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Ibrahimova Ayten
ADPU, Lecturer, Department of Modern Azerbaijani Language,
ayten.cavadova17@gmail.com
Orcid - 0009-0000-6123-2399
INSUBORDINATE COMPLEX SENTENCES IN THE WORKS OF MIRZA FATALI
AKHUNDZADE
Аннотация:
В статье анализируются типы сложных предложений на примерах из
творчества М.Ф. Ахундзаде. Основное внимание уделялось типам и компонентам
сложных предложений без придаточных предложений. Сложноподчиненные предложения,
взятые из произведений М.Ф. Ахундова, были разделены на многокомпонентные
одновременные предложения, многокомпонентные последовательные предложения и
типы
предложений,
продолжающиеся
в
контексте
синтаксического
целого
одновременности или последовательного времени, и рассмотрены на примерах.
Ключевые
слова:
сложноподчиненное
предложение,
подчинительное
сложноподчиненное предложение, произведение М.Ф.Ахундова.
Abstract:
The article analyzes the types of complex sentences based on examples from the
works of M.F. Akhundzade. The main direction is the study of the types and components of
independent complex sentences. The complex sentences from the works of M.F. Akhunddov are
divided into multi-component simultaneous sentences, multi-component sequential sentences,
and sentence types that continue in the context of a syntactic whole of simultaneity or sequential
time, and are examined based on examples.
Keywords:
complex sentence, independent complex sentence, M.F. Akhundov's works.
Simple sentences that form a complex sentence are syntactically connected to each other in two
ways:
• by means of non-subordination,
• by means of subordination.
The simple sentences that make up a complex sentence are either all equal in rights, or one of the
components is grammatically independent, and the other is dependent on it. For example: The
red dawns surrounded the surrounding area - in the sentence, the components are equal in rights
(even if we change the place of the components in some such sentences, the meaning does not
change). This type of connection between the simple sentences that make up a complex sentence
is a non-subordination connection. Such complex sentences are called non-subordination
complex sentences. Zeynab felt, Aunt Tukezban does not believe in her - in the sentence, while
the first of the simple sentences is grammatically independent, the second is subordinate to the
first, because the component of the second sentence (Aunt Tukezban does not believe in her)
clarifies and completes the first part (Zeynab felt). The connection between the simple sentences
in the composition of a complex sentence is called a subordinating connection. Such complex
sentences are called subordinate complex sentences. Thus, complex sentences are divided into
two types:
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1) independent complex sentences
2) subordinate complex sentences.
In some complex sentences, the parties are equal. The constituent parts are equally dependent on
each other, they do the same thing in expressing the idea. For example: Sometimes it thunders,
the rain intensifies. Suddenly, the Alabbas man opened the window, and the wind blew the rain
into the man's face.
Complex sentences formed by combining simple sentences with equal rights are called
independent complex sentences. The parts of independent complex sentences are connected
either only by intonation or by intonation and independent conjunctions. For example: He
himself says, and he himself was heard. It is true, my grandfather was healthy, but I still did not
give up on God. The components of the first two of these independent complex sentences are
connected by intonation, and the components of the next ones are connected by the conjunctions
and and but. Independent complex sentences whose components are connected by intonation are
called unindependent complex sentences, while independent complex sentences with the help of
conjunctions are called unindependent complex sentences with conjunctions.
The semantic relations between components of subordinate complex sentences formed on the
basis of equal dependence are determined on the basis of the concepts of enumeration, cause-
effect, contrast-contradiction, distribution, clarification, and connection. The process in which
these meanings are expressed is within a certain time frame. The role of semantic ordering in
semantic relations is great. All semantic relations of the subordinate complex sentence that do
not differ semantically and syntactically from the modern Azerbaijani literary language are
observed in the language of M.F. Akhundzadeh's works. Simultaneous connection creates a
syntactic whole by listing events that occur simultaneously and are not completed in related
subordinate complex sentences. It does not matter which of the listed events is the first, which is
the second, third, etc. Therefore, it is possible to easily change the place of the components in
this type of sentences. The components are connected to each other either with intonation or with
insubordination connectors (and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and, and)”[1]. Let
us try to explain this idea of the researcher based on the examples we have taken from the
work of M.F. Akhundzade. Let us consider an example told in the writer's artistic language;
Nukhulular. Molla Hamid, what is this dervish, what is this rooster? [MFA I, p.37]. Who will
gather our grain, who will thresh our threshing floor [MFA I, p.149]. Heydar bey. ... there is no
cow fat, no sheep fat [MFA I, p.130]. Some die from this, and some become weak and frail
[MFA I, p.206], etc. In these examples, all types of subordinate clauses are clearly observed.
