Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
105
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
105-110
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
ABSTRACT
A historical development is periodized from the point of view of historical science, so far the issues of transformation
of ideological processes in the historical development of the Uzbek folk and their periodization have not been
researched. This article aims to describe the results of scientific researches carried out in this direction.
KEYWORDS
Idea, ideology, transformation, Zoroastrianism, Shamanism, Monism, Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, national idea,
communist ideology, petroglyph.
INTRODUCTION
A historical development shows that sometimes
ideologies have ensured stable development, while in
other cases they have led development to a "dead
end", stagnated or caused deep crises. So, what
ideological processes took place in the historical
development of the Uzbek folk? What force unites the
Uzbek people in these events? If there is a national
idea, what form and content did it have in what
periods?
The relevance of the tasks set in this article is that:
•
When did the formation of ideological
processes in the historical development of the
Uzbek folk start?
•
Whether the transformation of ideological
processes
related
to
the
historical
development of our nation and their
periodization has been researched?
Research Article
THE ISSUE OF IDEOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND THEIR PERIODIZATION
Submission Date:
January 20, 2023,
Accepted Date:
January 25, 2023,
Published Date:
January 30, 2023
Crossref doi:
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijp/Volume03Issue01-18
Mamatkulov Davlatjon Makhamatkulovich
Dosent Of The Department Of "Educational-Psychological Provision Of Service Activities" Doctor Of Philisophy
(Phd) In Pedagogical Sciences Of The University Of Public Security Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Journal
Website:
https://theusajournals.
com/index.php/ijp
Copyright:
Original
content from this work
may be used under the
terms of the creative
commons
attributes
4.0 licence.
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
106
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
105-110
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
•
What general features of the national thought
have been preserved in the processes of
ideological transformation up to the present
time?
In that scientific analysis is carried out to find answers
to such questions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The transformation of ideological processes and their
periodization in the development of the Uzbek people
is closely related to the science of history. At this point,
it is impossible not to turn to the science of history,
including the approaches of historians to the
periodization of the history of our country.
Today, in current history manuals [4], the history of
Uzbekistan is periodized as follows:
1)
Ancient period - from the best period to the
4th century;
2)
History of the Middle Ages from 4th to 16th
centuries;
3)
The period of the Khans - from the 16th century
to the middle of the 19th century;
4)
The period of Russian invasion - from the
middle of the 19th century to 1917;
5)
Soviet period
–
from 1917 to 1991;
6)
The period of independence
–
from 1991 until
now.
All this periodic approach cannot be called absolute.
Because it is now known that some historical scientists
are raising the issues of improving the current
periodization in their research work.
The periodization proposed by academician A. Askarov
among such historians is noteworthy, in which the
author indicates the following seven main periods in
the history of Uzbekistan:
1)
Primitive swarm period (1 million - 40 thousand
years);
2)
The period of formation of the primitive
breeding
community
and
property
ownership(From 40 thousand years to 4th
centuries AD)
3)
Early Middle Ages (from the 5th century to the
end of the 8th century);
4)
The period of the Middle Ages (from the
middle of the 9th century to the first half of the
19th century);
5)
Period of colonialism and national renaissance
(from the middle of the 19th century, from the
time of the invasion of Tsarist Russia to the
October coup country of 1917);
6)
Soviet period (1917-1991years);
7)
The period of national independence,
achieving independence and building a
democratic-civil society [2].
It should be noted that the current and newly
proposed approaches to the periodization of the
history of Uzbekistan are certainly developed within
the requirements of the science of history and have
their own scientific and methodological foundations.
Leaving the assessment of these approaches to
historians, we must say that these periodizations do
not correspond to the problem of the transformation
of ideological processes in the development of the
Uzbek people and their periodization, which is raised in
the article. The main reason for this is that the science
of history focuses on starting from the earliest times of
the beginning of mankind. In this matter, the lack of a
spiritual source for the science of history is not an issue;
the existence of material sources is considered
sufficient for this issue. As for the issue raised in the
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
107
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
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2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
105-110
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
article, it is impossible to insist on the same approach
as the science of history. Because, if the material
sources are enough to determine the first stage of
periodization in the science of history, the sources that
acquire certain ideological and spiritual significance are
taken into account in the periodization of ideological
processes.
