Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 30 ~
PRECIOUS STONE IN SOURCES NAMES AND THEIR LINGUISTIC
LANDSCAPE
Yusupova Dildora Yunusovna
Bukhara State University Department of Uzbek Linguistics and
Journalism Doctoral Student
Annotation:
There are precious and non-precious stones on earth and their names
in the language. In fact, the world of stones and their names acquire special beauty and
value in the linguistic landscape ofthe Universe. We observe that in the works of Hazrat
Mir Alisher Navoi, he effectively used the names oprecious stones as a means of
beautiful imagery.
Key words:
onomastics, chrematonyms, menerology, image tool, aesthetic value.
Аннотация:
На
земле
есть
драгоценные
и
недрагоценные
камни
и
их
названия
в
языке.
На
самом
деле,
мир
камней
и
их
названия
приобретают
особую
красоту
и
ценность
в
лингвистическом
ландшафте
Вселенной.
Мы
видим,
что
в
творчестве
Хазрата
Мир
Алишера
Навои
названия
драгоценных
камней
использовались
как
средство
красивой
образности.
Ключевые
слова:
ономастика,
хрематонимы,
менерология,
инструмент
изображения,
эстетическая
ценность.
There are vocabulary units that have passed through a long historical period in
our language, have emerged at different stages of language development, and are
related to the history of language, dialectology, ethnography, the history of the people,
and the socio-political and cultural relations between the peoples. These vocabulary
units include cosmonyms, ktematonyms, ideonyms, biblionyms, fictonyms,
chrononyms, chromatonyms, and chrematonyms.
Cosmonyms
are the study of proper nouns of celestial objects located in outer
space [Begmatov, 2013:3]. For example, the Sun, the Moon, Zukhra, Mirrix, Klientari,
and Zuhal. This topic has been discussed by Uzbek scholars such as Kh. Eshonkulov,
A. Primov, M. Jo Raev, and Z. Yunusova. For example, H. Eshonkulov defended his
PhD thesis on "Celestial Symbols in the Poetry of Alisher Navoi," and Z. Yunusova
conducted research on "The Composition and Development of the Lexical
Microsystem of the Uzbek Language (Based on the Lexical Group of Celestial
Lights)." Ktematonyms are a field of study that focuses on the names of rare weapons,
equipment, and objects that hold significance in the history and culture of a particular
nation. For instance, Chinese porcelain, such as the Chust knife.
Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 31 ~
Ideonyms
are the field that studies the outstanding names of historical works,
documents: the law on education, the Declaration of Independence, etc. Biblionims are
the name given to any artistic, scientific, religious, political work, i.e. the field that
studies the names. For example,
“the
days gone
by,”
“
the scorpion from the
altar,”
“starry
nights,”
“healing
of
generations,”
etc. Biblionims are essentially a type of
ideonyms. Fictonyms are the field of studying the names of works of art created by an
artist or creators. The painting
”stranger",
as well as the
painting”
The Madonna."
Chronicles (or chrononyms) study the names of historical times and epochs, such as
the Renaissance, the Third Renaissance, the Timurid Era, and so on.
Chromatonyms (or coloronyms) are a field that studies color names or the names
of colors. Chrematonyms are a fairly extensive field of study that focuses on specific
names associated with objects of material culture, such as weapons, musical
instruments, jewelry, precious stones, and dishes. Chrematonyms, which are the names
of inanimate objects, as well as the names of precious stones and minerals and jewelry,
play an important role in onomastics. Precious stones, which are an object of material
culture, are studied not only by mineralogists, geographers, and geologists, but also by
linguists. It is not an exaggeration to say that a precious stone, especially the names of
large diamonds, is a link in the science of onomastics that has certain traditions.
Experts have established that there are more than one hundred and fifty precious
and semi-precious stones in nature. In the past, stones with protective, lucky, and
wealth-bringing properties, as well as those that protect against diseases and have
healing effects, were widely used by the general population, and each of these stones
has its own unique history. Some stones are classified according to their origin
(sea
pearls, Ghazni marble
), size
(Kehinur diamond, Samoinur diamond, Columbo
diamond),
and sometimes their names as jewelry (
diamond-eyed ring, ruby-eyed
earring, pearl-eyed bead....)
is also placed..
