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TUPROQLARNING SHO’RLANISHI BARTARAF ETISH CHORA-
TADBIRLARI
O.M.Yusupova
-Buxoro davlat texnika universiteti talabasi
Annotatsiya.
Ushbu maqolada tuproqlarning sho’rlanish darajalari, sabablari
va tuproqlar sho’rlanishining ortishiga ta’sir ko’rsatuvchi omillar hamda
tuproqlarning sho’rlanishini oldini olishga qaratilgan chora-tadbirlar keltirilgan.
Kalit so‘zlar:
sho’rlanish, sho’rlanish darajalari, ona jins, sho’r yuvish, sho'r
yuvish, fiziologik quruqlik.
Abstract.
This article presents the levels of soil salinity, causes and factors
affecting the increase in soil salinity, as well as measures aimed at preventing soil
salinity.
Key words:
salinity, levels of salinity, parent rock, saline leaching, saline
leaching, physiological dryness.
Kirish:
Tuproq tugaydigan va tiklanadigan resurslarga kiradi. Tuzilishiga
ko’ra tuproqda 3 asosiy qatlam ajratiladi: A-eng ustki gumus (chirindi)li qatlam; B-
yuqori qatlamdan mineral va organik birikmalar to’planadigan qatlam. C-tuproq
vujudga keladigan ona jins qatlami. Tuproqning har bir gorizonti organik va mineral
birikmalar aralashmasidan iborat. Tuproq tarixiy tarkib topgan murakkab, mustaqil
tabiiy jism bo’lib, o’zgaruvchan dinamik hosiladir. Yer yuzi turli qobiqlari
o’rtasidagi aloqadorlik tuproq orqali amalga oshadi. Tuproq tabiiy landshaftlarning
asosi hisoblanadi. Inson tuproqlarga ijobiy va salbiy ta’sir ko’rsatadi. Inson
tuproqlarning hosildorligini oshirishi, yerlarning holatini yaxshilashi mumkin.
Shuning bilan birga shahar qurilishi, atrof muhitning ifloslanishi, agrotexnik
tadbirlarning talabga javob bermasligi natijasida tuproqlar bevosita yo’q qilinishi,
yaroqsiz holga kelishi, yemirilishi mumkin. Hozirgi kunda tuproqlar maydonining
kamayishi uning tiklanishidan minglab marta tezroq, amalga oshmoqda.
Sho'rlangan tuproq hosil bo'lishi er osti suvlari va jinslarda tuzlarning
to'planishi va ularning tuproqlarda to'planishi uchun qulay shart-sharoitlar bilan
bog'liq.
Tog' jinslarining parchalanishi paytida sezilarli miqdorda tuzlar hosil bo'ladi.
Quruqlikdan okeanga tez eriydigan tuzlarning yillik oqimi 2735 million tonnani
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tashkil etadi, har yili 1 milliard tonnaga yaqin tuzlar qit'alarning yopiq hududlariga
kiradi.
Tuproqlarning sho’rlanish darajalari 2 xil bo’ladi:
1) birlamchi sho’rlanish;
2) ikkilamchi sho’rlanish.
Birlamchi sho’rlanish
bu tuqroqlarning ona jinsi tarkibida mavjud bo’lgan tuz
miqdori.
Ikkilamchi sho’rlanish
– atrof-muhitda yuz beradigan turli antropogen omillar
ta’sirida tuqroq tarkibidagi tuz miqdorining ortishi.
Sug’oriladigan dehqonchilik rayonlarida tuproqlarning sho’rlanishi asosiy
ekologik muammolardan hisoblanadi. Tuproqlarning sho’rlanishisug’orishni
noto’g’ri olib borganda yer osti suvlari sathining ko’tarilishi natijasida ro’y beradi.
Birlamchi va ikkilamchi sho’rlanish kuzatiladi. Ikkilamchi sho’rlanishda suv
kappilyarlar orqali ko’tarilib tuzi tuproqda qoladi yoki ortiqcha sug’orish natijasida
yer osti suvlari erigan tuzlar bilan sho’rlanadi. Ikkilamchi sho’rlanish tuproqlarga
ko’proq zarar yetkazadi.
Tuproqning sho‘rlanishi ta’siri ostida o‘simliklarda fotosintez va nafas olish
intensivligi sezilarli darajada kamayadi, modda almashinuvi susayadi. Tuproqning
sho‘rlanish darajasi ortishi bilan quruq modda kamroq to'plana boshlaydi.
Tuproqning sho'rlanish darajasi ortishi bilan o'simliklar o’sish davridagi umumiy
suv sarfi kamaya boradi. Shu bilan birga maydon birligiga to‘g'ri keladigan o'simlik
soni ham kamayadi. Tuzlarning o‘simlik suv rejimiga zararli ta'siri urug‘ unib
chiqqan paytdan boshlanadi. Tuproq sho'rlangan bo’lsa. Urug’larning nam tortishi
juda sekinlashadi. Urug' namligi yaxshi unib chiqish uchun zarur bo’lgan darajasiga
ko‘tarila olmavdi. Shu sababli urug'ning unib chiqishi ancha sekinlashadi yoki
butunlay unib chiqmaydi.
