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ANTONYMIC PAIRS IN ART TERMINOLOGY AND THEIR SEMANTIC
GRADATION
Mohibegim Ne’matova
Teacher of Interfaculty Foreign Languages department,
Bukhara State University
Abstract.
This article analyzes graduonomyc series in synonyms, antonyms, homonyms as a from
of systematic relations between words. Based on the graduonomyc series, the article is divided
into two sections:
Section 1: Graduonymic lines in word groups.
Section 2: Graduonymic series with a generalizing scheme.
Key words.
Semantic meaning, gradation, systematic relations, word coincidence, systematic
nature of the language.
Introduction
. Graduonymic series are not generally distinguished in modern Uzbek language,
and this chapter can be tested as a first experiment in Uzbek linguistics. Therefore, we would like
to say in advance that, first of all, we never intend to give a complete list of graduonymic series in
Uzbek, and not only one maybe even 10-15 people are difficult to implement. Nevertheless, we
will try to open some juzey issues in this area.
Analysis
. Based on two properties of the graduonymic series, we will study this article in two
sections;
Section 1: Graduonymic lines in word groups.
Section 2: Graduonymic series with a generalizing scheme.
As we mentioned in chapter 1, the graduonymic relationship is a semantic relationship between
words, the meaning of which is close to each other and within separate meaning types of the word
group. Therefore, when counting graduonymic lines, it is observed to divide words into
meaningful categories (41).
For example, on the basis of increasing age
1. Lullaby \ baby \ baby \ child \ boy \ girl \ man \ woman \ old man \ old woman \ old man
Lullaby - …… old man
2. To grow - ……to grow old
3. To grow old
4. Qulun - ……strings of horses are created.
Of course, we can consider the graduonymic series that any symbol can form, because some
symbols can form hundreds of graduonymic series, such as: size, width, height, etc. In addition,
we can emphasize one more limitation. Therefore, we We will consider only one of the
polysemantic words, and if this word is the leading word of the word series, we will consider only
the graduonymic series in the first relation. Based on three of these five meanings, the word
"house" forms three graduonymic series.
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1. Ruins \ hut \ room \ room \ house \ yard \ palace \ palace \ house.
2. House \ house \ hall
3. House \ neighborhood \ daxa \ area
The word room does not have a case sign. Therefore, this word can easily be combined with large
and small determiners. But from the aspect of size, the room is part of the apartment with a yard.
and these words are vague in terms of size, but not small. The meaning of poverty is also
moderate for a room. That is why the combinations of a poor room and a luxurious room are often
used.
It can be concluded that the hut \ cell \ room forms a small chain.
The word "room" is connected with the word "house" in this line, in essence, the Tajik word
"room" is synonymous with the word "house". For example, we sat in a big room. the meaning of
expressing the whole is strong.
As mentioned, if the words on the left and right side of the line have a spiritual closeness to
each other, then the spiritual conflict between the words on the right and left side is closer due to
the closeness of meaning. To the right and to the left, the quality mark increases and decreases.
Antonomic relations are mainly built on the basis of poverty and conflict, and this conflict can
increase at this level. can be included in the graduonymic series. For example:
If you have a good home with your friend, you will be happy
If a friend does not take a step, the house is ruined.
In this example, it is clearly seen that the house is described by two opposite words, ruin and
castle. Although all three words have the meaning of residence, the meaning of the place of
residence is drowned in the meaning of the house, and the meanings of luxury and poverty are
darkened. On the other hand, the terms "ruin" and "castle" have weakened their predative sign and
strengthened their quality meaning. That is why the graduonymic series includes the word "ruin"
in part.
The same kind of spiritual contradiction can be seen in hundreds of nouns. We have listed many
of them in the dictionary. The examples given are enough to draw a conclusion about the
existence of gradational rows of similar nouns among different characters. But the contradictions
are not limited to specific nouns. Maybe it also occurs in the context of abstract nouns.
“Shodlik” graduonymic series
This graduonymic series includes 6 words.
Sevinch \ xursand \ quvonch \ shodlik \ surur \ farax
The words in this graduonymic series express the feeling of satisfaction, temporary
happiness, mood. It means the state of a person. The leading word of this series is happiness. For
example:
Sevinch - the feeling of joy, happiness. (DDofUL, P.442)
Xursand - to spend time happily, cheerfully, with fun, leisure. (DDofUL, P.340)
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Quvonch - to be satisfied with something, happiness, joy. (DDofUL, P.422)
Surur - a feeling of joy, happiness, happiness, joy. (DDofUL, P.88) This word is used more often
in sharia.
Farax - happiness, feelings of joy, happiness, happiness. (DDofUL, P.295)
The main difference between the members of the graduonymic series located to the left and right
of the main word shown above is the gradation of word meanings. and it increases. We can show
it in the diagram as follows.
