Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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ABSTRACT
In this article, the translation and classification of the epigraphic inscriptions of the Sherdar madrasa, one of the
monuments in the Registan complex in Samarkand, is described as an important place in the logical study of our great
cultural heritage and its promotion.
KEYWORDS
Nahl, sura, Sherdar madrasa, hattolik, epigraphy, types of letters, peshtoq, Arabic script, suls, Kufic, toqi, bouquet,
architecture, idea, rabat, symbol, emblem, pattern, room, divine, blue color, logic, geometric, decoration.
INTRODUCTION
Samarkand has been gaining popularity with its unique
historical monuments and beautiful architectural
monuments for several centuries. Tourists coming to
this old city are naturally interested in the magnificence
and colorful patterns of the monuments as well as the
inscriptions written on the facades. It is extremely
interesting for our compatriots and tourists to know
what is expressed in these inscriptions.
THE MAIN PART
The famous Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wrote: "I was
especially fascinated by Registan. This architectural
complex is more beautiful than all the monuments I
have seen in the whole Muslim East. It testifies to the
high culture of the peoples of Central Asia»[2].
Each of the dynasties that ruled Uzbekistan
contributed to the formation of its architectural image
in its time. Most of the historical monuments have not
been preserved or have been completely rebuilt[3]. For
example, one of the first researchers of the
Research Article
INTEGRATION AND INNOVATION IN THE NEW UZBEKISTAN
Submission Date:
October 02, 2023,
Accepted Date:
October 07, 2023,
Published Date:
October 12, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue10-04
Saidakhbor S. Bulatov
Professor, Doctor Of Pedagogical Sciences Tashkent State Pedagogical University, Academician Of The Russian
International Academy Of Pedagogical Sciences, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
architectural monuments of Samarkand and Bukhara
(including their unique inscriptions) - the young
reformer Musa Saidjonov wrote as early as 1929: "The
inscriptions on the monuments of Samarkand and
Bukhara are an unread book, they contain a lot of
historical information from different periods. and such
unique rules cannot be found in other sources,
including manuscripts” [4].
In Uzbekistan, the architectural monuments of the
middle ages, not only the masterpieces of art, but
especially the wonderful examples of epigraphy, are
another opportunity to understand the spiritual history
of our identity, our roots, our past, our ancestors [5].
The use of "epigraphy" (Greek - writing) in architecture
was based on the religious beliefs and views of the
respective region or nation. Epigraphy (Greek - writing)
are inscriptions (inscriptions) on solid objects, stone,
metal, ceramic, etc. Epigraphic inscriptions were even
done by masters. (Fig. 1.)
Hattolit is an Arabic calligraphy, calligraphy is the art of
writing, copying books and making books of
architectural structures and art objects. Caused by the
appearance of a record [6].
Fig. 1. Inscription at the entrance of Qusam ibn Abbas mausoleum. The Prophet, peace be upon him, from the Arab
Hashemite dynasty, from the Quraysh tribe, from Makkah and Medina, said: "Qusam Ibn Abbas is the most similar
to me in terms of structure and behavior".
Three famous rulers in history - Amir Temur, Ulug'bek
Mirzo and Amir Yalangtosh Bahadir - built Samarkand
with their architectural monuments and turned
Samarkand into "the beauty of the earth". Amir Temur
turned Samarkand into a capital city and started
building a series of decorative buildings, while Registan
Square, which is considered the heart of the city, was
created during the reign of Ulugbek Mirza. (At that
Volume 03 Issue 10-2023
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03
ISSUE
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FACTOR
(2021:
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OCLC
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
time, this area was called "Sardavonak", roughly
meaning "Sari joyi davonak" - "head of a fast-flowing
stream"). Ulugbek created a unique bouquet of
monuments consisting of three buildings such as a
madrasa, a house and a caravanserai[7].
The famous Chilean poet Pablo Neruda wrote: "I was
especially fascinated by Registan. This architectural
complex is more beautiful than all the monuments I
have seen in the whole Muslim East. It testifies to the
high culture of the peoples of Central Asia»[8]
In his time, Yalangtosh Bahadir also built Sherdor and
Tillakori madrasas in the place of the ruined house and
caravanserai without destroying the structure of this
building complex built by Ulugbek. In due course, I
should also say that the gold spent inside the mosque
of the Tillokor madrasa could be used to build a large
monument (that's why the madrasa was called
Tillakori, that is, "Made of gold").) [9].
Figure 2. Sherdar madrasa. Early 20th
century.
Figure 3. Naming of parts of Sherdar Madrasa. 1.
