Environmental Sciences and Ecology

Ҳозирги кунда хеч кимга сир эмаски юртимиз жамоли кун сайин юксалиб бормокда. Айникса кснг равон кўчалар шахарларимиз кўркига кўрк қўшиб, бунда харакатланастган, узоғимизни якин қилаётган автоуловлврнинг сони хам кун сайин кўпаймокда. Шундай экан бу автоуловларнинг асосий таянч кисми хисобланган автошиналар ҳам тинимсиз харакатланади ва эскириб, ишдан чиқади. Лскин уларнинг кейинги тақдиридан кўпчилигимиз бсхабар сўнгги йилларга кслиб дунённиг кўпгина давлатларида ишлаб чиқариш ва истсъмол чиқиндиларини қайта ишлаш муаммоларига катта эътибор бсрилмоқда, шу жумладан эскирган сдирилган шиналарга хам.

Статья посвящена для широкого спектра читателей, преподавателей и воспитателей, для тех, кому не безразлична проблема экологии. Что же является первостепенной причиной экологической проблемы. Обсуждение и стремление найти решение глобальных экологических проблем.

Бугунги кунда замой талаби асосида ёшларга экологик ҳуқуқий таълим-тарбия беришда янги инновация ва ахборот технологияларни қўллаш айниқса, оила, мактаб ва маҳалла ҳамкорлигининг мустаҳкамлаш келажакда экологик муаммоларни ижобий ҳал этилишига ёрдам беради.

Maqolada Xorazm vohasining bir qismi hisoblangan Xorazm viloyati antropogen voha landshaftlarining ekologik sharoiti, jumladan hududning asosiy qismini egallagan su’goriladigan maydonlar tuproq qoplamiga salbiy ta’sir ko’rsatayotgan turli xil omillar sanab o’tilgan. Ushbu omillaming yuzaga kelish sabablari hamda murakkab ekologik vaziyatlarga yechimlar ko’rsatilib, taklif va tavsiyalar berilgan.

Тадқиқот объекти. Булутлар ва ёғингарчилик.
Ишнинг мақсади. Гидрометеорологик жараёнларга таъсири бўйича узоқ муддатли тажрибалар натижаларини ўрганиш ва улар асосида аерозол концентрациясининг ошиши шароитида булут ва чўкма жараёнларини бошқаришнинг мавжуд, янада самарали ва илмий асосланган усулларини такомиллаштириш.
Тадқиқот усуллари: статистик маълумотларни қайта ишлаш, корреляция, регрессия ва қиёсий таҳлиллар, тарихий ва географик ўхшашлик усуллари, ҳодисанинг таъсирга реакциясини ўрганиш.
Олинган натижалар ва уларнинг янгилиги. Диссертацияда дўл ҳодисаларининг Ўзбекистон ҳудуди бўйлаб фазовий тарқалиши биринчи marta харита тузиш билан ўрганилди, "дўл" атамасига янги таъриф берилди, Ўзбекистондаги гидрометеорологик жараёнларга таъсири бўйича узоқ муддатли (1969-2005) тажрибалар натижалари ўрганилди уларнинг услубий камчиликларини аниқлаш билан булутларга таъсир қилишнинг физик-иқтисодий самарадорлигини баҳолаш усулларининг янги вариантлари ишлаб чиқилди, булутларга таъсир қилишнинг янги механизми аниқланди, бу Агл екиш пайтида булут зарраларининг коагуляцион ўсишини оширишдан иборат, Аерозол концентрациясининг ошиши шароитида дўл жараёнларига таъсир қилишнинг ҳозирги усули такомиллаштирилди ва янги усул ишлаб чиқилди, дўлдан ҳимоя қилишнинг ёғингарчиликка таъсири ўрганилди ва ёғингарчиликни сунъий равишда кўпайтиришда конвектив булутларнинг истиқболлари тасдиқланди. Юқори аерозол концентрациясида чўкма шароитларини ўрганиш чўлланишнинг янги сабабларини аниқлашга ва уни юмшатиш чораларини тавсия қилишга имкон берди. Суғориладиган деҳқончилик шароитида дарёларнинг баланд тоғли зонасида ёғингарчиликни сунъий равишда кўпайтириш мақсадга мувофиқ еканлиги аниқланди.
Амалий аҳамияти. Ўзбекистонда дўл тарқатиш схемаси екинларни жойлаштиришни режалаштиришда, уларнинг дўл бўронларига чидамлилигини ҳисобга олган ҳолда ҳисобга олиниши керак. Таъсир қилишнинг амалдаги методологиясини такомиллаштириш дўл експорт қилинадиган дўлга қарши маҳсулотларни тежаш имконини беради. Дўл бўронларини камайтиришнинг ишлаб чиқилган янги усули дўлдан ҳимоя қилиш самарадорлигини оширишга имкон беради. Республиканинг барқарор ижтимоий-иқтисодий ривожланишига ёрдам берадиган сув таъминоти муаммоларини ҳал қилишда чўлланишни камайтириш, қўшимча ёғингарчилик олиш учун конвектив булутлар екилишини кучайтириш, баланд тоғли зонада ёғингарчиликни кўпайтириш бўйича ишларни ташкил етиш бўйича тавсиялар муҳим аҳамиятга ега.
Амалга ошириш даражаси ва иқтисодий самарадорлик. Тадқиқот натижаларига кўра екинларни дўл бўронларидан ҳимоя қилиш бўйича 1 та монография, 1 та қўлланма, 2 та услубий қўлланма ёзилган. Монография булутлар физикаси ва фаол таъсирлар бўйича ўқув жараёнида, шунингдек ВГМП университети учун кадрлар тайёрлашда қўлланилади (6 та амалга ошириш актлари мавжуд).
Қўллаш соҳаси: Гидрометеорология, булут физикаси, гидрометеорологик жараёнларга фаол таъсири, илмий тадқиқотлар, қишлоқ ва сув хўжалиги.