In ancient times, precious stones were only divided by color. All red or reddish
stones were called
“rubies,”
green stones were called
“emeralds,”
and blue stones were
called
“jewels”
(a Persian word). All flint stones that emitted light were named after
“jewels.”
Later, stones were classified not only by color, but also by purity, rarity,
strength, and hardness. In fact, only four of them: diamond, ruby, emerald, and ore can
be called ore (an Arabic word meaning gemstone). Gemstones are special minerals that
are used to make valuable decorative items.
In ancient times, precious stones were only divided by color. All red or reddish
stones were called
“rubies,”
green stones were called
“emeralds,”
and blue stones were
called
“jewels”
(a Persian word). All flint stones that emitted light were named after
“jewels.”
Later, stones were classified not only by color, but also by purity, rarity,
strength, and hardness. In fact, only four of them: diamond, ruby, emerald, and ore can
be called ore (an Arabic word meaning precious stone). Precious stones are special
Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 32 ~
minerals that are used to make valuable decorative items. The works of our ancestors,
such as Mahmud Kashgari, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Ibn Sina, Al-Farabi, Alisher Navoi,
and Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, are literary sources that provide us with the most
necessary information about the various properties of precious stones.
Our most valuable comic work on Turkic languages is Devonu lugotit-Turk
(“Devon
of Turkic
words”)
by Mahmud Koshgari. This work records valuable
information about the Turkic clans and tribes inhabiting the territory of Central Asia
and Western China in the second half of the 11th century, their social status, language,
history, geography, metrology, and astronomy of the region, as well as precious stones
and material valuables. The work gives the name of precious and rare stones, such as
jishin, but, qosh
, etc., which means jishin is a flint stone. This work states that this
stone protects people from lightning strikes and long periods of thirst. On the other
hand, the precious stone Feruza is presented as the word idol. Pearl, pearl is quoted in
the style of
“jinja”..
The development of the field of mineralogy is directly related to the name of Abu
Rayhan Beruni.
Works”
Mineralogy“
and "Saidana", containing the information of the
great scientist about more than 300 types of minerals and their properties, color,
hardness, formed the basis for the development of this science. Beruni wrote this work
during his stay in India and Afghanistan and is a source providing the most reliable
information about the countries of Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe.
Information about the varieties, properties, healthfulness and price of precious stones,
ethnography is reflected in this work.
There are stones on Earth that have a certain value and do not have a certain value,
as well as their names in the language. In fact, the world of stones and their names also
acquire a special beauty and value in the linguistic landscape of the universe. In the
works of Hazrat Mir Alisher Navoi, we observe the fruitful use of the names of precious
stones as beautiful means of representation.
We see that in the works of our great grandfather, the thinker Alisher Navoi, the
name of the emerald (green) gemstone was used in the form of an emerald. In
particular, in the saga "Sabbayi Sayer," there is a complaint told by an alien who
follows the third climate path. It speaks of the wise, wise, and generous Saad, the son
of an Egyptian merchant. In a hotel built for aliens, Saad once threw a party, welcoming
two aliens in green clothes with open faces. Here, Navoi uses the word "emerald" to
describe the color of the aliens' clothes:
Ul iki rahravi zumurrad
po‘sh,
Rahnamoyi aning, nechukki
suro‘sh
[Navoi, 2011: 3].
Therefore,
“Iki
rahravi
izmurudpo‘sh”
is used to mean an alien dressed in two
green dresses.
Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 33 ~
Bahram listens to this complaint on Monday in the green mansion. Navoi
skillfully uses words that mean green in his image, such as the green castle, the cypress
with vegetables (beautiful), the emerald color of Jom, the water of life, the source of
life, and Khizr.
Angachakim zumurradin gardun
‒
Bo‘ldi
tun xayli dudidin shabgu [Navoi, 2011: 3].