“rising”
sevinch \ xursandchilik \ quvonch \ shodlik \ surur \ farax
“falling”
sevinch \ xursandchilik \ quvonch \ shodlik \ surur \ farax
In this line of words, it is not possible to notice the anatomical relationship between the two
extreme points. Therefore, it can be assumed that this line of words may be some kind of
disconnected piece of zajir. Because similar meanings are the original adjectives sad \ satisfied \
happy corrects the series so that this series includes all the features typical for graduonymic series.
Therefore, the series of graduonymic series like koinish \ khaftalik \ khftalik \ shodlik \ farakh
may be combined, and this may determine future research. But abstract nouns and verbs formed
from the presence of graduonymic series can clearly prove, because:
Cho`chimoq \ xadiksiramoq \ xafsiramoq \ qo`rqmoq \ xayiqmoq
In the features of the verb graduonymic series based on the sign of the sense of fear, it is possible
to grade the sign of fear.
Discussion.
Thus, it can be concluded that within abstract nouns, a series of gradations can be
distinguished.
Due to the fact that adjectives are the leading sign of meaning in the word group, almost
every original adjective takes place in a certain graduonymic series. and by S.Giyosov, as one of
the general schemes of original qualities, the symbol level scheme was separated and analyzed in
detail.
A good graduonymic series
This graduonymic series contains 5 words.
Overall positive review
Binoyi \ tuzuk \ durust \ yaxshi \ ajoyib
Since S.Giyosov has carefully analyzed the ranking of these words, we are content with
noting the existence of such a line. It was analyzed that the ranking line like chiroyli \ suluv \
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ko`rkam \ zebo \ go`zal is created on the basis of an external positive evaluation system. We
entered the words. This forms a complete line.
In our opinion, it would be possible to arrange these words as follows:
Yoqimtoy \ istarasi issiq \ quxlix \ chiroyli \ suluv \ ko`rkam
This series fully meets all the requirements for a graduonymic series. Because the level
scheme of the sign is mixed with stylistic schemes, and all these words are united around beautiful
words. Beware of moderate words. In the words on the left side, the sign increases, and in the
words on the left, it decreases.
Countable numbers themselves are a complete graduonymic system. The arrangement of ordinal
numbers and fractional numbers, which are made up of countable numbers, does not require
special research.
One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten...
First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh...
Ten, one hundred, two hundred, five hundred, thousand, ten, lakh.
Numerical words expressing quantity are part of the noun group, and words such as some, any
occupy a special place in the lexical word group and are considered in this lexical section.
The increase in the total numbers does not require comment.
The characteristic of the series of numbers in the graduonomic series structure is that the whole
essence of the number is the growth of quantitative gradation, so the graduonomic series
composed of numbers is one-way, and the leading word ( dominata ) in these series has its own
characteristics.
On the other hand, since numbers represent precise quantitative concepts, the quantitative
difference between adjacent words in a graduonymic series represented by numbers is as clear as
numbers. For example;
II, I2, I3, I4, I5, …… 30, 3I, 33, ….. 4I ( difference- I ( step) I 5/10, I,5, 2, 2.5 3 3.5 …..I0 5/10
(step 0.5) I0, I00, I000, I0000 (step ( difference) I0 times))
In any case, series of numbers are connected by graduonymic relations. But the occurrence of
graduonymy in them requires special study. Because here there are a number of problems that
reveal interesting phenomena to us. For example:
I-0, I-I0, 2-I0, 3-I0, 4-I0, 5-I0, 6-I0, 7-I0, 8-I0, 9-I0, (-I0)
mathematics has a rule of integration. According to the rule of integration
If we want to integrate 9.5, we can take both I0 and II. So, among the antonyms of I0, II, I0.5
occupies the position of the leading word. From I0.5, if we integrate to the left, it will be equal to
I0, we enter into a relationship of mutual synonymy. But I0.4; Integrating I0,6 gives I0 and II, that
is, the antonymic relationship is preserved.
So, the law of mutual relations of graduonymy, antonymy, and synonymy is also reflected here.
Therefore, it can be said that there are unique graduonymic series in the composition of numbers.
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Since there are many different words in the word groups of ravishes, the grammatical lines of
ravishes are also very different.
Studying the grammatical lines of adverb may reveal many things to us. We will limit
ourselves to counting a few graduonymic lines here.
1. Before \ now \ then
2. Yesterday \ today \ early
3. Near \ side \ far
4. A little \ little \ quite \a bit \ crazy
5. Many \ abundant \ much \ countless \ innumerable \ a lot \a number of
6. On purpose \ aimly \ purposefully
7. Immediately \ suddenly \ in crash
In conclusion, we can say that the ranking series for different meanings and groups of
adverbs are also characteristic.
Conclusion.
In the semantic classification of words, imitative words that in most cases deviate
from the quality of independent words, exclamations, graduonymic series in accordance with their
spiritual properties, the entire lexical system of the language with graduonymic relations is
captured.
Therefore, the expression of graduonymic relations in these words can be described in the
process of learning the occurrence of degrees in graduonymic meanings.
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