It should be noted that identifying the transformation
of ideological processes in the historical development
of our nation and their periodization is a scientific
problem that has not been researched to date and is
currently facing our science and waiting for its solution.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The issue of determining the transformation of
ideological processes in the development of the Uzbek
people and its periodization is, first of all, "To what
periods do historical sources of spiritual and
ideological importance in the history of Uzbekistan go
back?" requires finding an answer to the question. This
answer allows determining the period of formation of
the first ideas existing in our country. The carried out
research showed that the period of formation of the
first ideas in the territory of our country goes back to
the Teshiktash cave located in the Surkhandarya
region. This settlement is a world-famous monument
of the Middle Paleolithic culture of 100-40 thousand
years BC. When this place was first explored by the
Russian scientist A.P. Okladnikov in 1938-39, the bone
remains of a Neanderthal child around 8-9 years old
were found. The importance of this find for our
research is that "around the place where the child was
buried, several pairs of horns of a mountain goat were
lying, burying the deceased in the grave with various
objects indicates the beginning of early religious
ideas”[1].This foundation, which goes back to 100
-40
thousand years BC, shows that the first religious beliefs
appeared, and these simple religious ideas, in turn,
started the first ideological processes in the territory of
our country. In addition, there is another basis related
to ideological processes in the territory of our country,
which is petroglyphs, that is, rock paintings. The oldest
rock paintings on the territory of Uzbekistan belong to
the Mesolithic period, i.e. 12-7 thousand years BC, and
were found in 1912 in the Zarautsoy gorge, located 100-
110 kilometers north-west of Termiz [6].
In 2001, 25 kilometers north-west of the city of Kitab in
the neighboring region, on the slopes of the Zarafshan
system, Siypantash rock paintings were also
discovered, which are approximately Mesolithic (12-7
thousand years BC) and Neolithic (6-4 thousand years
BC) belongs to the periods. Mineral paint - ocher, liver,
red and white geometric paintings, symbolic image of
the sun, wild bull and female finger prints, in general,
became the basis for the assumption that the paintings
of Siypantash reflect heavenly belief [3; p. 68]. In
addition to Zarautsoy and Siypantosh, such rock
paintings can also be found in Sarmishsoy, Bironsoy
and Ilonsoy regions of our country. These scientific
evidences make it possible to determine the period in
which the first ideas were formed in the history of the
Uzbek people.
In our opinion, it is possible to define the period when
the above foundations were formed in the
development of our nation as "the period of the
emergence of the first ideological-ideological
processes (100-1000 BC)".
It should be noted that "In Central Asia, there is not
much information about the beliefs of the Paleolithic
period. Therefore, the literature often talks about
totemism, animism, fetishism, and magic that arose in
the Late Paleolithic" [3; p. 67]. The record of the
formation of the above primitive ideologies in these
periods in historical sources indicates that we did not
make a mistake in defining the period from 100 to 1000
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
108
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
–
2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
105-110
SJIF
I
MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
BC as "the period of the emergence of the first
ideological-ideological processes".
ANALYSIS AND RESULTS
By the 1st millennium BC, the first transformation of
ideological processes took place in the development of
our nation. During this period, Zoroastrian religion
began to take shape in place of mythological views.
Indeed, during this period, Zoroastrianism made a
radical ideological turn, destroyed the social level of
spontaneous, simple mythological views before it, and
implemented the transformation of ideas in social life
as the first professional ideology in the history of
Uzbekistan. Scientific analyzes related to the religion
of Zoroastrianism show that the second period of the
evolution of ideological processes in the development
of the Uzbek people can be defined as "the period of
formation of the national character and national idea
(the beginning of the 1st millennium BC - until the 8th
century AD)". It should be noted that although
Zoroastrianism played an active role in ideological
processes in the development of the Uzbek people, it
must be said that other ideologies, such as Shamonism
(Blue God), Christianity, Buddhism and Monism, were
also present in this process. In particular, as a result of
the expansion of the territories of the Kushan state
(1st-3rd centuries AD) to the Indian oasis, the ideas of
Buddhism entered the ideological life of our people.
This religion, along with Zoroastrianism, was preserved
in Central Asia until the 8th century AD [3; p. 279].
Therefore, the analysis of the above scientific materials
gives us the basis to conclude that, despite the very
complex ideological processes, Zoroastrianism played
the role of a religion and the main ideology in the life of
our people until the beginning of the 8th century AD,
and this continued until the introduction of Islam. On
the other hand, this conclusion helps to determine the
third period of ideological processes in the
development of the Uzbek people.