Meaning: Gardun (the sky) envelops the emerald tent of dawn with its face in a
different color. That is, when the blue sky cleared of clouds, the sun spread its light
over the greenery. In this place, the word "emerald" was also used in the sense of color.
But it is not just green; it is an example of the color of an emerald stone.
Af’iyi
g‘am
chu elga ayladi
zo‘r,
Ani jomi zumurrad ayladi
ko‘r
[Navoi, 2011: 3].
Meaning: the dragon of sorrow wanted to rape El, who was blinded by the emerald
Jami. That is, according to the legends, the eye of someone who looks at the emerald
stone angrily will go blind. In this place, the poet ridiculed the sadness of May Ale in
Emerald Jam, a beautiful allusion to how people avoided sadness by drinking May Ale
and having fun.
In another place, the poet writes, referring to this legend:
Gar zumurraddin
o‘lsa
ko‘r
af’i,
Ham zumurrad qilur aning
daf’i
[Navoi, 2011: 3].
According to the legend, a dragon guards the treasure of jewels. To obtain
something magical from the treasury, pure and brave Bahadurs fight this dragon. If the
dragon looked at the emerald stones in the treasury, of course, its eyes were blinded.
This leads to Bahadur raising his hand in the battle between the dragon and Bahadur.
Referring to this content, the poet writes, "If the emerald stones blinded the dragon's
eyes, then now this gem (emerald) repels (loses) itself." Therefore, the poet has
evaluated the blindness of the emerald stone (negative) but the loss of the enemy
(positive) due to this blindness.
In the examples given, the emerald was used in the meanings of the color of
clothing, the color of a bowl, the shade of the sky, and the color of a gemstone, which
created a unique artistic beauty inherent in the saga. At the same time, the ruby is
another gemstone that we are familiar with.
The ruby is named after the magnificent and captivating red color of the gemstone,
which means "red." Gemstones with a red hue, such as "LAL" and "Ruby," are the
primary means of artistic representation of "Lala" in classical literature. While there is
an external resemblance between the red color of the lips and the red color of the
precious stones, the red unity of the lips encompasses the purity, tenderness of the lady,
as well as the mention of the beauties of Husn-u Jamal.
Telba
koʻnglum
yor zulfi toridan ayrilmagay,
Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 34 ~
Joni zorim
la’lning
guftoridin ayrilmagay.
In this line, the quality of the Ruby is quoted not only because of the red color of
the lips, but also because the charm of a woman is one of the main elements. This is
because the Ruby has long been considered a stone of beauty, charm, and love. In the
name of Allah, the Merciful and Compassionate, we begin and end all our affairs, and
truly, the beginning and the end will be good. Alisher Navoi's early epic, which is
included in the "Khamsa," "Khairatul-Abror," also begins with Basmala, which is
"Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim," and its commentary. For the first time in Uzbek
literature, the poet-thinker provided a Nazimovian commentary on Basmala and
presented it in a beautiful artistic form. Below, we have attempted to interpret the
meaning of this Basmala:
Bismillahir-rohmanir-rohim,
Rishtag‘a
chekti necha durri yatim.
Alisher Navoi compares
“
Bismillahir rohmanir Rahim " to how several deep-
meaning words are arranged in a single thread. In other words, he compares it to a
shada of words with subtle meaning.
Har dur anga javhari jondin fuzun,
Qiymat aro ikki jahondin fuzun.
Every pearl that is lined up, that is, every letter, surpasses the essence, the core of
the soul. Pearls, pearls, pearls will have their own value. Every letter in the kind of
words with subtle meaning also has its own price. They are more than two worlds in
value:
Rishtasi xudidi jahon rishtasi,
Dema jahon rishtasi, jon rishtasi.
The thread on which these pearls are built is the same thread on which the pearls
of the world, the precious stones, are drawn.
Ganji baqo zikriga ulkim yetib,
Bu dur ila rishtani tasbih etib
This is the person who turns the Rosary from a thread lined with pearls, the person
who recites the word "bismillahir rohmanir Rahim." Baka Ganj is an eternal wealth, a
treasure, that is, a paradise considered to be the abode of Allah.