С развитием современного производства, с его масштабностью и темпами роста все большую актуальность приобретают проблемы разработки и внедрения безотходных технологий. Скорейшее их решение в Республике Узбекистан и в ряде развитых стран рассматривается как стратегическое направление рационального использования природных ресурсов и охраны окружающей среды.

Проблема выделения и внедрения в практику новых высокоактивных штаммов микроорганизмов-продуцентов целлюлозолитических ферментов весьма актуальна. Одной из основных сфер практического применения целлюлозолитических ферментов является кормопроизводство. Силос из отходов растениеводства с использованием ферментной массы ,позволяет получить полноценный корм, содержащий в достаточном количестве белки, витамины, аминокислоты. Имеющиеся в литературе данные показывают, что наиболее активные продуценты целлюлозолитических ферментов встречаются среди грибов.

В данной статье рассматриваются вопросы изменения климата в Узбекистане, законодательная база страны по данному вопросу, предпринятые шаги для реализации Целей Устойчивого Развития ООН и Стратегии «Узбекистан-2030».На территории Центральной Азии Узбекистан первым стал предпринимать значимые шаги по адаптации страны к последствиям изменения климата, накапливая для этого собственные средства и привлекая международную финансово-техническую помощь.

Тезис посвящен анализу функционально-целевых характеристик государственного регулирования в области генно-инженерной деятельности и обращения с генетически модифицированными организмами (ГМО). Рассматриваются правовые аспекты регулирования ГМО, проблемы общественного восприятия, а также необходимость совершенствования законодательства для обеспечения биологической и экологической безопасности. Подчеркивается важность международного сотрудничества и государственного контроля в области биотехнологий для повышения качества жизни населения и развития сельского хозяйства.

Из публикуемых Управлением статистики Республики Каракалпакстан итоговых данных 2020 года в регионе зарегистрировано 9,2 тысячи смертей, из которых больше половины (58,7%) зафиксированы с основной причиной –заболевания органов кровообращения. Сейчас известно, что на развитие сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний особое влияние оказывают и экологические факторы. 