In our opinion, the third period of ideological processes
in the development of the Uzbek people is "the period
of introduction and development of Islamic doctrine
and ideology", which includes the period from the
beginning of the 8th century to the middle of the 19th
century.
The introduction of the Islamic religion and ideology
into our country is very different from the introduction
of ideas about the gods of the Hellenistic universe or
Buddhist ideas into the Zoroastrian environment. The
difference is that this process was carried out in the
form of a revolution in the transformation of
ideologies. That is, according to him, the hegemonic
ideology, which occupies a deep place in the life of the
local people - the Zoroastrian Islamic ideology, has
been completely rejected. It should be noted that
Islamic ideology has been the most active and
influential ideological-ideological process in the
development of the Uzbek people. Due to this factor,
many external forces (for example, Mongol invasion
from 1219 AD to 50-60s of 14th century) occupied our
country politically and economically, but ideological
processes remained unchanged. Of course, the stable
sphere of Islamic ideas lasted for a long time, but from
the middle of the 19th century, external forces began
to influence this sphere as well.
It is known that the period from the middle of the 19th
century to 1991 is the period of colonialism in the
history of our country. This period is defined by
historians as "the period of Russian invasion - from the
middle of the 19th century to 1917" and "Soviet period
- 1917-1991" [5].
Based on this historical periodization and the
conclusions obtained on the basis of our scientific
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
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International Journal of Pedagogics
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VOLUME
03
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Pages:
105-110
SJIF
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FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
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1121105677
Publisher:
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Servi
research, we propose to designate the period from the
middle of the 19th century to the 1990s as the period
of "Colonialism, the penetration and domination of
communist ideology" as the fourth period of
ideological processes in the development of the Uzbek
people.
According to our author's approach, the fourth
ideological process in the development of our nation -
"The period of the introduction and domination of
colonialism, communist and atheistic ideology (from
the middle of the 19th century to the 1990s)" is taken
into account and expressed as a whole, but in fact this
period is: 1) We believe that it is appropriate to divide
into periods of latent (hidden) struggle against
colonialism and ideas of national development and 2)
open struggle of communist ideology against national,
religious and other progressive ideas.
The fifth period of periodization of ideological
processes in the development of the Uzbek people is
related to independence. Of course, historians also
consider this reality as a separate stage. They associate
it with the fundamental turning point in our national
history, changes in political, economic and social
relations, and we study this period in connection with
the abolition of the colonialist ideology in the spiritual
and ideological life of our people, and the reawakening
of the national idea with historical foundations. Taking
this into account, we suggest defining the fifth stage of
the ideological processes in the development of the
Uzbek people - the period from 1991 to the present - as
"Independence: the period of reawakening and
improvement of the national idea".
CONCLUSION
To conclude, in this article, the periods related to the
transformation of ideological processes in the
development of the Uzbek people were determined,
and the main task was to divide them into new
classification units.
As a result of the carried out research, a completely
new scientific conclusion on the issue of periodization
of ideological processes, which organizes information
on ideological processes in the development of the
Uzbek people, allows to systematize ideological
processes from the first ideological processes to the
present,
offers
a
scientific
conclusion
on
"Transformation of ideological processes in the
development of the Uzbek people and their periods"
done.
They are as follows:
1)
The period of emergence of the first
ideological-ideological processes (from 100 to
1000 BC);
2)
The period of formation of the national
character and the national idea (beginning of
the 1st millennium BC - up to the 8th century
AD);
3)
The period of introduction and development of
Islamic religion and ideology (from the
beginning of the 8th century to the middle of
the 19th century);
4)
The period of colonialism, communist and
atheistic ideology penetration and domination
(from the middle of the 19th century to the
1990s);
5)
Independence: the period of reawakening and
improvement of the national idea (from 1991 to
the present).
This periodization creates an opportunity to clearly
define the content of ideological processes of the
historical development of the Uzbek people in the
scientific research carried out by young researchers in
our country, the scientific research of the
Volume 03 Issue 01-2023
110
International Journal of Pedagogics
(ISSN
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2771-2281)
VOLUME
03
I
SSUE
01
Pages:
105-110
SJIF
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MPACT
FACTOR
(2021:
5.
705
)
(2022:
5.
705
)
OCLC
–
1121105677
Publisher:
Oscar Publishing Services
Servi
achievements and shortcomings, and through this, the
theoretical and practical activities related to the
further development of the national ideology.
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//
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