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ANATOMICAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
ADENOTONSILLAR SYSTEM (PIROGOV-WALDEYER RING)
Ismoilov Ibodjon Imomjonovich
Bukhara State Medical Institute named after Abu Ali Ibn Sino
Abstract:
This in the article Waldeyer of the ring ( adenotonsillar) system )
anatomo-topographic structure wide in a circle studied . Morphological and dissection
observations through the ring organization doer of elements location, size, epithelial
coating and crypts number identified, their to age looking at change trends evaluated.
Results Waldeyer of the ring immunological function deeper to understand service
does and otolaryngological practice for necessary basis become service does.
Key words:
Waldeyer ring, adenotonsillar system , larynx spine , anatomical
location , epithelium, crypts.
Adenotonsillar system or Waldeyer ring high breath roads and food of the way
lymphoid from tissues organization found protection This system was first described
by Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer in 1884. described is , is now in the day he not only
morphological , maybe immunological importance has was important anatomical unity
as is being studied [1].
Waldeyer ring 4 main lymphoid from the component consists of: palate (paired),
larynx (adenoid), tongue and flutes . This lymphoid structures epithelium with covered
is internal in part lymphoid follicles, crypts and antigen presentation provider cells [2].
These components through organism breath or food way through enter incoming to
pathogens against first immunological the answer forms [3].
Latest in years this of structures morphology and topography different young in
groups analysis made , their immune activity with related structural changes studied
[4. 5. 8]. Research this shows that , especially in children , palatine and pharyngeal
tonsils very much big is high immunological to activity has . This is own adenoid
hyperplasia in turn or chronic tonsillitis such as to the circumstances tendency increases
[ 6].
Waldeyer of the ring structure , its structural parts location , epithelium types of
crypts number and depth this of the system immunological to the functions directly
impact [7]. Also , the ring anatomical structure and his/her clinical importance
otolaryngological surgery , especially in children in practice big role plays [10].
This because of , Waldeyer of the ring anatomo-topographic features study
through not only his/her morphological structure , maybe clinical and immunological
also determine the importance possible . This in the article exactly this aspects
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morphological , dissection and microscopic analyses through is illuminated .
Adenotonsillar ring or Waldeyer ring high breath roads and food of the way
oropharynx in the field located lymphoid of tissues complicated anatomical This is a
ring structure . to the organism from outside incoming pathogen to microorganisms
against first immunological barrier is considered . This The system was invented in
1884 by a German pathologist Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz
described and from that since this ring his/her name with [ Waldeyer H., 1884] .
Structure in terms of Waldeyer ring following lymphoid structures own inside
takes : palatine tonsils ( pair ), pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), lingual tonsil and tubal
tonsils ( pairs ). These structures epithelium with covered is, they have lymphoid
follicles available . Every one component location and structure immune answer in the
formation important role plays [11].
Latest in years Waldeyer of the ring anatomical and functional to oneself
characteristics learning, especially for children and adolescents , pediatrics and surgery
in practice big importance profession is doing . This in the article Waldeyer of the ring
anatomo-topographic features in detail analysis will be done.
Materials and methods .
This research Tashkent medicine Academy of Normal
Anatomy in the department during 2023–2024 take visited in 3 directions done
increased :
1.
20 7–14 year olds children's Waldeyer ring preparations morphological in
terms of studied .
2.
5 large old donors dissection based on anatomical examinations done
increased .
3.
Scientific Based on literature (PubMed, Scopus) between 2010–2023
publication 42 articles published analysis was done .
Drugs histological in sections prepared , microscopic observations on a Leica
DM750 microscope take went . Anatomical analysis and classic dissection method
based on done increased .
Research results . Waldeyer of the ring structural elements to age
looking at how their change , location and morphological differences to
determine especially children and teenagers between this lymphoid of tissues
volumetric change , epithelium types and immunological activity
representative signs dissection analyses and anatomical location practical
importance showed .
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Table 1.