Бугунги кунда ахоли ичимлик суви сифатида фойдаланадиган ер ости ва очик сув манбалари таркибидаги минерал моддалар (кальций, магний тузлари, каттиклиги, курук чукма моддалари) микдори белгиланган санитария меъёрларидан юкоридир. Ушбу муаммоларни бартараф этиш долзарблигича колмокда

Ҳозирги вақтда атроф –муҳитни энг кўп ифлослантирадиган моддалар бу канцероген полицикиклик ароматик моддалар ҳисобланади. Шуни эътироф этиш лозимки, XXI асрга келиб, дунёдаги ўлимлар бўйича саратон касалликлари эгаллайди. 2015 йилга келиб 10 млн нафар одамда саратон касаллигининг янги турлари аниқланган ва шундан 6 млн онкологик касаллликлар туфайли одамлар дунёдан кўз юмган. Овқатлар таркибида канцероген моддаларини пайдо бўлиши, ҳавони, сувни, ерни канцероген моддалар билан ифлосланиши ва бошқа сабаблар муҳим роль ўйнайди.

Ma’lumki, vohalar va cho‘llar termogidrodinamik va gidravlik jihatdan o'zaro aloqadorlikda rivojlanuvchi geotizimlardir. Maqolada bu aloqadorlikda ro‘y beradigan tabiiy jarayonlar, ya’ni melioratsiya ishlariga ijobiy ta’sir ko'rsatadigan holatlar bayon etilgan. Ayni vaqtda, vohalar bilan cho'llar o'rtasidagi munosabatning bir-biriga ijobiy ta’siri ham batafsil o‘rganishga harakat qilingan.

In the work shown technological process of production of calcium-containing phosphorus fertilizers using indigenous carbonate raw material (stranding). Is established that the use of this method leads to the production of raw material chalk-like attraction of to get calcium phosphorus fertilizers.