Among them, simultaneous clauses whose components are built on the basis of parallelism are
also found. For example, Heydar bey. My God, what kind of century is this? What kind of time
is this? There is no value in galloping horses, no respect in shooting rifles. From morning to
evening, from evening to morning, you sit in a cage like a wife. Where does the state come from,
where does the money come from? Oh, the times that have passed! The times that have passed!
Every week, every month, a caravan could be raided, an army could be dispersed. Now, there is
no caravan raid, no army can be dispersed. There is no battle with the Golden Horde, no Ottoman
battle... [MFA I, p.121]. When we look at the writer's work, the semantic structure and meaning
of each sentence attract attention. Let's pay attention to a few examples from his works;
Because neither the whole has authority nor the part [MFA II, p.69]. In simultaneous sentences,
along with the identity of time, there is often also the identity of space: Sharafnisa khanum is
combing wool on the second roof, crying softly, playing next to her younger sister Gulchohra
[MFA I, p.45]; Above, Sakina khanum is sitting, Gulsaba is standing next to her [MFA I, p.167];
Everyone was coming and going, and Muhammad was sitting there and not speaking at all [MFA
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II, p.63]. In complex sentences with a sequential conjunction, events that have ended and are
consciously continuing in sequence as a process are listed: In this case, Hatemkhan aga calls
Shahbaz bey from outside with a loud voice, Shahbaz bey quickly leaves the roof [MFA I, p.111];
He lifts the sieve ahead of everyone and puts it in the door himself, followed by the others, then
the vizier [MFA I, p.104]; At this point, Samad bey enters with Teymur agha and both bow
[MFA I, p.113]. It can be seen from the examples that M.F. Akhundzadeh’s expression “in this
case”, which is mainly used in the language of stage plays, has become a characteristic feature
for sentences in sequential tenses. Sentences of this type are a kind of confirmation of the fact
that the terms “simultaneous”, “sequential” are given in one connection - in a connecting
connection [1]. Both simultaneous and sequential “complex sentences without a connecting
connection are open-order sentences, they are constructed by enumeration, therefore, they can
consist of three, four or more components as well as two components”. Let us group these
examples from the work of M.F.Akhundov into several directions according to the characteristics
of a complex sentence.
a) multi-component simultaneous sentences: One runs to the mujtahid, one runs to the sheikh-ul-
Islam, one complains to the imam-juma, one goes to the guard, one makes a request to the
beyler-bey, one resorts to the prince's gate [MFA II, p.35]; In addition, there are forty corners in
hell and in each corner there is a snake and in the belly of each snake there are three hundred and
thirty scorpions and in the teeth of each scorpion there is a sap of three hundred and thirty
poisons [MFA I, p.49].
b) multi-component sequential sentences: In this case, the door opens, Agha Salman enters,
accompanied by four soldiers and Aziz Bey, and after them enter Agha Abbas, Haji Gafur's wife
Zeynab Khanum and four witnesses [MFA I, p.184]. c) multi-component subordinate complex
sentences formed from a mixture of simultaneous and sequential sentences: The cleaners knock
down the minister, put his foot in the trap, two hold the trap, two take a stick [MFA I, p.103];
They leave after ten days: one goes to the white mountain, the other to the black mountain [MFA
II, p.90]. Sometimes simultaneity or sequential tense continues in the context of a syntactic
whole: The king ate, was full, the table was set. The aftafa-leşen came, the king washed his
hands. They brought coffee, drank it. They gave him a hookah, smoked it [MFA I, p.204].
