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USE OF PHYSICAL FACTORS IN MEDICINE
Urmanova Gulbaхor Urunbayevna
Associate Professor, Tashkent Pediatric Medical Institute
g.urunbayevna@gmail.com
Abstract. The development of science and technology, industry and scientific
research cannot be imagined without physical factors. Physical factors are widely
used, especially in many areas of medicine. This is especially noticeable in
diagnostics, treatment, surgical intervention and laboratory studies of various
diseases. The movement of blood through the vessels in a living organism is also
assessed by physical factors. This article explains the movement of blood through
the vessels using some physical factors.
Keywords: Doppler, effect, vessel, blood, flow, ultrasound, function, electric
current, magnet, frequency, movement.
Аннотация. Развитие науки и техники, промышленности и научных
исследований невозможно представить без физических факторов.
Физические факторы широко используются, особенно во многих областях
медицины. Это особенно заметно при диагностике, лечении, хирургическом
вмешательстве и лабораторных исследованиях различных заболеваний.
Движение крови по сосудам в живом организме также оценивается
физическими факторами. В этой статье объясняется движение крови по
сосудам с помощью некоторых физических факторов.
Ключевые слова: Допплер, эффект, сосуд, кровь, поток, ультразвук,
функция, электрический ток, магнит, частота, движение.
Аннотация. Фан-техника, саноат ва илмий тадқиқот ишларининг
ривожланишини физик факторларсиз тасаввур этиб бўлмайди. Айниқса
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тиббиётнинг кўплаб соҳаларида физик факторлардан кенг
фойдаланилади. Айниқса, турли хил кассалликларга ташхис
қўйишда, даволашда, жарохликда, лаборатория ишларида
яққол кўриш мумкин. Тирик оранизмдаги қоннинг томирларда
харакати хам физик факторлар билан бахоланади. Мазкур мақола айрим
физик факторлар ёрдамида қоннинг томирларда харакатини асослаб беради.
Калит сўзлар: Doppler, effekt, томир, қон, оқим, ultratovush, функция,
электр, магнит, частота, харакат.
The functions of organs and tissues of a living organism are assessed by
physical factors. For example, the movement, fluidity, viscosity, mechanical
properties and other characteristics of blood in vessels are studied by
hydrodynamics; the spread of blood through vessels is the section on oscillations
and waves; the mechanical work performed by the heart is the mechanical section;
the generation of biopotentials is explained in the section on electric fields [3,10].
Modern technologies used for diagnostic purposes make it possible to obtain
information about a patient's illness by studying the sounds inside the div.
Currently, methods based on the use of electric current, electric field and
magnetic field - electrocardiography, phonocardiography, ballistocardiography,
rheocardiography and magnetocardiography, magnetobiology and others - expand
the capabilities of specialists and facilitate fast and accurate diagnostics.
In medicine, electric current, electric fields, magnetic fields and other physical
factors are used in physiotherapy for the modern treatment of various diseases.
Modern treatment methods widely use ultraviolet and infrared rays, alpha, beta,
gamma and other radiation [3,4,10].
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Computed tomography, Roentgen-ray computed tomography,
magnetic resonance imaging, multispiral computed tomography and
other modern unique methods have become widely used in nuclear
medicine.
Based on all of the above, we can say that blood flow in the vessels is also
assessed by physical factors. Blood flow is the movement of blood through the
cardiovascular system. Blood is a viscous fluid containing plasma and cells. It
consists of leukocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes and hyalocytes. The properties of
the cell significantly affect the nature of the flow [1,10].
Blood flow velocity is the speed at which blood elements move through the
bloodstream per unit of time. In practice, specialists distinguish between linear
velocity and volumetric blood flow velocity.
Linear blood flow velocity is the distance that a blood particle travels through
a vessel in a given time (Fig.1). This is a value that directly depends on the sum of
the numbers intersecting at a given point in the vessel. Consequently, the aorta is the
narrowest part of the circulatory system and has the highest blood flow velocity,
reaching ≈0.6 m/s. The "widest" are the capillaries, since their total area is 500 times
larger than the area of the aorta, and the blood flow velocity in them is 0.5 mm/s.
This ensures excellent exchange of substances between the capillary wall and tissues
[2,9].