Subjects of research: domestic wastewater, biological wastewater treatment system.
Purpose of work: to reveal hydrodynamic features of the biological treatment system, upgrading the designs and increasing an efficiency of the work of the secondary clarifier treatment systems.
Methods of research: Methods of the study received in hydraulics and hydrobiology.
The results obtained and their novelty: Developed and approved mathematical model of the hydrodynamic mode of biological treatment of domestic wastewater from treatment plant.
Practical value: Obtained mathematical dependencies allow in determining of hydraulic parameters of biological treatment, developed design promotes for increasing an efficiency of the work of secondary clarifier.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: Results of the work have been presented of the Groups in realization projects of ADB, executing a project reconstruction of treatment plant in Karshi city
Field of application: Water communal economy branches, waste water cleaning objects and environment safety organizations.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. The damage caused by termites around the world is growing year after year. The countries of Western Africa spend about 10% of the finance assigned for the repair of constructions on buildings damaged by termites. In the USA alone the restoration of buildings after termites costs $1.5 billion annually, while the annual figure around the world is $20 billion1.
Termites destroy all wooden elements in various constructions, such as architectural and cultural monuments, strategically important constructions, hydraulic structures and residential and administrative buildings. One termite family consisting of 25 thousand individuals and occupying a space of 100 cm3 consumes an average of 50,000 cm3 of different types of cellulose. At the same time, they have a huge impact on the global carbon cycle, increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. The ability to digest cellulose, which results in the emission of CO2 is the outcome of combining termites’ digestive secretions and the simbionts’ enzymes and, the consequential biochemical processes.
Termites’ hidden life and strong resistance to environmental factors, as well as the functional specialization of their castes and their ability to restore populations within short periods, complicate the control. Thus, to develop up to date biological control methods and to research into termites’ population ecology and their relations with vertebrate and invertebrate animals and microorganisms arc the most important steps to be taken.
It should be noted that the available scientific knowledge is not sufficient to protect residential and other constructions from termites. A better understanding of the reasons why termites moved from their natural environment and distributed in urban ecosystems would significantly improve the protection of susceptive infrastructure. Thus, among today’s most urgent tasks arc to determine the current distribution of the termite population, to study the physiological and biochemical processes associated with the digestive secretions and the activity of the simbionts’ enzymes, to identify new nematode species parasitizing termites and to improve control methods through the development of new poisonous baits based on pathogenic fungi and microorganisms.
The research of this dissertdtion in a certain degree serves to the solution of tasks stipulated in the decree № PD-1940 of March 20 2013 «On the program of tourism development in Khorezm region for 2013-2015» of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the decree № 27 2 February 2012 «On the acceleration of works aimed to control the termite population in the Republic of Uzbekistan and to prevent the harm they cause» of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and also in other legal documents adopted in this area.
The aims of the research is a comprehensive definition of population ecology of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes in natural and urban ecosystems of Uzbekistan and to develop of effective biological control methods of termite population.
Scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
for the first time for the global termite fauna nematode species Caenorhabditis sp. was discovered in termites;
the activity of the lactase enzyme in the salivary gland of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes was established;
for the first time 24 species of fungi inhabiting the termite’s body, its food and the termitarium’s chambers were identified and their species composition were established;
the virulence of the strain of Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85, which use in the fight against termites extracted from the moroccan locust was increased;
for the first time a pathogenic bait out of the sunflower stem and strain Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85, Bacillus thuringiensis was created, which can be used to control the termite population.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the conducted research on a doctoral dissertation on the theme «The population ecology of termites and their role in natural and urban ecosystems» the following conclusions were presented:
1. The natural and urban territories of Uzbekistan arc populated by two termite species mainly: A. turkestanicus Jacobson, 1904 and A. ahngerianus Jacobson, 1904 of the genus Anacanthotermes
2. The population ecology and structure of termites from the genus Anacanthotermes in urban and natural ecosystems was identified. In such ecosystems, the life of termites is directly and indirectly associated to various vertebral and invertebrate animals.
3. The main reasons for the population and spread of termites over urban ecosystems. The distribution of A. turkestanicus and A. ahngerianus is impacted by a series of ecological as well as anthropogenic factors.
4. The digestion of oligomers by termites is defined by an effective exo- and cndoccllulase system. The study findings showed that the wood damage caused by termites, is associated to the carbohydrase activity of the salivary as well as intestinal glands and symbiotic enzymes.
5. Carbossimctilcellulose and cellobiase was inactive in the enzymes structure of all termites of the genus Anacanthotermes. For the first time the lactase enzymes participating in the digestion of termites of the genus Anacanthotermes were studied.
6. Twelve species were identified as symbiotic, flagellated protozoa that were involved in the digestion by A. turkestanicus and A. ahngerianus. The existence was proven of symbiotic relations between flagellated protozoa and termites of the genus Anacanthotermes, that from an evolutionally perspective points at close trophic and metabolieal link.
7. 24 fungus species were discovered in the soil of termite hills. In addition, the involvement of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Stemphylium, Stachybotry and Helminthosporium sp. was proven during the digestion by termites’.
8. For the first time for the global termite fauna nematode species Caenorhabditis sp. was discovered in termites. Micromycetes of Aspergillus, Beauveria, Penicillium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Cladosporium sp. were present in termites nests. Therefore the efficiency of fluids containing the fungi Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus orysae, Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria tenella, Scopulariopsis brevicaidis and Fusarium sp. was tested for infesting termites. The results showed, infection rates ranging between 82% and 100%.
9. It was proven that cntomopathogenic bacteria emitted chemical substances of the Bacillus thuringiensis group known for its anti-termite activity against A. turkestanicus. The findings demonstrated that strains of Bacillus thuringiensis LMD and LME-22 were the most toxic to the termites species studied.
10. For the first time, an effective bait was developed - based on a mixture sunflower stems (Helianthus annuus L.) and strains of Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85 and Bacillus thuringiensis L. The developed baits, attracted termites and consequently were effective in controlling termite populations.
11. The developed baits containing the fungus Beauveria tenella (Del) Siem BD-85 could be transferred in a way that permits producing such baits in a form that can be used for as a large-scale, antitermite campaign.

This article is devoted to the anthropogenic impact on the environment in the process of globalization and its negative consequences, the analysis of the main directions of the systematic organization of nature protection.

I will not be mistaken if I say that nature is the basis of our life. Man can never live without nature, because he is an integral part of nature. The world in which we live and surrounds us is as kind and lively as our mother. In every particle of the sun, in every body of the soil, we feel the loving touch of nature as a mother to us. It embodies thousands of elements necessary for man in every aspect. What is the state of our beautiful nature today? Who is responsible for this? How can this be “UCHINCHI RENESSANS:MUAMMO VA YECHIMLARI” 16 II-to‘plam prevented? These questions are becoming a hot topic today. Unfortunately, humans have an unprecedented impact on nature. It cannot be compared to anything that can be influenced by human intelligence and work. To be more specific, creatures use nature as it is and have an imperceptible effect on it.