When beauty is viewed from an objective point of view as a part of nature, where
we can see it specifically or how nature expresses it. It is inevitable that only a
conscious being can understand it, not only understand it, but also feel it. An
unconscious and inanimate being, for example, does not recognize the beauty of a
stone. On the other hand, a human being can distinguish one stone from another very
well. The fact that one stone is worth more than another indicates that the person who
evaluates it values the first stone. Emerald, mother-of-pearl, and ruby in nature,
3
Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 35 ~
although they have their own value in social life, as an aesthetic value, are recreated in
the human mind, and the beauty of the eyes, like an emerald, of the teeth, like mother-
of-pearl, and of the lips, like a ruby; derivatives of linguistic thinking, such as
gavarnishan, guharnamoy, durionim, lalmanand, and sadafoso in Navoi's works, are
national images of aesthetic axiological evaluation. In particular, today the expression
“
I found a stone in Sumakh, I found a piece of the
Sun”
is a vivid example of the
reflection of national culture in Lyon. Sumakh is a national dish named after it.
Although the stone used in its preparation is a cooking technique that prevents food
from burning, in Uzbek national culture, people believed that this stone would fulfill
the dreams of those who ate it. It embodied the people's hopes for the future and their
dreams of a happy life, which were expressed through poetry and songs that the people
had woven and sung. The stone found in Sumy is a reality of Uzbek national culture.
He creates a picture of the Uzbek national world, like the knowledge in the above-
mentioned lines of the song "The Stone is Reborn as the Sun," where the harsh, cold,
and inanimate nature of the stone has given rise to a warm and loving value in the
human mind. Therefore, in understanding culture, the human factor plays an important
role in how factors such as value function, and how individuals shape their national
consciousness by giving meaning to social phenomena. As a perceptive being, a person
brings beauty to life in their thinking, evaluates it, appreciates it, and uses mental units
to express it through symbols, acquiring a sense of value. In the process of passing
down from generation to generation, they create a system of knowledge, or a
framework, or form another slot in the Uzbek consciousness. This is something that
cannot be found in other national cultures.
From this point of view, Hazrat Mir Alisher Navoi used the names of precious
stones in his works as a means of artistic representation to reveal various meanings. In
the Oman of Navoi's creativity, the precious stone is named as a bead. It requires a
skilled diver from the researcher.
Literature used:
1. Abo Rayhon Beruniy Qimmatbaho jahonlar haqida bilimlar kitobi
(Mineralogiya)/A.Qayumov tarjimasi.
–
Toshkent:
ЎzME,
2017.
–
489 b.
2. Mutallibov S.M. XI asrning buyuk filologlari va ularning noyob asarlari (so'z
boshi). Devonu lug'otit turk. I tom.
–
T., 1960
3. Navoiy Alisher.
Tўla
asarlar
tўplami.
Ўn
jildli. Yettinchi
jild.‒Toshkent:
Ғ.Ғulom
nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa izhodiy uyi, 2011.
‒
B. 469-668.
4. Begmatov E.
Ўzbek
tili antonimikasi.
–
Toshkent: Fan, 2013.
–
264 b.
5.Yuldasheva D.N. Sukut diskursning tarkibiy qismi sifatida (badiiy asarlar
asosida): Filologiya fanlari doktori (DSc) dissertatsiyasi avtoreferati.
‒
Buxoro, 2024.
‒
73 b.
Talqin va tadqiqotlar ilmiy-uslubiy jurnali
Impact Factor: 8.2 | 2181-
3035 | №
9(67)
~ 36 ~
6.Yuldasheva D.N. Sukut nutqiy muloqot komponenti.
‒
Toshkent: Bookmany
print, 2024.
‒
164 b.
7.
Ёқубов
Ш.
Навоий
асарлари
ономастикаси:
Филол.фан.номзоди
дисс...
автореф.
–
Тошкент,
1994.
–
26
б.
https://islom.uz/view/buyuk-kalomning-