So, knowing this, in modern clinical practice there are several methods for
determining blood flow velocity, let's consider some of them:
Ultrasound method: in this method, a special generator generates ultrasound
waves and transmits them to the irradiator. The ultrasound wave passes through the
emitter into the blood vessel and is reflected from the moving red blood cells. The
returned ultrasound wave is converted by the receiver into electrical oscillations and
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amplified. The amplified electrical oscillations are aligned with the
oscillations of the incident and returning waves using a special
device, and the speed of movement of the red blood cells is determined by the
difference in the resulting frequencies [8,11].
The Doppler method is an ultrasound method based on the Doppler effect, in
which the speed of red blood cells in large blood vessels changes depending on their
location relative to the axis: red blood cells "near the axis" move at high speed, and
"near the wall" - at low speed. In this case, ultrasound waves are reflected from
different types of red blood cells. Thus, the Doppler shift occurs not at one
frequency, but in a range of frequencies. Thus, the Doppler effect allows us to
determine not only the average blood flow velocity, but also the blood flow velocity
in different layers. In this case, the oscillations of the incident and reflected waves
are balanced accordingly [6,7].
The physical essence of the Doppler effect is that the frequency of ultrasound
waves changes when the ultrasound source moves. The waves are reflected from
blood particles, and this change directly depends on the speed of blood flow.
Blood flow velocity, along with arterial pressure, is the main physical quantity
characterizing the state of systemic circulation. The possibility of noninvasive,
Fig.1. Linear blood flow velocity in the cardiovascular system.
Aorta Artery Arterioles Capillaries Veins
m/
seс
0
20
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objective and dynamic direct measurement of blood flow in small
vessels remains one of the urgent tasks of modern angiology and
related specialties.
Based on the above, it can be said that the Doppler effect is
widely used to study the speed of blood movement in each layer, the functional state
of the walls and valves of the heart (the Doppler echocardiography method), and the
speed of movement of various organs [5,12,13].
In modern medical practice, high-frequency ultrasound Dopplerography opens
up broad possibilities for determining the viability of critically ischemic, burned and
frozen tissues. At the same time, opportunities for early detection of pathological
conditions associated with hemodynamic disorders of the cerebral and carotid
arteries appear.
The electromagnetic method of determining the blood flow velocity is based
on the flow of moving particles in a magnetic field. Although blood is an electrically
neutral system, it consists of positive and negative ions. If a magnetic field is applied
to one side of a blood vessel, positive charges accumulate near one side of the blood
vessel wall, and negative charges accumulate near the other side. This distribution
of charges across the cross-section of the vessel creates an electric field. This
physical phenomenon is called the Hall effect. Thus, with this method, it is possible
to determine the blood flow velocity, knowing the magnetic field and the phase
difference. In this method, the use of an alternating magnetic field is practically
convenient. This creates an alternating Hall voltage. In this case, it is preferable to
use an alternating magnetic field to reconstruct the image. Currently, Hall sensors or
sensors - devices based on the Hall effect - are widely used in medicine and other
fields [5,12,13].
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Dopplerography is an ultrasound examination method
based on the Doppler effect. Ultrasound waves are reflected from
moving objects with a changed frequency. This frequency shift is
proportional to the speed of movement of the structures being
examined. If the movement is directed toward the sensor, the frequency increases, if
away from the sensor, it decreases.
Dopplerometry - this method is based on the passage of ultrasound waves
through a vessel, and as a result of the reflection of the waves from moving red blood
cells and white blood cells, the frequency of the waves changes, that is, it increases
in proportion to the speed of blood flow.
Doppler echocardiography allows measuring not only the average linear
velocity of blood flow in the heart and vessels, but also the velocity at various points
in the cross section of large vessels. The linear velocity of blood flow in the vessels
of the systemic circulation is distributed accordingly. For example, the maximum in
the aorta is 0.2–0.5 m/s, and the minimum in the capillaries is 0.0003 m/s. The blood
flow velocity in the veins increases compared to the capillaries. In large vessels, it
reaches 0.1–0.15 m/s. The linear velocity of blood flow in small vessels is distributed
similarly [3,10].
So, based on the above, we can conclude that the achievements of electricity,
electric fields, magnetic fields, atomic and nuclear physics are priceless. Roentgen-
ray diagnostics and methods of directed atomic radiation have a significant impa ct
on the development of medicine.
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