Subjects of research: the flora of the Surkhan State Nature Reserve.
Purpose of work: inventory of Surkhan State Nature Reserve’s flora, taxonomic, biomorphological, geographical analysis, detection of endemic, rare and useful species.
Methods of research: in the thesis routing, taxonomical, systematical, acrographic, biomorphological and geographical-morphological methods arc used. Moreover, the program on flora reserve’s study and other big preserved territories arc applied (Yurzev, 1987).
1'hc results obtained and their novelty: inventory work of high plants flora of the Surkhan State Nature Reserve is carried for the first time. The 743 species of high vascular plants arc revealed that belongs to 372 genus and 77 families. Studied flora included 22 endemic species of Kugitang crest and 37 rare species of the Red List. Map-scheme of rare and endemic species distribution have been made.
Practical value: specification of floristic components of the protected area can serve as fundamental basis for carrying research of different origin and will help correctly organize nature protection events of the reservoir territory. Collected herbarium fulfilled scientific division of Surkhan State Nature Reserve and Central herbarium of SCPP “Botanika” Academy of Sciences (TASH).
Degree of embed and economic cffectivity: main results of present research are protocol of reserve’s flora, list of rare, endemic, red list species and map-scheme of their propagation had been passed to scientific division of Surkhan State Nature Reserve (Certificate №7 from March, 04, 2009).
Field of application: floristic, systematic, geography of plants, nature protection.

This article explores the evolution of accounting practices in agricultural enterprises in Andijan, Uzbekistan, a region pivotal to the country's agricultural output. It traces the development of accounting from the Soviet era's basic bookkeeping systems to the adoption of modern practices aligned with international standards. The article highlights key challenges faced during the transition to a market economy, including a shortage of skilled accountants, high costs of technology adoption, and regulatory compliance issues. It proposes solutions such as capacity building, financial literacy programs, and the development of sustainability reporting standards. The paper concludes by discussing the future prospects of accounting in Andijan's agricultural sector, emphasizing the importance of continued modernization and the adoption of innovative practices to ensure growth, competitiveness, and sustainability

The aim of the research work is to conduct comprehensive analysis of the ecological situation and its consequences for Uzbekistan in the second half of the XX century - beginning of XXI century.
The scientific novelty of the research work is based on the following:
the essence of the irrational and contradictive to the laws of nature use of natural resources and disposition and development of production forces in the Soviet period, which resulted in a violation of the balance of «nature-population-national economy», was researched;
it is proved that under the conditions of administrative bureaucracy, a disdainful attitude to the problems of social ecology resulted in a decrease of the standard of life and health of the population, jeopardized its gene pool;
the global, regional, national and local features of the environmental threat in the Republic of Uzbekistan are shown on the example of climate change processes, Aral and Aral Sea problems, external (trans boundary) and internal problems of the use of natural resources and the environment;
the essence of strategic directions and the organizational and legal bases of environmental policy that led to the transformational processes in this sphere during the years of independence is revealed on the basis of the system approach;
it is justified that on the basis of the principles of sustainable development the symbiosis of ecological, social and economic tasks served to create conditions for raising living standards and health of the population, stabilizing ecosystems in the zones of the republic under increased environmental threat; the priority tasks of strengthening the foundations of sustainable development in the situation of high population growth and its needs are also identified.