Cause-effect subordinate complex sentences usually have two components. The first component
indicates the cause, and the second component indicates the result resulting from that cause. Due
to this aspect, a question arises in the second component: Why did this happen? Why did this
event happen? Therefore, the independent complex sentences with a causal branch clause should
be compared with the subordinate complex sentence with a causal branch clause: You were
imprisoned for three years, you were exiled for three years, your beautiful life was over [MFA I,
p.34]. In this sentence, the first component (you were imprisoned for three years, you were
exiled for three years) expresses the cause, and the second component (your beautiful life was
wasted, that is, your beautiful life was wasted) expresses the result: ‒ Why was your beautiful
life wasted? ‒ Because your life was spent on the couch, in exile. The subordinate complex
sentence variant of this sentence with a causal branch clause should have been: Your beautiful
life was wasted (wasted), because you were imprisoned for three years, you were exiled for three
years. Semantically, there is no difference in these sentences. However, grammatically, in terms
of dependence, the difference is noticeable: while in the main sentence + branch clause type,
dependence is more felt (the subordinating conjunction “because” also plays a role here), when
used as an independent complex sentence, equal dependence plays the main role. This shows that
the causally related independent complex sentence and the causally related subordinate complex
sentence have historically developed mutually, influencing the formation of each other. The
displacement of the components of the sentence also played a role in this process.
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M.In the works of F.Akhundzadeh, there are also sentence types that arise as a result of the
addition of an additional idea through the second component after the completion of the first
component of the connected unsubordinated complex sentences. The components of
unsubordinated complex sentences in this connection are mostly connected by intonation. In the
works of M.F.Akhundzadeh, semantic diversification of conjunction is observed: ‒ conjunction-
contradiction (contradiction): Haji Nuru the poet. Because you abandoned your art and set foot in
a job you do not know, medicine was not your art [MFA I, p.33]. ‒ conjunction-result: What
should I do, I saw “Yek kelme”, my blood boiled, I lost my mind and went crazy; I repent [MFA
II, p.148]. ‒ conjunction-reason: Heydar bey. My father Gurban bey did not do it; I, his son
Heydar bey, will not do it either! [MFA I, p.122]. ‒ joining-condition: Haji Karim the jeweler.
Take a thousand manats for me, I have pledged my house. Agha Zaman the doctor. Take a
thousand manats for me, I have pledged my private garden. Safar bey the landowner. Take a
thousand manats for me, my village is pledged [MFA I, p.32]. ‒ joining-time: Mehter. It never
occurred to me that he would stay here, I was looking for a job until now [MFA I, p.102]. At this
hour I have neither father, nor mother, nor brother; I am my own lawyer [MFA I, p.161]. ‒
joining-clarification: I occupied myself with the praise of Mollayi Rumi for a few days in Gojur,
because I was unemployed; I had no other motives [MFA II, p.157]. In the works of M.F.
Akhundzadeh, along with the complex sentences with subordinate clauses, the means of
expanding the simple sentence - conjunction constructions - also attract attention: Through the
leather hat, the head is always warm and attracts blood to its side, and for this reason, anvari-
emraz appears; like eye pain and its coefficient [MFA II, p.54].
Conclusion
From our research, we can conclude that in the works of M.F. Akhundzadeh, mixed-type
subordinate complex sentences are often found and various types of these sentences are observed.
We can group the sentence types we obtained as follows:
1. Sentences with one pole in the form of a simple, the other in the form of an unsubordinate
complex sentence.
2. Sentences with one pole in the form of a simple, the other in the form of a subordinate
complex sentence.
3. Sentences with both poles in the form of a subordinate complex sentence.
4. Sentences with a complex structure based on enumeration.
References
1.
Sakina Vidadi gizi Sharifova. Semantic-syntactic features of a complex sentence in the works
of Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh. Baku 2021
2. Kazimov, G.Sh. Modern Azerbaijani language syntax / G.Kazimov. ‒ Baku: “Aspoliqraf
LTD” MMC, ‒ 2004. ‒ p. 290.
3. MFA I (Akhundzade, M.F. Selected works: [in 3 volumes] / F.Akhundzade. ‒ Baku: East-
West, ‒ v. 1. ‒ 2005. ‒ 296 p.);
JOURNAL OF IQRO – ЖУРНАЛ ИҚРО – IQRO JURNALI – volume 15, issue 01, 2025
ISSN: 2181-4341, IMPACT FACTOR ( RESEARCH BIB ) – 7,245, SJIF – 5,431
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4. MFA II (Akhundzade, M.F. Selected works: [in 3 volumes] / F.Akhundzade. ‒ Baku: East-
West, ‒ v. 2, ‒ 2005. ‒ 376 p.);
5. MFA III (Akhundzade, M.F. Selected works: [in 3 volumes] / F.Akhundzade. ‒ Baku: East-
West, ‒ v.3. ‒ 2005. ‒ 296 p.).