Peshtok 2. Kitaba 3. Ravok 4. Bouquet 5. Kanos
Yalangtoshbi Bahadir, who built the Sherdar and
Tillakori madrasas, was able to build more magnificent
monuments. We are mentioning this word because of
the opinion of some foreign and local monument
experts that the masters of his time were not able to
create monuments of a different color by taking only a
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Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
copy from the monuments of Yalangtosh Bahadir
Ulugbek Mirzo. However, the Sherdar and Tillakori
madrasas are among the most beautiful monuments
adorning the city of Samarkand. Yalangtoshbi Bahadir,
who did not consider his "Olchin" clan inferior to the
"Barlos" clan of the Timurids, humbly copied the
structure of the Ulugbek madrasa in his monuments
out of respect for the Timurids (pictures 2, 3). In other
words, he wanted to build a bouquet of various
monuments on the Registan Square[10].
The governor of Samarkand, Bahadir Yalangtoshbi, did
not set the goal of surpassing the Ulugbek madrasa in
the construction of this building. On the contrary, he
continued his good deeds as a symbol of his undying
respect for Sultan Ulugbek. There are divine words,
verses and hadiths about the glorification of God and
His Messenger Muhammad on the main facade of the
Sherdar madrasa. They are treated in such an attractive
and charming way that it is extremely difficult to read
the inscriptions apart from the beautiful designs. The
art of calligraphy has turned these inscriptions into a
unique work of art. From the inscriptions in the Sherdar
madrasa, it was understood that this madrasa was built
by Amir Yalangtoshbi Bahadir with the consent of
Havan Imamquli Muhammad Khan. It was completed in
1042 AH (1619 AD). The verses of the "Nahl" sura in the
Holy Qur'an were taken as the basis for building the
madrasa [11].
For example, there is an inscription in Peshtok Bakhsh.
When translated, it gives the following meaning: "This
madrasa of higher knowledge was established during
the reign of the great Khagan, the noble king. Allah
Almighty says in His Great Book: "Indeed, Allah enjoins
justice, good deeds and doing good to one's relatives"
(Surah Nahl, verse 90 of the Holy Qur'an). Allah said it
right. And he (Khagan) Imamquli Muhammadjan tried
(to build this building) and the great emir Yalangtosh
Bahadir, the builder of this building, took the initiative
because he was interested in founding the abodes of
goodness (i.e. these dargahs of knowledge). The
completion of the construction and decoration of the
building corresponds to the date 1042 (1632)" [12] (Fig.
4).
Inscriptions in the Ulugbek, Sherdor and Tillakori
madrasas were written in Kufic, Suls, and Nastaq script,
and the masters of that time demonstrated their skills
and talents. Although the inscriptions mainly consist of
verses of the Holy Qur'an and hadiths, the inscriptions
related to the history of the madrasa have also been
preserved in their original state on the wall of the inner
arch in the middle of the main facade [13].
In the decoration of the Sherdar madrasa in
Samarkand, saint Khoji Hoshimi Dakhbedi, the elder of
Yalangtoshbi Bahadir, chooses the logical solution and
system of epigraphic patterns very correctly, choosing
the "Nahl surah" from the Holy Qur'an as the main
conceptual basis..
What is the great wisdom and example of taking the
verses of the "Nahl" chapter of the Holy Qur'an as a
conceptual basis when decorating the Sherdar
madrasa? the question arises. Until now, the answer to
this question has not been found. We will try to answer
this question.
In life, a person is amazed when he logically realizes
that the world has become more beautiful with such
intelligent people living around us. In fact, the universe
and all things in the universe are perfectly created and
assigned tasks to be performed by Allah. What would
happen if there were no mountains, flies, bees, etc. on
the earth? For example, world scientists have proven
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that there will be no life in the world without bees for
10 years. We found the answer to the above question
in the verses of the Holy Qur'an, Surah Nahl. Surah
Nahl[14] of our holy book "Holy Qur'an" consists of 128
verses, and in its verses 68 and 69 it is said about bees:
Figure 4. Sherdar Madrasa. Peshtokda Bakhshi inscription. Epigraphic description of Surah "Nahl" in the Holy
Qur'an.
"(O Muhammad!) Your Lord revealed (ordered) to the
bees: Build on mountains, trees and things that
(people) build." [15]
"Then eat of various fruits and walk in the paths that
your Lord has made easy (for you)! From their bellies
let out juice (honey) of different colors, which is
healing for people. Indeed, there is a sign in this for a
thinking people.” [16].
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Figure 5. Analysis by Allok that bees were created based on the golden section.
If we analyze the bees from all sides. It is possible to
see that Allah did not divide the bees in vain and that
their forms were created based on the golden ratio and
that Allah assigned them duties. (Fig. 5.) Bees start
building a nest from different places at the same time
and finish it at the same time. Architects are impressed
by the high accuracy of building a house. (Fig. 6.)
First of all, if we consider the Surah Nahl, Nahl means
bees. "It was given this name because there are verses
in the surah about the exemplary lifestyle of bees. The
surah repeatedly mentions the doomsday and calls for
careful preparation for that day. In it, as in other
surahs, vices such as polytheism, disbelief, and
ingratitude are condemned, and faith, belief, and
gratitude are promoted for righteous deeds" [17].
