INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
ISSN: 3030-332X Impact factor: 8,293
Volume 12, issue 1, June 2025
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151
ONKOLOGIK KASALLIKLARDA GENETIK BIOMARKERLARGA ASOSLANGAN
MAQSADLI DORI VOSITALARINING TAHLILI VA ISTIQBOLLARI
Turayeva G
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi Tibbiy va biologik kimyo kafedra assistenti
Otabekova F.O.
Toshkent tibbiyot akademiyasi 2-davolash fakulteti 1 -bosqich talabasi
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada onkologik kasalliklarda genetik biomarkerlarga asoslangan
maqsadli dori vositalarining ahamiyati, zamonaviy yondashuvlari va istiqbollari tahlil qilingan.
An’anaviy kimyoterapiya usullaridan farqli o‘laroq, maqsadli terapiya hujayra darajasidagi
aniqlikka ega bo‘lib, bemorga individual yondashuv imkonini beradi. Bu usul dorilarning
samaradorligini oshiradi va nojo‘ya ta’sirlarni kamaytiradi. Shuningdek, maqolada hozirgi
vaqtda keng qo‘llanilayotgan ba’zi maqsadli preparatlar haqida ham ma’lumotlar keltirilgan.
Kalit so’zlar.
genetik biomarkerlar, Trastuzumab, Erlotinib, Vemurafenib, HER2, EGFR,
KRAS, BRAF, ALK, personalizatsiyalangan terapiya.
Abstract.
This article analyzes the importance, modern approaches, and prospects of targeted
drug therapies based on genetic biomarkers in oncological diseases. Unlike traditional
chemotherapy methods, targeted therapy offers precision at the cellular level and enables an
individualized approach for each patient. This method increases the effectiveness of treatment
while reducing adverse side effects. The article also provides information about some widely
used targeted drugs, such as Trastuzumab, Erlotinib, and Vemurafenib. Personalized therapy
based on genetic biomarkers such as HER2, EGFR, KRAS, BRAF, and ALK represents a new
era in oncology.
Keywords
. genetic biomarkers, Trastuzumab, Erlotinib, Vemurafenib, HER2, EGFR, KRAS,
BRAF, ALK, personalized therapy, targeted treatment, oncology
Kirish.
Saraton kasalligi bugungi kunda global miqyosdagi eng jiddiy sog‘liq muammolaridan
biri bo‘lib kelmoqda. Jahon sog‘liqni saqlash tashkilotining ma’lumotlariga ko‘ra, har yili
taxminan 19,3 million odamda yangi saraton holatlari aniqlanadi va 2030 yilga borib bu raqam
24 milliondan oshishi kutilmoqda. Shu bilan birga, 2020 yilda taxminan 10 million odam
saratondan vafot etgan, bu butun o‘lim holatlarining taxminan 1/6 qismini tashkil qiladi.
Shunga qaramasdan ushbu kasallikni davolash usullari ham jadal rivojlanmoqda. An’anaviy
kimyoterapiya usullari ko‘plab hollarda o‘z samarasini berayotgan bo‘lsa-da, ularda nojo‘ya
ta’sirlar soni ko‘p va bemorning hayot sifatiga jiddiy ta’sir ko‘rsatadi.
Bugungi kunda onkologik kasalliklarni davolashda yangi yondashuv — genetik biomarkerlarga
asoslangan maqsadli terapiya keng e’tiborni tortmoqda. Bu usul yordamida saraton
hujayralarining molekulyar xususiyatlari aniqlanib, faqat o‘sha hujayralarni nishonga oluvchi
dori tanlanadi. Avvallari saraton kasalligi bo‘lgan odamlar bir xil davolanar edi — hammasiga
bir xil kimyoterapiya, bir xil doza. Bu usul ko‘pchilikka yordam bergan, lekin hamma odamda
ham ishlamagan. Chunki har bir insonning organizmi, ayniqsa DNKsi — ya’ni genetik kodi —
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
ISSN: 3030-332X Impact factor: 8,293
Volume 12, issue 1, June 2025
https://wordlyknowledge.uz/index.php/IJSR
worldly knowledge
Index:
google scholar, research gate, research bib, zenodo, open aire.
