princeton University Press, 1991.
2.
"Mechanics." The Complete Works of Aristotle. 2
volumes. Ed. Jonathan Barnes.
3.
New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1991.
4.
Angier, Tom. Techne in Aristotle's Ethics. London
and New York: Continuum International Publishing
Group, 2010.
5.
Barnes, Jonathan. Aristotle. Chev. B. Öcal
Düzgören. Istanbul: Altın Kitaplar, 2002.
6.
Jurakulov,
SZ
(2023).
NUCLEAR
ENERGY.
Educational Research in Universal Sciences , 2 (10),
514-518.
7.
Son of Zafarjan, ZS (2023). PHYSICAL-MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF INTERPOLYMER COMPLEX FILM
BASED ON SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
AND POLYACRYLAMIDE.
8.
Oghly,
JSZ
(2023).
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PROPERTIES
OF
POLYMER
COMPOSITES.
American Journal of Applied Science and
Technology , 3 (10), 25-33.
9.
Muradov,
O.
T.
(2023).
RAZRABOTKA
AUTOMATIZIROVANNOY SISTEMY UPRAVLENIYA
TEMPERATURE
I
VLAJNOSTI
V
PROIZVODSTVENNYX KOMNAT. GOLDEN BRAIN , 1
(26), 91-95.
10.
Muradov,
OTR
(2023).
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGIES AND METHODS AND TOOLS OF
THEIR APPLICATION IN MODERN EDUCATION.
Educational Research in Universal Sciences , 2 (10),
481-486.
11.
Akhmedova ZI TECHNOLOGY OF CREATING
INTERACTIVE ELEMENTS IN THE LMS SYSTEM
//Educational Research in Universal Sciences. -
2023. - T. 2.
–
no. 10. - S. 368-372.
12.
Akhmedova,
Zulkhumor
Ikromovna.
"TECHNOLOGY
OF
CREATING
INTERACTIVE
ELEMENTS IN THE LMS SYSTEM." Educational
Research in Universal Sciences 2.10 (2023): 368-372.
Volume 03 Issue 11-2023
73
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
11
P
AGES
:
67-73
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
13.
Akhmedova,
ZI
(2023).
TECHNOLOGY
OF
CREATING INTERACTIVE ELEMENTS IN THE LMS
SYSTEM. Educational Research in Universal
Sciences , 2 (10), 368-372.
14.
daughter Latipova, SS (2023). MITTAG-LIFFLER
FUNCTION AND METHODS OF ITS CALCULATION.
Educational Research in Universal Sciences , 2 (9),
238-244.
15.
Shahnoza, L. (2023, March). INVERSE PROBLEMS
ON DETERMINATION OF SOURCE AND INITIAL
FUNCTION IN FRACTIONAL EQUATIONS. In
"Conference on Universal Science Research 2023"
(Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 8-10).
16.
Sharipova, MPL (2023). FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVES
IN THE MEANING OF CAPUTA AND METHODS OF
ITS CALCULATION. Educational Research in
Universal Sciences , 2 (9), 360-365.
17.
TURSUNOV, B., & TASHPULATOV, D. (2018).
EFFEKTIVNOST
PRIMENENIYA
PREDVARITELNOGO OBOGAshchenIya RUD V
KARERE
KALMAKIR.
In
Innovative
geotechnologies pri razrabotke rudnykh i non-
rudnykh mestorojdenii (pp. 165-168).
18.
Tursunov, B. J., Botirov, T. V., Tashpulatov, D. K., &
Khairullaev,
B.
I.
(2018).
PERSPECTIVE
PRIMENENIYA
OPTIMAL
PROCESS
RUDOOTDELENIYA V KARERE MURUNTAU. In
Innovative
geotechnologies
pri
razrabotke
rudnykh i non-rudnykh mestorojdenii (pp. 160-164).
19.
Tursunov, B. J. (2021). ANALYZ METHODOV
UTILIZATsII
OTXHODOV
NEFTEPERERABATYVAYushchey
PROMYSHLENNOSTI. Scientific progress , 2 (4),
669-674.
20.
Bakhodir, T., Bakhtior, G., & Makhfuza, O. (2021).
Oil sludge and their impact on the environment.
Universum: technical science , (6-5 (87)), 69-71.
21.
Tursunov, B. J., & Shomurodov, A. Yu. (2021).
Perspektivnyi
method
utilizatsii
otkhodov
neftepererabatyvayushchey
promyshlennosti.
ONLINE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND
DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS , 1 (6), 239-243.
22.
Tursunov, B. D., & Sunnatov, J. B. (2017).
Sovershenstvovanie
tekhnologii
vtorichnogo
drobleniya bezvzryvnym metodom. Molodoy
uchenyy , (13), 97-100.
23.
Tursunov, B. J., & Allanazarov, G. O. (2019).
Perspektivnye
tehnologii
proizvodstva
po
uluchsheniyu kachestva benzina. Theory and
practice of contemporary science , (3 (45)), 305-
308.