Let's look at the figurative meanings of these two
verses. "Allah's revelation to animals, including bees, is
considered to be his inspiration. Because Allah, the
Exalted, created the bee with an emotion and
inspiration, it performs its task with a precision that
most intelligent people cannot do. Among other
things, it makes a home for itself from mountains,
trees, and things such as the trunks carried by people.
[18]
Figure 6. Bees start building a nest from different places at the same time and finish it at the same time. Architects
are impressed by the high accuracy of building a house.
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As the bee is sent perfectly in the world, it gathers
honey without ceasing, it sows seeds of goodness.
There are people in the world who do not know what
silence is like bees, they read, learn and teach others
what they have learned, and continue to search.
With the advice of Hazrat Hashimhojjai Dakhbedi, the
elder of Yalangtoshbi Bahadir, a representative of the
Naqshbandi sect, it was found that Yalangtoshbi
Bahadir was symbolically compared to bees through
the "Nahl" surah. By likening Nalangtoshbi Bahadir to
bees, he reminds people that this world is transitory,
and everyone should learn only good lessons from him
and leave only good deeds. After verses 68 and 69 of
Surah Nahl in the Holy Qur'an, it is not for nothing that
it is dedicated to people in 70 verses. Now the believers
are called to walk on the path of goodness, realizing
why God created them and what duties were assigned
to them and that the mortal world is not eternal. It is
said in the 70th verse of Surah "Nahl" in the Holy
Qur'an:
"Allah created you. Then he will kill you. There are
those among you who, after being educated, are
brought back to the lowest point of life, so that they
know nothing. Verily, Allah is All-Knowing and All-
Powerful. [19]
Now let's look at the description of verse 70 of this
Surah Nahl. Allah is the one who created people. That
is why it is necessary for a person to be thankful, have
faith and pray to the Creator. But most people don't.
He will be ungrateful, disbelieving and disobedient.
Everyone should know. Naturally, the one who died
will also make a calculation - a book. He should be ready
for this before he dies. This should also be considered.
If things are according to a person's will, it is clear that
man does not want to die, to grow old, to lose his mind,
and to become useless. But death and old age come
without asking him. Just as people receive advice from
death, they should also receive advice from old age. He
knows everything. He has power over everything [20].
CONCLUSION
The writings of the Sherdar madrasa are among the
rare examples of 17th century Hattot art, along with
guiding people to the path of guidance and
enlightenment.
Translations and classifications of monuments in the
Registan complex - Ulugbek madrasa, Sherdor and
Tillakori madrasas play an important role in logical
study and promotion of our great cultural heritage.
In recent years, as a result of the research carried out
at the initiative of our country's president, the
decoration of letters on many monuments,
architectural monuments and samples of applied art
has been restored. However, in Uzbekistan, there are
still many unexplained and unexplored patterns and
writings of unknown style. One of the important tasks
facing our scientists is to thoroughly, logically and
scientifically base their research.
The original son of Samarkand's Yalangtoshbi
Bohodirbek, who played a great positive role in the
historical and cultural life of Uzbekistan, is peacefully
waiting for the restoration of his history and values in
his grave in Dahbed [21].
REFERENCES
1.
From the report of the President of the
Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev at
the meeting under the Cabinet of Ministers of
the Republic of Uzbekistan entitled "About
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measures to establish the center of Islamic
culture in Uzbekistan" city of Tashkent, June
23, 2017. Marifat newspaper, June 24, 2017, No.
50 (9011).
2.
Neruda. Yellowed pages. 52-6. Inscriptions in
the monuments of Uzbekistan: Samarkand.
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A. Kh. Akimov, B. Abdukhdlimov, B. Bobojonov,
A. Mansurov, A. Mannonov, N. Mukhamedov,
A. Razzokov, K. Rakhimov, B. Famous. //
Tashkent: "Uzbekistan Today" AA, 2015. - 368
p.
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Monuments and inscriptions of Uzbekistan.
Bukhara. Part 1. T.: "Uzbekistoh today" 2016,
page 17.
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Saidjonov M. Historical monuments of
Bukhara. "Registon" - Education and teacher.
1929. No. 1-2. Page 3.
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Masterpieces in monuments of Uzbekistan.
"Forum of culture and art of Uzbekistan",
Tashkent, 2011. 9-p.
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Saipova
M.S.
Symbolology.
(Textbook),
"Science and Technology Publishing House"
2021. 84 pages.
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Bulatov S.S., Polatova M. The philosophy of the
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Hasanov Q., Marufy B. When it comes to
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Nahl - bees. (The Holy Qur'an. The author of the
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Mansour. "Sharq" publishing-printing joint-
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The Holy Qur'an. Surah Nahl, verse 68. Verse
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Holy Quran. The author of the translation and
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Sheikh Muhammad Sadiq Muhammad Yusuf.
Tafsir Hilal. Volume 3, Corrected and
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Kattaev K. Makhdumi Azam and Daxbed. -
Samarkand: Sugdiyona. 1994, p. 53.
