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THE NEED FOR TRANSPORTATION, ITS CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT
PROCESSES
Mirzaev Kahramon
Andijan state technical institute
Abstract:
This article reflects the need for transport and its satisfaction, the formation and
development of transport from the time of the formation of society. In particular, the stages of
creation and development of the first vehicle, its creators, technical problems and their solutions
are highlighted.
Key words:
Self-propelled carriage, self-propelled carriage, steam carriage, passenger crew,
steam distributor (zolotnik), gutta -percha tire, elastic tire, steam piston, internal combustion
engine, gas engine, gasoline engine, diesel engine.
Introduction. Transport, like other types of industry, serves as a branch of material production.
It does not produce products like other sectors of the national economy. The product of
transport is the transportation of passengers and cargo from one place to another.
Without the transportation of objects, devices, people, especially today, it is impossible to
perform any work productively and efficiently.
The need for freight transport arose at the earliest stages of human civilization. At the same
time, it should be noted that in the early stages of human thought, the need for transport was
minimal and existed only for personal needs.
In the 5th-6th millennia BC, water transport began to take shape as a means of hunting and
transport. The trees flowing from the rivers contributed to the construction of these dams. In
countries with developed animal husbandry, the idea of using tanned furs for transporting cargo
from rivers emerged.
With the advent of metal structures, the development of animal husbandry and agriculture, and
the exchange of various goods with neighbors, trade began to develop. Subsequently, the
seizure of land and property, and slavery flourished. As the number of tribes increased, slave-
owning countries emerged. As a result of armed conflicts and reparations, the need for water
and land transport arose and developed.
The ancient civilizations or countries known to us appeared in the ancient East, on the banks of
the Nile, Euphrates, Indus, Ganges, Yellow and Yangtze rivers and the Mediterranean Sea, in
ancient Rome. The need for powerful transport, primarily water transport, led to its
development.
For example, according to Herodotus, Egypt had a large river and navy for 700,000 soldiers
5,000 years before our era. Products of animal husbandry, crafts, and agriculture, building
materials for the construction of temples, fortresses, and dwellings, as well as stones weighing
up to 3 tons for the construction of pyramids and deities, were transported on ships across the
Nile River. Shipping, that is, water transport, developed so rapidly that a lighthouse was built
and installed on the island of Pharos in Alexandria at a height of 200 meters. The reflection of
the bonfire is reflected in a metal mirror. It is no coincidence that the lighthouse of Faros is
considered one of the 7 treasures.
Long before our era, giant ships for that time were built in Egypt. One of them was 93 meters
long and rowed with 200 oars. The ship could accommodate an armed army of 3,000 men.
Land transport played a large role in the development of human society. From ancient Latin, the
expression "Via est vita" (road is life) has reached us, which can be expressed as "Transport is a
holiday."
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The first carts appeared in Western Asia 5 thousand years before our era in steppe areas with
flat terrain, where it was easy to move.
In these carriages, as early as the 17th century, almost all elements of the car were encompassed:
the div, spring suspension, front axle pulley, brakes, tire-covered strong and light wheels,
front axle, and later - gutta-perched tires.
For many centuries, oxen, donkeys, and later horses and other large domestic animals were
used as ground-moving forces. But humanity has always been searching for a different source
of energy. [1]
However, there is insufficient information about the sails used on land.
In 1752, Leontiy Shamshurenkov, a Russian servant in the Nizhny Novgorod Governorate,
created the "self-driving carriage" ("samobeglaya kolyaska"). This cart was driven by two
people.
In 1971, Shamshurenko's compatriot Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (1735-1818) created a modern
design of the "self-propelled cart" of his time (Fig. 2). He used three wheels instead of four. The
steady speed of the cart was maintained by the flywheel under the frame. In addition, braking
devices with a specific portable gearbox and special springs were used [2]. The mechanism
used in the cart was able to make it move quickly up the hill and slowly down the hill. As
passengers, two people in an open div, and a third one, alternately pressing their feet on the
drive levers, set the wheels in motion. At the same time, he managed the movement of the crew.
In 1690, the French physicist Denis Papin created a steam engine consisting of a piston and a
cylinder called the "atomosphere." [3]
The principle of the invented steam engine was that water was poured under the piston at the
bottom of the cylinder and heated using a flame. The resulting steam lifted the piston upwards.
After this, the flame was ignited, and the piston was cooled with cold water and moved
downwards under atmospheric pressure. The duration of this cycle was one minute. The
inoperability of this machine has been proven.
Using Papin's idea, the English blacksmith Thomas Newcomen created a "water-casting
machine." Each time, instead of boiling the water under the piston, he connected the steam
boiler and cylinder with a tube. Initially, the steam from the boiler was transferred to the
cylinder, and then the cold water in the container compensated for the steam.
In 1763, Ivan Polzunkov first designed a steam engine at the Kolivanovo-Voskresensk
enterprise to drive an air furnace (mex). This machine consists of two Nyukmena-type steam-
atmospheric cylinders [4].
Built in May 1766 (Polzunov died before the machine was put into operation), it was forgotten
and neglected due to a malfunction in the same year.
The Newcomen machine was economically inefficient. However, in 1784, a mechanical
machine was improved by James Watt, a mechanic at the University of Glasgow, and became
the prototype of the world's universal mechanical engine. Watt added a condenser, a steam
distributor (zolotnik) to the engine, and the steam was supplied from both sides of the piston
[5,6].
He also introduced the unit of measurement "horsepower."
The first steam engine created a self-propelled transport unit of any power and independent of
weather conditions. This machine, adapted for rotational motion, has become the basis of all
types of transport.
Literatures
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Абдуллаев, У. С. (2023, Мaрч). ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ТРАДИЦИОННОГО
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НАСЕЛЕНИЯ
ФЕРГАНСКОЙ
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Интeрнaтиoнaл Eдуcaтoрс Coнфeрeнce (Вoл. 2, Нo. 3, пп. 14-20).
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