INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
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ENSURING THE STABLE OPERATION OF RAILWAY TRANSPORT AND ITS
FACILITIES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
N.P.Yuldasheva
Senior teacher of Tashkent State Transport University
M. M. Botirova
Senior teacher of Tashkent State Transport University
Abstract:
This article examines the issue of natural emergency situations that affect sectors of
the national economy and cause significant material damage. It discusses dangerous natural
phenomena and catastrophes, which are an inevitable part of our lives. Some of these are caused
by human economic activities. The article considers the risks associated with dangerous natural
phenomena and the potential emergencies they can trigger, which in some cases can be mitigated
through preventive measures such as constructing protective structures and special means to
safeguard people and nature, taking socio-economic factors into account.
Key words:
Geological hazards, earthquakes, human casualties, landslides, rockslides, floods,
flash floods, mudflows, torrential debris flows, heavy rainfall.
Anotation:
This article addresses the issue of natural emergencies. Affecting the sectors of the
economy causing great material damage. The article considers the issue of natural hazards and
catastrophes - which is an inevitable attribute of our lives. Some of them are caused by human
activities. The issue of the risk of natural hazards and related potential emergencies (ES) is
considered, in some cases it can be reduced as a result of such preventive measures as the
creation of structures and special means of protecting people and nature, taking into account their
socio-economic aspects
Key words
:Geological hazards, earthquakes, human casualties, landslides, mountain landslides,
floods, floods and mudflows, stormy mud or mud-stone stream, heavy rainfall, rains.
Natural emergencies include:
1.
Geological hazardous events:
а)
Earthquakes:
resulting in human casualties; destruction to varying degrees of industrial and
administrative buildings, technological equipment, power supply systems, transport
communications and infrastructure, social facilities and residential houses; and disruption of
production processes and people’s livelihoods.
Safety measures during earthquakes:
• In earthquakes it is forbidden to use elevators or light matches.
• If you feel tremors, you should quickly leave the building and stay away from walls, fences,
and poles.
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• Do not re-enter buildings, as aftershocks may occur.
• On the second and higher floors, stand in an entrance or balcony doorway, move away from
windows, and take a position in the corner formed by the load-bearing walls.
Landslides and rockslides:
events that have led or may lead to loss of life and require
temporary evacuation from dangerous zones or relocation of people to safe areas.
Landslide definition:
a landslide is the sliding movement of a mass of rock down a slope
under the influence of gravity. They occur when a slope’s equilibrium is disturbed, most often
along riverbanks and reservoirs. The main cause is saturation of clay soils by groundwater to a
plastic and viscous state, resulting in massive soil sliding down the slope together with any
buildings and structures on it.
Safety measures during landslides:
• Monitor the situation, including animal behavior and rainfall.
• At the first signs of a landslide, quickly evacuate people, animals, and valuables.
• During a landslide, do not enter buildings or approach structures; stay away from the area of
soil movement.
Figure 1.
Landslide causing significant material damage.
2.
Hydrometeorological hazardous events:
а)
Floods, high waters and mudflows:
causing loss of life; inundation of settlements and
individual industrial or agricultural facilities; destruction of infrastructure and transport
communications; disruption of production processes and people’s livelihoods; and requiring
emergency evacuation.
Flood definition:
significant inundation of land resulting from rising water levels in rivers,
lakes, or reservoirs due to heavy concentrated inflows from snow and glacier melt, prolonged
intense rainfall, ice jams, or dam failures. There is also inundation when water penetrates
basements of buildings through the sewage system or various channels and trenches [1].
Causes of floods include:
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• Heavy precipitation and rain;
• Rapid snowmelt;
• Formation of ice jams (ice floes in spring) or snow jams (loose snow, ice – in autumn);
• Failure of hydraulic structures;
• Earthquakes (which can cause giant waves – tsunamis);
• Strong onshore winds on sea coasts and in river mouths.
When there is a threat of flooding:
• Continuously listen to information and recommended actions.
• Move food, valuables, clothing, and footwear to the upper floors of buildings.
• Evacuate residents from the most dangerous areas.
• Drive livestock to higher ground.
• At the onset of flooding, first evacuate children from the inundation zone and provide urgent
assistance to people caught in the water.
Mudflow definition:
a mudflow is a powerful muddy or debris flow consisting of a
mixture of water and rock fragments, suddenly occurring in the basins of mountain rivers. (See
Figure 2.)
Figure 2.
A strong debris flow washing away roads and disrupting public transport.
Safety measures during mudflows:
• Upon receiving information, immediately evacuate beyond the boundaries of the mudflow-
affected zone.
• Try to move to higher ground of the surrounding terrain.
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b) For a person caught in a mudflow, provide assistance using all available means, gradually
guiding them along the flow’s movement toward its edge.
Snow avalanches, severe (storm) winds, heavy rains and other hydrometeorological
hazards:
which have led or may lead to injuries and fatalities among residents of settlements,
holiday resorts, health camps, tourists, and athletes.
Avalanches and storms:
characteristic of mountainous and foothill regions. Sometimes
they can last for several days.
Upon receiving warnings of avalanches or storms, one must:
• If possible, leave dangerous areas in advance.
• Stock up on water, food, and fuel.
• Keep radio broadcast systems, radios, and televisions turned on continuously.
• Prepare emergency lighting: flashlights, candles, kerosene lamps.
• Ensure reserves of fodder and water for animals.
• Try to insulate living spaces.
After the event:
• Participate in clearing roads and streets of snow drifts.
• At locations susceptible to avalanches, carefully monitor warning signs.
Figure 3.
Protective structures against landslides.
