Volume 03 Issue 08-2023
34
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
34-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
In this article, the theoretical-methodological foundations of the development of analytical thinking in future
pedagogues through the hypothetical-deductive method, and the effectiveness of the dialectical method in the
development of analytical thinking are considered high. In the pedagogical process, it is important to teach the
common use of thinking styles.
KEYWORDS
hypothetical-deductive, new development, thinking skills, innovative ideas, logical thinking, individual qualities,
perfect person, educational standards, type of mental activity, scientific-methodical.
INTRODUCTION
The hypothetico-deductive method involves the
creation of a system of hypotheses that are
deductively related to each other. As a result,
conclusions about empirical facts are drawn from
these hypotheses. This method is based on drawing
conclusions (deduction) from hypotheses and other
hypotheses whose true meaning is unknown.
Consequently, the conclusion drawn using this method
will inevitably have a probabilistic nature.
The basis of the hypothetical-deductive method, which
is considered the most effective theory in the
development of analytical thinking, is the method of
theoretical knowledge.
Hypothesis is derived from the ancient Greek language
and means "hypóthesis" - "assumption" and plays an
important methodological role in the scientific-
theoretical study of processes in nature and society.
According to the general opinion of scientists engaged
in scientific research and pedagogical activities, a
hypothesis exists between truth and falsehood, and
depending on the results obtained as a result of its
application or based on it, it becomes true or false. At
the same time, the hypothesis plays a controlling role
Research Article
HYPOTHETICAL-DEDUCTIVE METHOD AND ITS ROLE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL THINKING OF MODERN EDUCATORS
Submission Date:
August 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
August 25, 2023,
Published Date:
August 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue08-07
Aliyev Nizomiddin Maxmasaitovich
Researcher Of Fergana State University, Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 08-2023
35
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
34-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
in scientific research processes and it is mixed with
scientific features. Because of this, the hypothesis is of
great importance in determining the future state of
events and relationships in nature and society. And
putting a hypothesis encourages scientificity, and thus
it is mixed with the concept of forecasting.[1] Forecast
is based on scientific laws based on hypotheses. Using
them together in determining the future state of the
studied process provides important methodical
guidelines, and they are the basis for forming joint
plans.
LITERATURE ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY
Forecasting is an important and necessary element of
the management system. As a result of forecasting, in
the management process, the future state of the
management object and the directions of the factors
affecting
it
are
determined.[2]
From
the
implementation of management, tactical directions for
achieving the intended goal and the possibility to
change it will appear. Russian economist N.N.
According to Moisev, the forecasting of any economic
object has three characteristics: systematicity,
objectivity and knowability (poznavayemost), in this
respect, the process of forecasting any object should
be viewed from a fundamental point of view. .
Planning and forecasting processes are mainly
explained by the term "Futurology". "Futurology" (lat.
futurum - future and ...logy) - in a broad sense, a
general concept or set of ideas about the future of
humanity, universal problems; in a narrow sense - a
field of science that provides an opportunity to
consistently study and predict the future of social
processes and processes in the fields of scientific and
technical development.
There are many types of forecasting. Because the
process of development continues in every process
and phenomenon in nature and society, the desire to
know their future state is carried out through the
process of forecasting. In order to study the concept of
forecast and its essence, based on the study and
analysis of approaches to its types in economic and
other literature, we divided them into groups based on
certain criteria of our approach. Covering socio-
economic processes in order to study the nature of the
forecast in depth; It is advisable to study them in
groups according to their scope and functional
characteristics.
The general structure of the hypothetico-deductive
method:
—
getting to know the material that requires
theoretical explanation and trying to explain it using
existing theories and laws. If this is not possible:
- make assumptions (hypotheses, guesses) about the
causes and laws of these events using various logical
methods;
- to evaluate the validity and seriousness of hypotheses
and to choose the closest to the truth among them;
Acquaintance with the general structure of the
hypothesis method helps to learn that the knowledge
aimed at studying laws, principles and theories in
science is based on complex and complex methods of
various forms.