The urgency and relevance of the theme of dissertation. As a result of increase in the processing industry in the world, environmental degradation and the effects of unreasonable use of natural resources, namely the growth needs of the industrial sectors in water resources, to humanity on the agenda raise the new tasks as universal problems. The objective of environmental protection is one of the large-scale, the most acute social problems of modern life and of its solution, the corresponding interests of all peoples, which fully determine the future of civilization.
In accord with the principle of sustainable development of the Republic of Uzbekistan an important primary task is the implementation of a harmonious correspondence sequentia macroeconomic planning with nature conservation policy, in close integration with the social and other sectors of policy. Environmental policy of the republic focused advisable goal to combination the transition from individual protected natural elements in general protected ecological systems along with the development of mechanisms based on the principle of guaranteeing the priority indicators of the human environment.
The main object of improving manufacturing processes and nature conservation acticity, is the modernization and reconstruction of industrial enterprises, reducing environmental impact, improving the efficiency of complex and rational use of natural resources through the implementation of environmentally friendly and resource-saving technologies, including energy recovery sources.
Using a large amount of water in the ore and metallurgical and chemical industries requires the implementation of a package of measures to reduce environmental pollution and introduction into production, from an environmental point of view, low-waste technologies. In the metallurgical, chemical and other industries for the treatment of industrial waste water, as well as the extraction of ions from certain metals, sorption ability, ion exchange sorbents and reagents have been widely used.
Due to the increasing needs of the republic in various assortments of ion exchange sorbents, their introduction is appropriate production based on local raw materials. The problem of the treatment of industrial waste water, as well as demineralization, can solve not only environmental issues, namely, to solve the effective implementation of material resources and raw materials of our country, through the production of import-substituting sorbents and reagents.
The presented dissertation is focused on ensuring the implementation of decisions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PP-1442 dated December 15, 2010 «On the priorities of industrial development of Uzbekistan in 2011-2015» and PP-142 dated May 27, 2013 «On the program of action for environmental protection in Uzbekistan 2013-2017», as well as on the permission of the tasks set out in other normative and legal documents, corresponding to the activity.
The research objective is exposure of the possibility of using ion exchange sorbents in the processes of demineralization, wastewater treatment from metal ions in the chemical and metallurgical industries, the development of methods for the obtaining reagents from waste production and effective ion exchange sorbents based on furfural.
The scientific novelty of the thesis research lies in the following:
The scientific novelty of the research is as follows:
There have been obtained the anion exchanger - sorbents, forming with nonferrous metal ions weakly alkaline multifunctional, thermo-chemically stable complex by polycondensation of furfural benzoguanidin with diphenylguanidine;
It has been obtained that monofunctional carboxyl cation exchanger - sorbent with properties of selective sorption for ions of non-ferrous metals and uranium from industrial solutions by condensation of furfural with acrylic acid;
It has been determined that the dependence of the reaction rate constants, activation energies of the temperature, concentrations of initial materials, catalyst amount, and other factors based on kinetic studies of the process;
It has been found that the correlation dependences of the basic chemical, physical and chemical (sorption of ions of calcium, magnesium, copper, nickel, molybdenum and others., sorption capacity, monofunctionality, the degree of dissociation of the functional groups, and others.) on the chemical composition, physico-chemical and adsorption properties of the initial raw materials;
It has been developed that the technology of using local production of furfural and waste from Kungrat Soda Plant for ion exchange polymer sorbents with different functionality and calcium hydrosilicate with predetermined properties for cleaning and softening processes of industrial wastewater and extraction of nonferrous metal ions.
CONCLUSION
1. It has been recommended that approach for the preparation of weakly alkaline of polyfunctional anion sorbents with complex forming properties based on furfural benzoguanin and diphenylguanidine.
2. There has been the way for producing monofunktsional carboxylic cation exchanger - sorbents having selective sorption capacity to the non-ferrous metal ions and uranyl by polycondensation of furfural with acrylic acid.
3. Based on kinetic studies polycondensation reaction of PEPA, furfural and other monomers it has determined that rate constants, reaction activation energy. It has been shown that dependence of sorbents production technology on the reaction temperature, initial materials concentration, amount of catalyst and other factors.
4. It has been found that correlation dependences of the basic chemical, physical and chemical (sorption of ions of calcium, magnesium, copper, nickel, molybdenum and others., sorption capacity, monofunctionality, the degree of dissociation of the functional groups, and others.) on the chemical composition, physico-chemical and adsorption properties of the initial materials suitable for import substitution sorbents.
5. For the first time there has been used the technology of using waste Kungirat soda zavodi to produce calcium hydrosilicate different functionality with predetermined properties to process industrial wastewater treatment.
6. For the first time there has been developed the novel approach for effective purification of industrial wastewater. It has been found that the degree of purification of the wastewater reached up to 94-98% when used as a reagent of 200-600 mg/1 of calcium hydrosilicate and 100-200 mg/1 of aluminum sulphate coagulant. The basic technological scheme has been proposed.
7. It has been determined that the field of using the sorbents on the basis of chemical analyzes, physical-chemical and sorption properties. It has been recommended that their use for cleaning and softening industrial wastewater such as JSC « Kungrad Soda zavodi», JSC «Bektemir spirt-experimental zavodi» and JSC «Uzmetkombinat».

