INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
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Khamroev Kamoliddin Shahobiddinovich
associate professor of Chemistry Department of Navoi State University
Tursuntosheva Mohigul Hikmatullayevna
Navoi State University chemistry department teacher
Khusanov Sultanbek Yusup o’gli
Navoi State University chemistry department teacher
Hakimova Shakhida Sheraliyevna
Navoi State University Master of natural and Exact Sciences teaching methodology (chemistry
Mirzoyeva Asal Mehriddin qizi
Navoi State University chemistry course student
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY I AM STUDYING THE
SECONDARY OF UNSATURATED ALCOHOL LARVA
Annotatsiya:
Sanoat, deb xom ashyo, material, yoqilgʻi, energiya va boshqa mahsulotlar ishlab
chiqaruvchi yoki aholiga xizmat koʻrsatuvchi korxonalar (zavod, fabrika, kon, shaxta, elektr
stansiya, ferma va hk) majmuasiga aytiladi. Sanoat xalq xoʻjaligining muhim sohasidir.
Annotation:
industry, that is, refers to a complex of enterprises that produce raw materials,
materials, fuels, energy and other products or serve the population (factory, factory, mine, mine,
power plant, farm, etc.). Industry is an important sector of the national economy.
Kalit so’zlar:
Organik kimyo, to'yinmagan spirtlar, ikkilamchi aminlar, uglerod birikmalari,
sintez, tabiiy moddalar, kimyogarlar, nazariyalar, tushunchalar.
Keywords:
Organic Chemistry, unsaturated alcohols, secondary amines, carbon compounds,
synthesis, natural substances, chemists, theories, concepts.
Introduction
Industry, Industry – the leading branch of the people's Republic that has a decisive
influence on the level of development of the productive forces of society; the production of
Labor weapons and other products for the industry itself and for other sectors of the national
economy, as well as a set of enterprises (factories, factories, power plants, mines, etc.) occupied
with processing and processing Industry forms the basis of expanded reproduction and promotes
industrial growth. According to the classification adopted in the 80s of the 20th century, the
industry is divided into 18 large-scale industries: electroenergetics; fuel industry; ferrous
metallurgy; non-ferrous metallurgy; chemical and petrochemical industries; mechanical
engineering and metalworking; forest, wood processing and cellulosic Industries; Construction
Materials Industry; construction structures and details industry; window and carnifayans industry;
Light S; food industry; microbiology industry; ; polygraph industry Bo industries are also
grouped in turn – into Processing Industries and extractive industries.
In unsaturated alcohols, the hydroxyl group may be associated with a double-bond carbon atom
or with a single-bond carbon atom only. An example of the first type of alcohol is Ch2 = CH -
OH vinyl alcohol, while the second includes allyl alcohol CH2 = CH - CH2OH. However,
unsaturated alcohols of the first type are only available in rare cases. Typically, in reactions
where such alcohols can form, saturated aldehydes and their isomeric ketones are taken in their
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place. For example, acetaldehyde and acetone are obtained instead of the corresponding alcohols
when vinyl bromide Ch2 = CHBr or isopropenyl chloride CH3 - CCl = CH2 is heated with water:
The double bond and hydroxyl are located at the same carbon atom (A.P. Eltekov's rule) is easily
understandable when we consider the instability of the state, from an energetic point of view. For
example, when comparing Ch2 = CH - OH vinyl alcohol to acetaldehyde CH3 - CH = O, we see
that the difference between these compounds is reduced to the difference between the groups:
On the transition from the first to the second, the O - H bond and one C - C π bond are severed;
instead, a new C - H bond is formed and a second bond is formed between C and O. The
calculation shows that 104.7 + 61.2 = 165.9 kcal / mol was spent and 98.7 + 89.1 = 187.8 kcal /.
the mole releases energy. Thus, the conversion of such alcohol (enol) to a carbonyl compound
(aldehyde or ketone) is associated with a decrease in energy by 187.8-165.9 = 21.9 kcal / mol.
Since the rate of conversion to aldehydes and ketones was infinitely high for a long time, it was
the dates that alcohols that were not saturated with the double-bond hydroxyl could not exist
freely at all. However, Greenyar (1931) showed that the conversion rate of yenol to ketone in the
absence of catalysts - mineral acids and alkalis-would be relatively low.[9] he obtained the
alcohols themselves by soaping the acetic esters of such alcohols in boiling water, which he
synthesized by acting on mixed magnesium alcohols with acetylchloride or acetic anhydride:
Even in the presence of traces of mineral acids or alkalis, the rate of conversion of such
unsaturated alcohols to aldehydes and ketones is really very high, and for the simplest alcohols
of this type, a complete change is observed.
On the contrary, the esters of this type of unsaturated alcohol are stable substances. Esters can be
prepared in a variety of ways, such as heating acetals with phosphorus anhydride to remove an
alcohol molecule from the composition. In such a way, vinyl ethyl ether is obtained from
acetaldehyde Diethyl Acetal (tq. Liquid up to 35.5 ° C).:
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Vinyl ethers can also be obtained by exposure to acetylene to alcohols in the presence of acid
catalysts:
However, in the case of excess alcohols, the reaction usually proceeds and acetals are formed
instead of ether:
Even easier, vinyl ethers are obtained from acetylene and alcohols under low pressure in the
presence of solid potassium hydroxide (A. E. Favorsky, M. F. Shostakovsky). This method was
so simple that it allowed a large number of Ch2 = CH - or ethers to be obtained, Where R is the
various radicals of the aliphatic and aromatic series.