Sometimes a hypothesis is a method, a hypothesis is
always an empirical one. An explanatory hypothesis is
not the only type of hypothesis in science as an
assumption about a law. There are also existential
hypotheses, that is, assumptions about the existence
of elementary particles, genetic units, chemical
elements, new biological types, etc. unknown to
science. Justifying and advancing such hypotheses is
different from explanatory hypotheses. There may also
Volume 03 Issue 08-2023
36
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
34-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
be auxiliary hypotheses that allow the main hypothesis
to be experimentally tested. There are also so-called
working hypotheses, which make it possible to know
empirical evidence well, but do not claim to explain it
and then to preserve it as permanent knowledge.
One of the important types of hypothesis is the
mathematical hypothesis, which is typical for higher
mathematical sciences. The method described above is
the meaningful hypothesis method. In its framework,
assumptions about the laws are first based, and then
they get a suitable mathematical expression. First, an
equation suitable in the field of mixed sciences is
selected to explain quantitative relationships, and then
an attempt is made to give meaning to this equation.
Describing the mathematical hypothesis, S.I. Vavilov
wrote:
let's
assume
that
the
mathematical
phenomenon studied in the experiment depends on a
number of variable and constant quantities connected
by an equation close to each other. Other relations can
be obtained by changing this equation. This is what a
mathematical hypothesis or extrapolation is all about.
It leads to ideas that match or diverge from experience
and are re-applied or discarded accordingly.
The hypothesis method demonstrates the creative
character of scientific research in the process of
discovering new laws, principles and creating theories.
This methodological rule does not uniformly explain
the research results and does not guarantee the truth
of the obtained knowledge. It is creative intuition that
leads a scientist to a new theory by creatively choosing
among many ways to solve a problem. A theory is not
calculated logically, it is created by the creative genius
of a scientist, and it always shows the talent of a
creative person.
Beruni's hypothesis has another wonderful aspect: the
reason why the falling div moves to the east is to
maintain its initial high speed, which Beruni concluded
was the historical foundation of this law of inertia
before Galileo and Newton.
Ibn Sina considered the hypothesis to be the basis of
science. He said that there may be doubt in the
hypothesis. One's hypothesis may or may not be
accepted by others, but it is good to have it. A
hypothesis becomes a theory after it has been proven.
Ibn Sina gives a special place to fantasy in the field of
knowledge. He said that in order to know something,
it is necessary to separate it from others and compare
it, then the commonality and difference are
determined, and now the way is opened for any kind of
imagination and fantasy. For example, imagine
splitting an elephant in two. So, the weapons of
fantasy are comparison, association and imagination.
Results (Results). In order to define a hypothesis, the
object is studied, a possible prediction is expressed,
and the consequences of the prediction are shown.
When the consequences are shown to be true, the
hypothesis is either accepted or rejected. If
recognized, the hypothesis becomes a theory. It is
possible to prove that a certain hypothesis is true
either by direct experience or by comparing it with
another proven theory. For example, let's take the
hypotheses about the formation of the solar system.
While living in Tashkent in 1942, N.N. Pariysky
compared Kant-Laplace, Gins, Multon and several
other hypotheses, which had prevailed until then, to
the law of conservation of angular momentum, which
is an idea whose truth has been determined. He was
disappointed that all the hypotheses did not meet the
requirements of this law. A.B. Krat, O.Yu. Schmidt and
V.G. Fesenkov's hypotheses correspond to this law. But
they have not gone beyond the hypothesis yet. Later,
several hypotheses appeared in molecular genetics.
Mathematical statistics are used to determine which of
them is correct.
Volume 03 Issue 08-2023
37
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
08
P
AGES
:
34-39
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
6.
