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PHENOTYPIC MANIFESTATION OF ANTHOCYANIN COLOR
Ya.B.Tursunov, Sh.L.Yuldasheva
Andijan State University, Andijan City, Republic of Uzbekistan
E-mail: tursunovyaxyobek029@gmail.com
Abstract.
This article analyzes the genetic and environmental factors that
influence the phenotypic expression of anthocyanin pigments. The mechanisms
involved in the biosynthesis, transcriptional control, and phenotypic expression of
anthocyanins in plants are reviewed based on scientific sources.
Key words:
anthocyanin, pigmentation, gene expression, flavonoid, transcription
factor, phenotype, plant physiology, genotype
Introduction
Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments belonging to the flavonoid class that
produce blue, red, and purple colors [5]. They are not only aesthetically important, but
also have a protective function. The expression of anthocyanins in plant phenotype is
a complex process involving genetic and environmental factors [9].
Anthocyanin biosynthesis and genetic control
Anthocyanins are produced by the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthetic
pathways. This pathway involves the following key enzymes:
- Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL)
- Chalcone synthase (CHS)
- Chalcone isomerase (CHI)
- Flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H)
- Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR)
- Anthocyanidin synthase (ANS)
- UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT)
The structural genes encoding these enzymes require coordinated control of gene
expression. This control is mediated by transcriptional complexes consisting of MYB,
bHLH, and WD40 proteins [7]. Example: In Arabidopsis thaliana, the MYB
transcription factor PAP1 (Production of Anthocyanin Pigment 1) activates
anthocyanin synthesis [2].
Phenotypic manifestations
Anthocyanins can be accumulated in various parts of plants - leaves, buds, fruits,
roots. The phenotypic appearance of these pigments is as follows:
- In flowers: attraction of pollinators [11].
- In fruits: stimulation of seed dispersal by animals[5].
- In leaves: protection from UV rays and antioxidant activity[3].
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Phenotypic expression has a hereditary basis, and in some cases is the result of
polygenic inheritance. For example, in corn (Zea mays) anthocyanin synthesis is
controlled by the R, B and C1 genes [8].
As a result of genetic observations of many objects, it has been established that
the basic structure of anthocyanins depends on individual genes. Also, the coloring of
flower petals and other parts of the flower is due to a mixture of various anthocyanins
and flavones in their composition. After this genetic analysis, 3 groups of genes were
identified: the main gene for the presence or absence of flower color (P-p), the gene
for the type of color - anthocyanin quality (V-v), the pigment intensity (Int-int), the
gene for the location of pigments (L-l). The nature of the functioning of genes was
determined by crossing sages of different colors. For example, in the cross between
ulba (white) x carnea (salmon-red), the first generation was red, and in the second
generation - in a ratio of 9:3:4 (158 red; 57 salmon-red; 61 white). When analyzing the
second generation of plants, that is, the genotype of F2 plants was determined [1].
(Table 1)
Results of genetic analysis of sage flower color
Plant F
2
phenotype
F
3
generation
plant F
2
genotype
Red
Inserable
PP vv LL
Red and white separates
Pp vv LL
Red and brownrish red separates
PP vv Ll
Red, brownrish red and white separates
Pp vvLl
Brown-red
Inserable
PP vv ll
brownrish red and white separates
Pp vv ll
white
Inserable
Pp vv ll
Influence of environmental factors
The level of anthocyanin pigments varies not only genetically, but also under the
influence of environmental factors:
- Light: strong light increases anthocyanin expression[10].
- Temperature: pigment accumulation increases under cold conditions[4].
- pH: anthocyanins are red in acidic conditions and blue in alkaline conditions[12].
- Abiotic stress: drought, UV and nutrient deficiency activate anthocyanin
synthesis (Schaefer & Rolshausen, 2006).
Practical significance
The phenotypic expression of anthocyanins is of great importance not only in the
natural environment, but also in the fields of breeding, food technology and
pharmaceuticals. For example, high-anthocyanin varieties are valued for their
antioxidant properties[6].
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Conclusion
The phenotypic expression of anthocyanins is the result of a complex combination
of genetic and environmental factors. Although their biosynthesis is under strict genetic
control, environmental factors can significantly alter their expression. The fact that
anthocyanin color is expressed in different organs of the plant also makes it difficult to
study this gene control. However, the genes controlling these pigments are of similar
importance in plant organs. The functional role of these pigments in plant life requires
their fundamental and practical study.
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1.
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Chalker-Scott, L. (1999). Photochemistry and Photobiology, 70(1), 1–9.
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Christie, P. J., et al. (1994). Planta, 194(4), 541–549.
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Gould, K. S. (2004). Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2004(5), 314–
320.
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He, J., & Giusti, M. M. (2010). Annual Review of Food Science and Technology,
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Petroni, K., & Tonelli, C. (2011). Plant Science, 181(3), 219–229.
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Selinger, D. A., & Chandler, W. L. (1999). Genes & Development, 13(23), 2882–
2897.
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Winkel-Shirley, B. (2001). Plant Physiology, 126(2), 485–493.
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