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STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR PREDICTING AND PREVENTING
DENTAL DISEASES IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY WORKERS
Jdanova Yekaterina Aleksandrovna
Assistant, Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology
, Bukhara State Medical Institute
Abstract.
The article presents a review of the scientific literature containing data
on the peculiarities of the influence of various production factors on the state of hard
tissues of the teeth and oral mucosa in persons directly in contact with these factors.
The pathogenesis in the development of caries and non-carious lesions, inflammatory
periodontal diseases and diseases of the oral mucosa is described. The manifestations
of these diseases are most often due to a pronounced sensitization of the div to
harmful production factors, in the oral cavity there is a pronounced change in local
immunity, homeostasis with the manifestation of dysbiosis, as a result of which the
features of their clinical manifestations change.
Key words:
harmful production factors, caries, periodontium, mucous membrane
One of the priority tasks of the concept of health development of the Republic of
Uzbekistan until 2025 is the formation of a healthy lifestyle. One of the key points in
this context is to ensure the sanitary and hygienic well-being of the working population.
At the same time, it is known that the impact of unfavorable production factors of a
biological, chemical, and physical nature leads to a change in the functioning of various
systems of the human div [6]. Dental morbidity occupies a significant place among
various human pathologies. There are certain factors affecting their distribution,
identification and recognition of various authors around the world [4, 10].However, so
far there is nothere is a consensus on the influence of occupationally harmful factors
on the development of dental morbidity [1, 5]. In this regard, an active purposeful study
of the dental status among workers in hazardous and hazardous industries that emit
hazardous waste into the environment has recently been carried out [3, 4, 6]. The
organization of rational dental care for employees of various industries and enterprises
with certain occupational hazards, the timely detection of oral diseases among them
and their treatment are of great medical and social importance today [3, 10].
The question of the negative impact of certain industries on the oral cavity remains
relevant. The relationship of the high prevalence of non-carious lesions of the teeth,
oral mucosa with such production processes as oil and gas production, metallurgy,
chemical production, baking and confectionery production has been proven (11).
Dental health contributes to the preservation of the working capacity of an important
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part of the country's population - workers of industrial enterprises, especially since a
number of studies convincingly reveal the role of the dentition in the general state of
the div.
The presence of high risks of occupational diseases among workers in industry
has been proven. This is due to the intake of compounds of elements into the human
div through the oral cavity (15). Industrial workers are characterized by a high
prevalence of dental caries and inflammatory periodontal disease (3).
Chemical substances of the industrial air environment are detected in the oral
fluid, hard tissues of the teeth, dental deposits, biopsy specimens of tissue structures
(12). They aggravate the course of dental caries due to the replacement of calcium ions
in hydroxyapatite crystals, chronic inflammation in periodontal tissues, violation of the
integrity of the epithelium of the oral mucosa (5).
Working conditions at industrial enterprises are often accompanied by factors
harmful to human health, which are called "production (professional) hazards". Long-
term influence of these factors can lead to pathological changes in the oral mucosa,
periodontal diseases, hard dental tissues, and contributes to the development of chronic
oral diseases [1, 4, 5, 15, 18, 28]. Scientific studies show that the prevalence of major
dental diseases among the working-age population reaches 95-100% and has a steady
downward trend.
A modern dentist must know the causes of these disorders in order to properly
and successfully carry out treatment, as well as to carry out preventive work among the
population.
The analysis of the literature available to us determines the goal of studying the
relationship between the development of various dental diseases in persons directly in
contact with harmful factors of industrial production.
The unfavorable factors of the industrial environment mainly differ in intensity
depending on the ecological situation and professional activity in a particular region,
the technical perfection of production.
A number of researchers note a high level of prevalence of dental diseases among
workers in the chemical industry. It was revealed that chemicals have a harmful effect
on the hard tissues of the teeth, periodontal tissues, and the composition of the oral
fluid [11, 34]. A correlation has been established between the concentration of
hydrogen sulfide and the prevalence of oral diseases, the amount of harmful emissions
into the atmosphere and periodontal disease [27, 32]. Under the influence of vapors of
inorganic acids and their derivatives, teeth decalcify with the appearance of acid
necrosis of the upper and lower frontal teeth [33].
In a number of scientific papers, the problems of the significant influence of the
conditions for the production of synthetic detergents (SMC) on the tissues of the tooth,
periodontium and oral mucosa were considered and studied [13, 33].