The urgency and relevance of the theme of the dissertation. Present time Global environmental change creates complicated situations all over the world. One of them is biodamages of anthropogenic landscapes by birds. For example, «currently horticultural sector of Australia has 300 billion dollars of the USA damage, African countries grain and grapes production loose approximately 87.3 billion. Dollars, every year it takes part about 4000 accidents between birds and aircrafts»1. In this regards the determination of birds caused damages, its prevention and working out the methods of its control are very important task.
After getting independence in our country it is payed solid attention to the modernization of economic sector, specially to the main branch of agroindustrial sector such as agricultural production. The were some achievements on the basis of effective methods of prevention of biodamages caused by birds and development of safe means of protection, including protection of the agricultural yield from various biodamages, as biodamage caused by birds and also in this regard the improvement of the development of harmless recourses, improve the results of their efficiency.
Currently, the increase of the area of anthropogenic landscapes and dependence of birds from these landscapes caused to increase of several problems of biodamages in different sectors of agriculture, economy and aviation transport. In this regards, in the conditions of anthropogenic landscapes, the scope of damage caused by birds in grain production, horticulture, viticulture, as well as honey bee production and their ecological technological nature, prototype and analog quantities determination, development of the ways to reduce of damage, as well as regulation of birds behavior near airports to limit accidence between birds and aviation transport by application of ecological technological systems and its modernization is very significant problem. Implementation of the results of investigation for modernization of ecological technological methods for prevention birds caused damages can be explained as following: determination of ecological causes of attraction of birds to the important production sectors (agriculture, aviation, industry, power lines etc) by application of single and differential approach; determination of the nature of highest culmination points of birds acoustic and repellent signaling systems; synthesis of acoustic repellent imitators and development of mechanisms of inter-specific effects; approval of complexes of biotechnological systems to prevent birds caused damages; development and implementation into practice of preventive ecological and technological methods on the basis of behavior and sensory organs features of birds.
The research of this dissertation in a certain degree serves to the solution of tasks stipulated in the decree № PF-3709 of January 9, 2006 «Programs for economic modernization in horticulture and grape production» of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, and the decree № PF-2460 of December 29, 2015 of the President of the Republic Uzbekistan «Programs for modernization and development of agriculture» and the decree №294 of October 24, 2014 «On measures for further development of civil aviation and strengthening the material-technical base of the National Airline «Uzbekistan havo Yullari» and also in other legal documents adopted in this area.
The aims of the research is an investigation of birds caused biodamages and modernization of ecological technological methods of their prevention.
Scientific novelty of the research are in the follows:
it was determined the level and dynamics of biodamage caused by birds at the croplands and in the territories of aeroports;
populations of Sturnidae and biological importance of acoustic signals in the interspecies acoustic communicative relationship as well as phylogenetic origin of acoustic repellent signals were determined;
on the basis of bioacoustic investigation it was first time described an alarm repellent signals of common bee-eater (Merops apiaster L.) and blue-cheeked bee eater (Merops superciliosus L.) the highest part - existence of alarming signals was identified and application of this signals in honey bee farms was scientifically proved;
it was first time investigated interspecific influence of an alarm signals of my-lady's-belt to other species of birds;
dangerous migration of birds alongside of territories of aeroports and eco-technological methods of forecast of situation were developped;
first time in the Uzbekistan condition, it was created an acoustic-reppelent complex of birds on the basis of birds sensors features.
CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the conducted research on doctoral dissertation on the theme «The biodamages, caused by birds in Uzbekistan and improvement of eco-technological methods of their prevention» the following conclusions were presented:
1. It was proved that the nature of biological damages caused by birds to different sectors of economy is linked with ecologic pliability, ethology, migration, and sinanthropy as well.
2. It was assessed the biological damage caused by birds to different croplands which were as followings: grape yards 17-19%, horticulture 31-86%, wheat 7,6-8,3%, rice 2,1-3,4%, sorgum 33-42%, breeding plots, seed testing plots 45-100%. All it depends from seasonal birds’ life.
3. About 30 species of birds are nesting in the airports and nearby areas. These causes to accidents with aircrafts which has a seasonal shape, where spring and autumn were higher which can be explained by migration, nesting and other factors.
4. Altruistic behavior of birds provided a stable population structure, and imprinting was linked directly with biological damages caused by birds.
5. The alarm signal of Indian starling and other predator birds with interspecific effect to birds, spectral-time sound closeness, principal similarity, simplicity of modular frequency, mechanisms of signal origination can be explained by simple signal initiation.
6. Rapid analyses of spectral timely structure of acoustic repellent signals shows that acoustic repellent signals of sparrows have common phylogenetic root and allows to determine an imitone.
7. It was in first time determined of the higher culmination point-alarm signal of bee-eater and with using this signals it was possible to protect a honey bee from biological damage.
8. In principal object it is necessary to apply biotechnological systems together with ecological approach and by imitation real-dangerous situation to enhance efficiency of application of repellent system.
9. It was developed special methodology to prevent biodamages caused by birds and complex installation «Optical repellent installation» and «Optical acoustic repellent complex» strategy to limit harmful effect of birds were recommended.
10. In case of combined use of «Optic repellent installation» and «Optical acoustic repellent complex» there were possible to reduce a damage up to 80% in airports, civil buildings 90-95%, power line system 100%, horticulture and viticulture 80%, honey bee form 70% and grain croplands 60% higher efficiency.