Dangerous natural phenomena and disasters are an inevitable part of our lives. Some of
them are caused by human activities [1–3]. The risk of dangerous natural events and related
emergencies (ES) can, in some cases, be reduced through preventive measures such as
constructing protective structures and special protective means for humans and nature, taking
socio-economic factors into account. This approach is known as the engineering-technical
approach and is widely practiced [2,3].
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Information plays a crucial role in reducing natural risk. Timely information about a threat
and the development of a hazardous phenomenon, and knowing how to act during a crisis, can
minimize risk. Risk is also kept to a minimum when population centers and hazard sites are
sufficiently spatially separated. Experience shows that natural threats can often be prevented or
even predicted, and their consequences minimized. This justifies investment in research on
various types of natural risks to take priority measures when planning activities aimed at risk
reduction [2].
There is no clear boundary between types of natural risk, because emergencies that occur
are almost always of mixed origin. For example, a flood can be considered both a geological
event (in terms of origin) and a hydrological and ecological event (in terms of consequences) [2].
To a large extent, the main components of risk that determine the scale of a natural disaster
depend on economic and social factors, availability of information, early protective measures,
and rapid response to overcome emergency consequences [2]. Risk is also exacerbated by rapid
expansion of human-developed territories and settlement in regions dangerous for human activity.
Currently, about half of the global population lives in coastal regions exposed to dangerous
natural phenomena.
For natural risk analysis, it is necessary to determine which types of risk such analysis
should cover [3–5]. Research indicates that in mountainous regions modern exogenous
processes—such as debris flows, landslides, rockfalls, avalanches, and glacial lake outbursts—
are widespread.
Of these catastrophic natural phenomena, debris flows resulting from the breach of glacial
and moraine-dammed lakes, as well as subglacial and supraglacial lakes, are particularly
destructive.
Floods caused by breaches of high-mountain lakes have enormous destructive power and
can cause significant damage: inundation of riverbank areas; destruction of houses, recreation
zones, and industrial facilities; washing away of roads and power lines; flooding or erosion of
agricultural land; livestock deaths; and human casualties.
In recent years, there has been an increase in the frequency and intensity of various
weather-climate anomalies—droughts, floods, hurricanes, debris flows, heavy rains, tornadoes,
and sudden temperature extremes both up and down—that significantly increases the risk of
dangerous situations near breach-prone lakes and raises the likelihood of the destruction of
natural dams (for example, the catastrophic high-water year of 1969 or the extremely warm year
of 1998 in the history of instrumental observations). Many researchers attribute this imbalance to
climate change factors. Such phenomena (sometimes called “resonance”) are typical of
destabilized systems and grow exponentially as destabilization progresses.
Dangerous hydrological events from these risks lead to significant economic losses, which
often cause problems related to human health and affect national economies. To increase
environmental safety—which is defined as the protection of the economy, population, and vital
human interests from the possible negative impact of dangerous hydrometeorological
phenomena—it is necessary to study and assess the potential consequences of these events [8].
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
ISSN: 3030-332X Impact factor: 8,293
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The above aspects of the breach-prone lakes problem determine the need for regular
monitoring of their condition. Monitoring of breach-prone lakes is conducted in accordance with
the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan “On measures to prevent
emergencies associated with flood, mudflow, avalanche and landslide phenomena, and the
elimination of their consequences” No. 585 of 19 February 2007, which defines the tasks of
involved ministries and agencies for organizing monitoring of dangerous natural and man-made
phenomena and addressing their consequences.
Analysis of past research and work in this area has shown that existing infrastructure and
modern computer technologies make it possible to reduce damage from the catastrophic
consequences of mountain lake breaches. Modern monitoring methods that provide the most
accurate and reliable information on the state of breach-prone lakes (satellite images, remote
sensing data, etc.) are especially important if lakes are located in neighboring countries and their
breach threatens Uzbekistan [8].
Accumulated information and the large volume of work required to maintain the
monitoring system—and their associated costs—suggest seeking new approaches to the task of
monitoring mountain lakes in order to assess potential risk and damage in the event of a breach.
Having this information at hand allows us to prevent the consequences of accidents and the
disruption of vehicle traffic and railway operations. Timely information about natural disasters
helps protect against emergencies and catastrophes and mitigate the risks of natural events that
impact the economy and transportation sectors.
References:
1. P.A. Makkambaev, R.S. Razikov, Emergency Situations and Civil Defense in Railway
Transport, TashGIT, Tashkent, 2018.
2. L.N. Karlin, A.A. Muzalevsky, Problems of Reducing Natural Hazards and Risks, Proc. Intl.
Sci.-Pract. Conf. “GEORISK–2012”, Vol. II, RUDN University, Moscow & Russian State
Hydrometeorological University, St. Petersburg, 2012.
3. P.A. Vaganov, Man. Risk. Safety., SPb.: SPbSU Press, 2002. (159 pp.)
4. Yu.L. Vorobyev, Fundamentals of Forming and Implementing State Policy in the Field of
Reducing Emergency Risks, Moscow: Delovoy Express, 2000. (247 pp.)
5. A.A. Grigoriev, K.Ya. Kondratyev, Ecodynamics and Geopolitics, Vol. 2: Ecological
Catastrophes, St. Petersburg, 2001.
(687 pp.)
6. A.A. Muzalevsky, E.A. Yayli, “Managing Safe Functioning of Complex Systems under
Emergencies Using Risk Tools,” Life Safety Bulletin, no. 7, 2006, pp. 33–39.
7. A.A. Muzalevsky, E.A. Yayli, Risk: Analysis, Assessment, Management, RSUH Scientific
Edition, St. Petersburg, 2008. (232 pp.)
8. I. Dergachova, System for Monitoring Breach-Prone Lakes of Uzbekistan Based on GIS
Technologies, Research Institute of Hydrometeorology, Tashkent, 2018.