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The leading harmful factors of the working environment and the labor process for
workers, the main professions of the petrochemical industry are: the severity and
intensity of labor, vibration, noise, unfavorable microclimate (vapors of acetic and
terephthalic acids). These factors significantly affect the pH, the buffering capacity of
saliva of workers, the macro- and microscopic composition of hard tissues of teeth, the
resistance of enamel to adverse factors and contribute to the occurrence of cracks,
necrosis of tooth enamel, keratoses of the mucous membrane [14, 21. 22, 23].
According to the materials of observations, foreign scientists came to the
conclusion that under the influence of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, roughness and
abrasion of the surfaces of the front teeth and enamel erosion occur [30].
It has been established that chemicals polluting the air of the copper powder shop
disrupt the structure and chemical composition of the mineral base of the tooth,
contributing to the development of demineralization of hard tissues, and also lead to
the development of leukoplakia, cheilitis, papillomatosis, oncopathology [8, 29 ].
In experimental works, morphological changes in the structure of the dentin of
teeth under conditions of high lead content are presented. Chronic exposure to lead
contributes to demineralization with foci of destruction in all areas of the dentin, the
development of diseases of the oral mucosa, and increases the prevalence of
periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) [16, 31].
It is important to take into account that the teeth of the workers of such main
production units of the industrial group as the ammonium nitrate shop, the nitric acid
shop and the methanol shop are most affected by carious disease [7].
In glass production, the development of keratoses and hyperkeratoses on the
mucous membrane of the oral cavity and lips is facilitated by prolonged exposure to
high temperatures; air polluted with harmful chemicals also has a toxic and irritating
effect on the oral mucosa [9].
Erosion and pathological abrasion of enamel caused by the presence of
hydrochloric, sulfuric, and hydrocyanic acids were noted among workers in chemical
industries [17, 36].
An increase in the total number of bacteria with a predominance of gram-negative
bacteria was determined in the study of physical, biochemical and bacterioscopic
parameters in the oral cavity in workers at ethanol production enterprises [26].
The research results confirm the role of industrial aerosols in the occurrence of
dental diseases in production workers in contact with such carcinogens as benz (a)
pyrene, inorganic arsenic compounds, lead, cadmium, crystalline silicon dioxide, and
in workers exposed to resistant to aerosols of mineral oils, soot, formaldehyde and
exhaust gases of diesel engines [12].
A number of authors indicate that harmful factors (gasoline, sulfur dioxide, carbon
monoxide, etc.) in the production of rubber products cause violations in workers of
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local immunity of the oral cavity and a number of biochemical indicators of mixed
saliva, affecting the prevalence of major dental diseases. diseases [10].
A high prevalence of diseases of the hard tissues of the teeth and periodontium
has been established in all examined persons who are in contact with cadmium and its
compounds in the metallurgical production [24].
Bulyakov R.T., Chemikosova T.S. (2015) note that the leading harmful factors at
fiberglass production enterprises are fiberglass dust and products for its manufacture,
which affect the incidence of dentoalveolar system [6].
In the works of some researchers, it was noted that the increase in dental morbidity
among workers in the production of non-ferrous metals is directly dependent on the
severity of adverse factors [2].
In their studies, foreign authors present the results of the analysis of data on the
significant impact on the occurrence of diseases of hard tissues of teeth and periodontal
tissues of an unfavorable microclimate and physical factors: an excessive level of
acoustic and electromagnetic vibrations, thermal and ionizing radiation [37, 38 ].
The main hazardous production factors in the development of dental diseases
among workers in industrial enterprises are ionizing radiation and a chemical factor
[18].
In bakery industries, it has been established that dental caries can be caused by
sugar dust in the air [20].
The results of the study of the dental status of vibration production workers
showed that in patients suffering from vibration disease, the main place in the
pathogenesis of periodontitis belongs to neurovascular dystrophy of periodontal tissues
[3].
A number of authors point to the dependence of the process of dental morbidity
on various psychosocial factors. The effect of stress on the incidence of periodontitis
in industrial workers has been shown [21].
Occupational stress can be caused by the physical intensity of work. It has been
shown that the most significant factors for the examined persons are fear, nervousness
or stress at work and problems with the economic support of the family, as well as
interpersonal relationships in the family [19].
Thus, the literature available to us highlights the modern view of the complex
impact of harmful production factors that determine the high prevalence of dental
diseases among workers in industrial enterprises. The analysis carried out shows that
the incidence rates of teeth and periodontal disease are related to the nature of the work
performed.
At the same time, it should be noted that the studies we analyzed did not reveal
the results of studying risk factors in modern industries. Located in special economic
zones, residents of which, as a rule, must comply with the safety requirements of the
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personnel working area. Also, scientific works do not take into account new
requirements in the prevention of occupational diseases.
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