Vinyl ethers are easily soapy.
Divinyl thioephyr or sulfur - containing Divinyl, CH2 = CH - s-CH = CH2 is found in nature in
the essential oil component of one of the species of allium ursinum onion. Under the action of
silver oxide, this substance replaces sulfur with oxygen and produces Divinyl ether CH2 = CH -
O - CH = CH2. The substance was also derived from the action of alkalis on β, β'-dichlorodiethyl
ether (CH2Cl - CH2)2o. Divinyl ether is a cold substance. tq. 28.3 ° C and relative density d420
= 0.773.
Vinegar is formed by the addition of acetic acid to acetylene under the action of vinyl ether or
catalysts such as vinyl acetate, mercury salts:
This substance is a liquid with a tear-White effect (tq 73 ° C), easily polymerized into
polyvinylacetate. From the soapy of acetyl groups, polyvinyl alcohol-a white amorphous
substance, insoluble in organic solvents is produced.
Sufficient completeness of the precipitation reaction increases the solubility of polyvinyl alcohol
in water, but with special treatment it can be ensured that it is partially or even completely
insoluble in water. Polyvinylacetates are widely used in technology (varnishes, adhesives,
emulsifiers, etc.).[11] water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol in the form of fiber in medicine (threads
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for self-absorbed surgical sutures after wound healing), high-strength fiber in the form of water-
insoluble (vinol, curalon, etc.) are used.
Complex esters of secondary alcohols with a hydroxyl group in the double bond, such as acetic
isopropenyl ether CH2 = C (CH3) —O - CO - CH3, are very robust compounds. Currently, there
are two good ways to get them: the effect of ketene on ketones under the action of mineral acids
and the effect of acetic anhydride on ketones in the presence of N-toluolsulphic acid as a catalyst:
Amines are compounds formed from the exchange of hydrogen atoms in ammonia for
organic radicals. Depending on how many hydrogen atoms in ammonia are exchanged for a
radical, they are called primary, secondary and, finally, tertiary amines. Amines are divided into
mono-amines, diamines, and three-amines, depending on the number of amino in the molecule.
They, like ammonia, exhibit base properties, but aromatic amines are much weaker than
ammonia, and aliphatic amines are stronger. Amines are usually obtained by resetting
nitrobiricates or by acting ammonia on halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons. The most
significant among them are aromatic amines. It was first described in 1842 by N. N. Zinin
synthesized. In 1849, Sh. Vyurs discovered aliphatic amines. Some of the amines are found
freely in nature in the manner of alkaloids, amino acids. They are used in the paint industry, in
obtaining plastics, in obtaining sulfonamide preparations, which are used a lot in medicine.
Secondary and tertiary amines are the strongest organic neutral amines widely used as
base catalysts in organic synthesis. Reactions that go with different electrophilic reagents.
Amines interact with a variety of electrophilic reagents as strong nucleophiles.
Ethanol is widely used in various areas of the national economy. It is a solvent and an
early raw material in the production of synthetic rubber in large quantities, loks, medicines, as
well as smelly m oddas. From it, acetic acid, diethylephyr, various M heart esters, dyes and other
substances are obtained. Ethanol is used in medicine as a disinfectant. Ethanol is also used to
make alcoholic beverages. But it should be borne in mind that ethanol is a toxic narcotic
substance. It is quickly absorbed into the blood and has a powerful effect on div organs.
Alcoholic beverages expose the nervous system ace (feeds nerve cells), digestive organs, heart,
blood vessels to severe diseases. Alcohol consumption of licks reduces human life expectancy,
causing great harm to members, especially in childhood and youth.
Ethylene glycol is a compound used in various tarm whites of the industry. It is used to
make "antifreezes", i.e., mixtures that freeze at low temperatures, as the mixture with water
lowers the freezing temperature of the water when resurrected. Antifreezes are used to cool the
engine of aircraft and cars. Currently, ethylene glycol is widely used in obtaining synthetic fiber
— lavsan and various plastics.
A derivative of glycerin, nitroglycerin (explosive), is used in the preparation of dynamite,
in the preparation of antifreezes, in kosm ethic (softens terine I), in the mining industry.
Nitroglycerin's One Percent Solution ace in alcohol is used as a medicine in heart disease (dilates
blood vessels). In the formation, glycerin is used in the preparation of grease oils and pastes.
Glycerin is also used in the sweetening of wine, liqueurs and lemonades in the food industry.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHERS
ISSN: 3030-332X Impact factor: 8,293
Volume 10, issue 1, February 2025
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References:
1. A.Abdusamatov "Organik kimyo" Toshkent "Talqin" 2005 yil.
2. Z.Sobirov"Organikkimyo"Toshkent"Aloqachi"2005yil.
3. Abdusamatov A., Mirzayev R., Ziyayev R. Organik kimyo – Toshkent: O’qituvchi, 2012 - B.
190 – 198
4. B. Umarov, // Organik kimyo, o’quv qo’llanma,Toshkent «IQTISODMOLIYA»2007
5. Eshmuxamedov M.A., Yodgorov N., Moʻminov Q., Abidov B., Muxiddinov X.X. Organik
birikmalarning sinflanishi va nomenklaturasi. -T.: TDTU. 2008.