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=ru&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=wosjournals.com&btnG
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Worldly-Knowledge
https://journalseeker.researchbib.com/view/issn/3030-332X
152
o‘ziga xos bo‘ladi. Aynan shu farq dori ta’sirini belgilab beradi. Shu yerda “genetik
biomarkerlar” degan tushuncha kirib keladi. Biomarkerlar bu — saraton hujayralarida yoki
bemorning DNKsi, RNKsi, oqsillari ichida aniqlanadigan aniq belgilar, boshqacha qilib
aytganda organizmdagi biologik jarayonlarning ko‘rsatkichlaridir. Ular genetik (DNK, RNK),
oqsillik yoki metabolik o‘zgarishlar orqali aniqlanadi. Saraton kasalliklarida ba’zi genlar yoki
oqsillar me’yordan ortiqcha ifodalanadi yoki mutatsiyaga uchraydi. Masalan: HER2 — ko‘krak
bezi saratonida ko‘p uchraydi; EGFR — o‘pka saratonida ahamiyatli; KRAS, BRAF, ALK —
ichki a’zolardagi saratonlarda muhim o‘rin tutadi. Agar biz bemorda HER2 yuqori darajada
ekanini bilsak, unda aynan HER2 ni nishonga oladigan dori masalan, trastuzumab (Herceptin)
beramiz. Bu dori sog‘lom hujayralarga zarar yetkazmasdan, faqat saraton hujayralarini “topib
yo‘q qiladi”. Bu — maqsadli terapiya deyiladi. Bugungi kunda bir nechta yuqori samarali
maqsadli preparatlar ishlab chiqilgan va amaliyotda keng qo‘llanilmoqda. Masalan:
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) — HER2 ijobiy ko‘krak bezi saratoni uchun, Erlotinib — EGFR
mutatsiyasiga ega o‘pka saratoni uchun, Vemurafenib — BRAF mutatsiyasi mavjud teri
melanomasi uchun foydalaniladi. Bu dori vositalari yuqori aniqlikka ega bo‘lib, davolash
jarayonini individuallashtirish imkonini beradi. Maqsadli terapiya yuqori samaradorlikka ega,
nojo‘ya ta’sirlari esa nisbatan kamroq. Shuningdek, bemorning genetik xususiyatlariga
moslashtirish imkoniyati mavjud va kasallikni erta aniqlash hamda kuzatib borish uchun qulay.
Kelajakda ushbu yo‘nalishda genom tahliliga asoslangan dori ishlab chiqish, AI yordamida
molekulyar modellashtirish, hamda personalizatsiyalangan terapiya kengroq rivojlanadi.
Tadqiqotlar shuni ko‘rsatadiki, genetik biomarkerlarga asoslangan maqsadli davolash saratonni
davolash samaradorligini 15–30% ga oshiradi, demak, saraton tufayli o‘lim holatlarining
kamida 15–30 foizini oldini olish mumkin. Bu degani, har yili 1,5-3 million odam hayotini
saqlab qolish mumkin. Lekin, O‘zbekiston kabi davlatlarda bu yondashuvlar hali keng joriy
qilinmagan, biroq bu sohadagi istiqbollari juda katta.
Xulosa.
Genetik biomarkerlarga asoslangan maqsadli terapiya — bu faqatgina yangi davolash
usuli emas, balki bemorga individual yondashuvni ta’minlovchi inqilobiy yondashuvdir. Ushbu
usul orqali nafaqat saraton hujayralari nishonga olinadi, balki davolash jarayonida bemorning
hayot sifati saqlanadi. Tibbiy kimyo fanining kelajagi ham aynan shu yo‘nalishda — genetikani
chuqur o‘rganish va unga mos dori ishlab chiqishda mujassam.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar:
1. Sawyers, C. L. (2004). Targeted cancer therapy. Nature, 432(7015), 294–297.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03095
2. Collins, F. S., & Varmus, H. (2015). A new initiative on precision medicine. New England
Journal of Medicine, 372(9), 793–795. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1500523
3. World Health Organization (WHO). (2022). Cancer fact sheet. Retrieved from
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer
4. National Cancer Institute. (2023). Targeted Cancer Therapies. Retrieved from
https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/targeted-therapies
5. Dienstmann, R., Rodon, J., Barretina, J., & Tabernero, J. (2013). Genomic medicine
frontier in human solid tumors: prospects and challenges. Journal of Clinical Oncology,
31(15), 1874–1884. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2012.45.6221