Palatine and pharyngeal tonsils dimensions to age dependency (n=20)
Age group ( year )
Palate murphy size ( mm )
Larynx murphy size ( mm )
7–9
18.3 ± 2.4
15.1 ± 1.9
10–12
20.7 ± 2.1
16.3 ± 2.0
13–14
21.5 ± 2.6
14.8 ± 2.3
From the table apparently as it stands , palatine tonsils size young growth with
increasing went , this and their active lymphoid activity with connection shows .
Pharyngeal tonsil and maximum size 10–12 years old observed , then involution
process beginning probability there is .
Table 2.
Waldeyer ring of elements location ( dissection) observation , n=5)
Element
Location
Epithelium type
Palatine tonsil
Medium in the throat , back weld
behind
Many multi-storey flat
Pharyngeal
tonsil
Nasopharynx in the field , back on the
side
Many in a row
cylindrical
Lingual tonsil
Language root on the surface
Many multi-storey flat
Tubal tonsil
Eustachian flute in the mouth
Many in a row
cylindrical
This table every one component to the location looking at how epithelium type
with covered For example , breathing to the roads close was pharyngeal and tubal
tonsils cylindrical epithelium with , mouth space components and flat epithelium with
covered.
Table 3.
Palatine tonsil crypts number and depth ( microscopic) observation, n=10)
Drug number
Crypts number
Crypt depth ( mm )
1
11
2.3
2
9
1.9
3
13
2.6
4
12
2.5
5
10
2.1
Crypts number and depth palatine individual differences in tonsils does. Crypts
depth antigens with more contact to do opportunity gives , this and lymphoid of tissues
immunological activity increases. These analyses this shows that deep and many
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numerical to the crypts has tonsils to infection against in the fight more efficient will
be.
Discussion
. Waldeyer ring organism lymphoid protection in the system
main position occupies . Research results this of the ring mo rphological
elements to age looking at how change and their topographic location
functional importance has that confirms . Especially in children this
structures active immune answer in the formation participation will reach.
Dissection analyses this showed that every one component location their
surroundings tissues with anatomical connection For example , pharyngeal tonsil
nasopharynx back on the wall due to its location , adenoiditis when developed nose
through breath to take sharp will be broken.
Microscopic analyses palatine in the tonsils crypts depth their protection in
function how importance has that it is to determine opportunity gave . Here antigens
with permanent contact to be lymphocytes activity strengthens and immunological the
answer accelerates.
Literature to the analysis based on by Gleeson M. (2015) and Abbas A. (2018 ) as
shown , lymphoid tissues epithelium under located follicles activity with immune
reactions manages . Our our observations this theories experimental in terms of
confirms.
Results this Waldeyer showed that ring components not only structural , maybe
functional also differs in terms of and this their to oneself typical anatomical cases with
related . Research during determined topographic and morphological features surgery
, otorhinolaryngology and pediatric in practice clear diagnosis and right approach for
basis become service does .
Conclusion.
Waldeyer ring not only morphological complicated system
, maybe immunological protection sys tem first step it is also important as .
Our research this showed that the ring components location , epithelium
cover , crypts depth and size their protection in the function directly
participation in children this structures active development in the pha se
become pathological situations exactly this in the period to the surface output
possible . This therefore , waldeyer of the ring anatomical -topographic to
oneself characteristics deep study pediatrics and surgery in practice
important place holds.
Used literature:
1.
Gleeson M., Clarke R. (2015). Scott-Brown's Otorhinolaryngology: Head and
Neck Surgery . 8th ed. CRC Press.
2.
Абдусаматова, И. И., Г. Е. Тастанова, and М. У. Муратов. "Anatomy and
physiology of the lymphatic pharynx ring Valdeier-Pirogov and diagnostics of the
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of
the
adenotonsillar
system."
Вестник”
Ташкентской
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3.
Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pillai S. (2018). Cellular and Molecular Immunology .
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Quraishi MS, et al. (2014). Tonsillar immunology and its role in pathogenesis.
Clinical Otolaryngology , 39(2), 95–103.
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