676
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
In the process of analysis (the activity of analysis),
thought moves from complexity to simplicity, from
coincidence to necessity, from diversity to specificity
and unity. The purpose of the analysis is to know the
parts as elements of a complex whole and to
determine the relations and laws between them.
Synthesis, on the other hand, consists of the process of
uniting the parts, properties, and relationships
separated by means of analysis into a single whole.
Synthesis is directed from unity to difference and
diversity, and unites commonality and individuality,
unity and diversity into a certain living whole.[7]
Analysis and synthesis are closely related.
Analysis and synthesis together provide complete
knowledge. They should not be separated from each
other. Integral cannot be imagined without
differentiation,
life
without
dissimilation
or
assimilation. The unit of analysis and synthesis must
not be understood as dividing a whole into parts, and
then mechanically joining them again. In both analysis
and synthesis, a new idea or a new substance arises,
always a differential equation is created and
integrated, and the problem is solved. If alkaloids are
analyzed and added as needed, a new drug can be
discovered. In the works of Beruni and Ibn Sina on
pharmacognosy and pharmaceuticals, the methods of
preparing medicine from plants are based on this
principle. Chemicals can be analyzed and then
collected according to certain rules to create a
synthetic fiber or baloney. Cotton and hemp are
analyzed, separated into elements, and as a result of
the appropriate synthesis, several dozen important
substances are formed.[7] To know science, it is
divided into parts, mathematics, physics, chemistry,
biology, etc. They are studied separately, then
synthesized and philosophically discussed.
In the objective world, things and events are diverse,
they
are
unlimited
both
quantitatively
and
qualitatively. Each thing or event is considered
concrete. And each object, in general, is multi-faceted,
has several properties, and is multi-faceted. That is the
complexity of concreteness. Now, if he considers each
of the complex objects not individually, that is, not
concretely, but one side, one property of all of them -
this is called abstraction. Therefore, abstractness is not
concretely felt, but only a product of thinking. For
example, the events that occur in our life: the fall of an
apple, the movement of a car, the movement of the
Moon - are concrete, the law of their movement
represents the abstract.
The task of abstraction is to see the object under
investigation in isolation. Abstraction is just getting rid
of unnecessary, uninteresting things. An example:
when it comes to science, reasoning is broader, when
it comes to mathematics, it abstracts from physics,
chemistry, biology, and other sciences, and does not
talk about them.
Expression of the hypothesis in a mathematical form is
taking more and more place in modern science. In
creating such a hypothesis, it is important to compare
the results of experiments, empirical considerations,
mathematical extrapolation formulas that take into
account the consequences of the development of
matter. Mathematics is now entering linguistics,
medicine, sociology.
Abstraction is the process of thinking away from
several
properties
and
proportions
of
the
phenomenon under study, and at the same time
separating the properties (first of all, important,
general properties) that are of interest to the
researcher. Various "abstract objects" are obtained as
a result of this process. In this case, "abstract subjects"
mean
separate
concepts
and
categories
Volume 03 Issue 08-2023
38
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
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VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
("development", "contradiction", "thinking", etc.) and
their systems. Mathematics, logic, dialectics and
philosophy are the most developed systems.
DISCUSSION
Determining which of the considered properties are
important and which are secondary is the main
problem of abstraction. This issue is solved in each
specific case, first of all, depending on the nature of the
studied subject, as well as specific tasks of the
research.
Generalization is the process of determining the
general properties and characteristics of an object,
which is closely related to abstraction. In this case, any
general (abstract-general) or important (specific
general, law) signs can be distinguished.
Induction - mental movement from individual
(experience, fact) to general (summarizing them and
drawing a conclusion);
Deduction is the rise of the cognitive process from the
general to the individual. Induction and deduction are
interconnected and complement each other. Since
experience is always infinite and imperfect, inductive
conclusions are always problematic (probabilistic).
Inductive generalizations are generally considered
empirically known truths (empirical laws).