Tuproqning sho'rlanish darajasi ortishi bilan tuproq eritmasining osmotik
bosimi o‘simlik ildizining so'rish kuchidan ortib ketadi. Shu sababli o‘simliklarning
suv ichishi qiyinlashadi, tuproqda fiziologik quruqlik deb ataladigan sharoit vujudga
keladi. Bunda tuproq nam bo’lishiga qaramasdan o‘simlik yetarlicha suv iste'mol
qila olmaydi. Natijada uning o'sish darajasi yomonlashadi, rivojlanishi sekinlashadi.
Tuproqning sho‘rlanishi qishloq xo'jaligi o'simliklarining ildiziga salbiy ta'sir
ko‘rsatadi. Tuproqning pastki qavatida tuz zonasi ko'p bo'lsa, ildizni chuqurlashishi
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ancha qiyin kechadi. Tuzlar ayniqsa, normal soda (Na
2
CO
3
) ildizni o'yib yuboradi.
Natijada ildiz shilimshiqlanib qorayadi va nobud bo’ladi. Maydonlarning
botqoqlanishi va sho'rlanishi ularni qishloq xo‘jaligida foydalanish uchun yaroqsiz
qilib qo’yadi. Bizga ma'lumki, sizot suvlarining to’planishi va chiqib keta olmasligi
tuproqning sho'rlanishiga yoki botqoqlanishiga sabab bo’ladi. Sho’rlanib qolgan
ba’zi yerlar esa qishloq xo'jaligida ishlatilishidan chiqib ketadi.
Tabiiyki, sho'rlangan yerlarda qishloq xo'jalik ekinlaridan mahsulot olish
uchun. ularga me’yordan 2-3 hissa ortiq sug'orish suvi talab qilinadi. aks holda bu
yerda mo'ljallangan hosilning 70- 80% i nobud bo'lishi mumkin.
Ma’umki tuproq sho'rini yuvish sho'rlanishning bartaraf etishning eng yaxshi
- samarali usulidir. buning natijasida kafolatlangan yuqori hosildorlikka erishish
mumkin. Sho'rlanishning oldini olish uchun sho'r yuvishning maqbul muddatlarini
belgilashda faqat iqlim va tuproq-meliorativ sharoitlarni emas. balki sho'r yuvishda
tuproqning g'o'za nihollarini sug'ormasdan undirib olish uchun yetarlicha nam
zahirasini hosil bo'lishini nazarda tutishi kerak, chunki nihollarni sug'orib undirib
olishning salbiy tomonlari ham mavjuddir. Shuning uchun sho'r bosgan yerlarni
joriy yuvish muddatlari ekish davriga yaqin vaqtda o'tkazilishi kerak. Yengil
mexanik tarkibli tuproqlarda bunday yuvish erta bahorda, og'ir tuproqlarda esa kuzgi
- qichki sho'r yuvishlarni erta bahorda yuvish bilan qo'shib olib borish yaxshi samara
beradi, bunda umumiy yuvish me’yorining 2/3 qismi kuzgi -qichki davrda. 1/3 qismi
erta bahorda beriladi. Sho'r yuvish me’yori uzluksiz ravishda emas. balki bo'lib -
bo'lib berilsa. tuzlarning yuvib ketkazish jadalligi ortadi.
Tuproqning sho'rini egatlar orqali yuvishda ham tuproqni 30- 35sm
chuqurlikda ag'darib haydash va diskali molada molalash bilan boshlanadi. Tuproq
zich joylashgan yerlarda zichlik. gipslanganlik va qatlamlarning joylanish
chuqurligiga qarab namlatish ishlarini amalga oshirilishi kerak. Yumshatish ikki
yo‘nalishda-zovurning bo'yiga va eniga qarab zarur chuqurlikda o'tkaziladi. Tuproq
chuqur yumshatilganidan keyin maydon yuzasi tekislanib, qator oralig'i 45-60 sm
dan iborat kalta (50- 100m ) egat olinadi va ularga suv beriladi.
Sho'rlangan yerlarni chuchuklashtirishni sug'orish maydonlarida sho‘r yuvish
ishlarisiz amalga oshirish mumkin emas. Ayni paytda sho'r yerlarning sho'rini
yuvishdan hosil bo'lgan suvlarni zovurlar yordamida maydon tashqarisiga olib
chiqib ketish ham kerak. buning uchun sun'iy zovurlar hosil qilinadi. Sho'r yuvish
tuproqdagi ortiqcha tuzlarni ketkazishdagi yagona-almashtirib bo'lmaydigan
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tadbirdir. Sho'r yuvish me’yori. miqdori va davomiyligi sho'r tuproqdagi tuzlar
tarkibiga, ular sho'rlanganlik darajasiga. sho'r yuvish qatlamining chuqurligiga,
tuproqlarning suv fizik xossalariga sizot suvlarining joylashgan chuqurligiga
maydonning zovurlanganligiga qarab aniqlaniladi.
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