Subjects of research: Fauna and population of birds in major habitats of the rural landscape of Karakalpakstan and their economic importance.
Purpose of work: An integrated study of the avifauna in the rural landscape of Karakalpakstan, revealing of the structure of population, study of ecological adaptation of birds to conditions of anthropogenic habitats, assessment of their economic importance.
Methods of research: Zoological methods were used in the work.
The results obtained and their novelty: A complete list of birds inhabiting the rural landscape Karakalpakstan is for the first time made; the structure, seasonal dynamics, numbers and distribution of birds over main habitats of the rural landscape are described. The ecology of fourteen commercially most important and typical avian species is studied and their economic importance for agricultural crops is assessed.
Practical value: The materials of the thesis can be used in practical activities, for lectures and practical studies at biological and ecological courses delivered at higher educational institutions, lyceums, the propagation of nature conservation and raising ecological awareness of local residents. The author of the thesis provides an expert estimate of current numbers of birds. A number of recommendations on protection, attraction and sustainable use of birds have been developed.
Degree of embed and economic effectivity: A system of biotechnical and social measures on the increase of numbers and species diversity of birds inhabiting agricultural landscapes, which contributes to an increase of their useful role in the elimination of noxious animals and weeds is suggested.
Field of application: Nature protection, agriculture, scientific studies, higher and secondary specialized education.

Subjects of the inquiry: geo-ecological situation of the Khorezm region and territorial distribution of public incidence. Subject-geographical acpects of social development and public health of the region.
Aim of inquiry: on the basis of impact of social ecology and nosogeography cal situation to develop scientific and practical recommendations for improvement of public health.
Methods of inquiry: comparative-geographical, statistical, system-structured, cartographical, historical, social questionnaire, expert evaluation, and etc.
The results achieved and their novelty: it was studied interrelationship between social ecology and public health; proved the concept of "Ecological infrastructure"; developed principles of medical-administrative zoning; analysed sickness rate of population in the context of the Khorezm region and administrative districts; studied nursery mortality and their reasons; studied the problems for improvement of public health in the region; developed the prognosis for sickness rate of population with the help of expert evaluation by the specialists.
Practical value: research results can be used for development of the program for public health; improvement of territorial organizations in the sphere of medical services and social-economic development of rural settlements.
Degree of embed and economic efficiency: the Health Protection of the Khorezm region accepted conclusions and recommendations for practical introduction. The facts and methodological approaches are used in teaching process of related educational disciplines of UrSU (Urgench State University).
Sphere of usage: regional, city and district Khakimiyats (local executive administrative branches) and institutes of higher education.