Types of inductive generalization include mass
induction, incomplete induction, complete induction,
scientific induction, and mathematical induction.
Logically, inductive methods of determining causal
relationships - laws of induction (Bacon-Mill rules of
inductive research) differ. These include the unique
similarity, unique difference, similarity and difference,
dependent variable methods, and the method of
residuals.Deduksiyaning
o‘ziga
xos
xususiyati
shundaki, tadqiqotchi deduksiya vositasida bir sinf, bir
jins, bir guruh narsa yoki hodisa to‘g‘risidagi umumiy
bilimlardan ularning har biri haqida alohida bilimlarni
hosil qiladi. Insonning bilish tajribasidan shu narsa
ma’lumki, agar biron xususiyat bir toifa yoki bi
r jinsdagi
hamma narsa yoki hodisalarga xos bo‘lsa, bu xususiyat
shu toifa yoki jinsga oid har bir narsa yoki qodisaga ham
xos bo‘ladi.
Analogy (compatibility, similarity) - identification of
similarities in some aspects, properties and relations of
dissimilar objects. Based on the identified similarity, a
conclusion is drawn on the relevant analogy.
Modeling is a method of indirect study of existence. It
is to reproduce the properties of an object in another
object specially designed for their study. Modeling is
based on the similarity and compatibility between the
object under study and its model. This method
facilitates the process of scientific research, in cases
where direct research of the location of the object is
impossible, expensive, and time-consuming, a model is
needed.
Also, we should not forget that the effectiveness of the
hypothetico-deductive method in scientific knowledge
is based on the cooperation of general methods of
knowledge.
Observation is a direct form of knowledge. New
information is received through the senses. While
observing, the object or event being observed is not
actively affected.
An experiment is a method of research in which the
object under investigation can be changed as
necessary, in any case, it is influenced to a certain
extent. The experiment requires certain conditions. If
such conditions do not exist, and this experiment is
"done", it is called a "thought experiment".
Volume 03 Issue 08-2023
39
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
ISSUE
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P
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:
34-39
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
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(2022:
5.
705
)
(2023:
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)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
Elements of a scientific experiment: getting rid of
interfering factors, artificially realizing the desired
phenomenon, observing and documenting with the
help of appropriate tools.
The role of equipment in observation and scientific
experiments
is
increasing.
Measuring
the
characteristics of natural phenomena is part of the
cognitive function of the instrument to help the
sensory organs performing their tasks, to create the
necessary conditions for the pure examination of the
object. The performance of this task is based on the
effect of the object on the device. At the same time,
the effect of the device on the object is taken into
account, especially in modern scientific research.
Theory is the thinking part of knowing. Theory can be
compared with practice on the one hand, and
hypothesis on the other. Theory begins with practice,
that is, it is based on practical life and experience. The
results of the experiment are directly or indirectly
involved in the theory as an element. A theory is a
practice embodied in the minds of people.
Conclusion (Zakluchenie/Conclusion). In conclusion,
the hypothetical-deductive method is an approach that
helps to understand the essence of things and events,
deeply analyze social relations and find truths based on
this, and develops analytical and logical thinking in the
learner.
Thinking is the highest form of human mental activity,
mental intelligence, conscious movement, and the tool
for knowing the environment, social environment, and
reality, as well as the main condition for the rational
implementation of a wide range of human activities.
Analytical thinking is the art of analytical thinking, the
ability to come to a detailed, clear, deep, deep,
meaningful, solid conclusion about a problem, issue,
information, event. A person with an analytical mind
carefully studies the object under analysis in every way:
divides complex information into parts, thinks
seriously about every word, sentence, detail, thing,
logically connects the parts, comes to an acceptable
conclusion and makes the necessary makes decisions.
Therefore, if attention is paid to the existence of
conflicts between different views, approaches, and
concepts in the development of this analytical thinking,
it will be possible to develop critical thinking in the
student.
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