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TYPE
Original Research
PAGE NO.
204-208
DOI
OPEN ACCESS
SUBMITED
31 March 2025
ACCEPTED
29 April 2025
PUBLISHED
31 May 2025
VOLUME
Vol.05 Issue05 2025
COPYRIGHT
© 2025 Original content from this work may be used under the terms
of the creative commons attributes 4.0 License.
Speech Styles and Types of
Methodology
Samatova Navroza Bakhodir qizi
Senior lecturer of the Department of “Pedagogy and Psychology”, Doctor
of Philosophy in Psychology, Uzbekistan
Turgunboyev Muhammadkodir Kamol ogli
Students of Tashkent State Medical University, Uzbekistan
Abstract:
This article analyzes speech styles and types of
styles. Speech styles are a systematic form of linguistic
means used in the process of expressing a person's
thoughts, and they are divided into official, scientific,
artistic, journalistic and oral styles. Each style has its
own lexical, grammatical and stylistic characteristics.
Style, on the other hand, studies the aesthetic,
communicative and functional aspects of language and
determines its place in social life. The study examines
the differences between these styles, their scope and
communicative effectiveness.
Keywords:
Speech style, Style, Communicative task,
Linguistic means, Artistic style, Scientific style,
Publicistic style, Official style, Oral style, Functional
styles.
Introduction:
Language is the main communicative tool
in society, and its fulfillment of various tasks is
manifested through speech styles. Speech style is the
selection and use of language tools in accordance with
specific conditions and purposes. Style is a branch of
linguistics that studies the characteristics of styles in a
language and the laws of their use.
Speech styles are divided into several types depending
on the communicative tasks and field of application.
Artistic style - used in literary works. It is characterized
by imagery, expressiveness and an abundance of artistic
means.
Scientific style - used in scientific works, articles and
textbooks. It is characterized by clarity, logic and
evidence-based.
Publicistic style - used in the media. Its important
features
are
impressiveness,
evidence
and
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understanding by the public. Official style - used in
official documents, laws, decrees and business
documents. Formality, clear formulas and standard
expressions are common. Colloquial style - used in
everyday communication. It is characterized by
freedom, simplicity and liveliness.
Types of style The language of style is studied
linguistically in different ways. The main types of
methodology are: Functional methodology
–
studies
how language is used in different social spheres.
Historical methodology
–
analyzes the formation and
development of speech styles in different periods.
Artistic methodology
–
studies imagery and artistic
means in literary texts. Experimental methodology
–
conducts experiments and analyzes the use of speech
styles.
Linguistic
methodological
studies
the
grammatical, lexical and phonetic properties of speech
styles. People differ from each other to some extent in
the selection and use of lexical, phraseological,
grammatical and phonetic means of the language in
the process of communication in any conditions and in
all areas of activity. Such a selection of language means
within the framework of the national language leads to
the emergence of a variety of manifestations in
speech. Such diverse speech manifestations are called
speech styles.
Speech styles are speech manifestations that have
historically formed as a result of the purposeful
selection of the system of means of expression within
a specific communication framework. Speech styles
are directly related to the task - function of the
language. Therefore, they are called functional styles.
Oral speech style. Oral speech, if it is the basis for
expressing certain modal relations, becomes the
object of the science of style. This situation is
characterized by the "disturbance" of the order of
parts of speech, the presence of simple sentences,
incomplete sentences, and dialogic speech. It is
characteristic that some forms of oral speech find their
place in written speech: (came, came). In the oral style,
short, unconnected compound sentences are often
used, and artistic means are rarely used. In particular,
polysemantic words are more often involved. In oral
speech, there is a wide opportunity for evasion, quips,
jokes, and jokes. Oral speech is not used in official -
business and scientific styles.
The oral style is divided into two: Literary style.
Ordinary style. The literary style is characterized by
being organized and worked out in accordance with
the literary norms of the language. In the ordinary
style of speech, free communication with non-
bindingness is a characteristic feature. The style of
speech has the following features:
Phonetic features. Lexical-phraseological features.
Grammatical features.
2. Official style.
The official (business) style includes the language
features of official documents of accounting bodies,
courts, justice, civil registry and notary offices,
prosecutor's offices, internal affairs and other
ministries, departments, institutions, organizations,
individual individuals, such as notes, resolutions,
decrees,
instructions,
manuals,
constitutions,
judgments, rulings, contracts, recommendations,
explanatory notes and applications, complaints,
information, meeting minutes, receipts, biographies,
power of attorney, certificates, announcements, acts,
certificates, reports, etc. The main features of the
official business style are:
There are no artistic means;
The lexicon of the style consists of bookish and objective
words: the style contains professional terminology;
obsolete words and expressions are used instead; the
following grammatical features are present; the people
being mentioned are not called by their names, but
instead nouns are used that express their sign or some
action, attitude to something; executor, witness,
plaintiff, victim, tenant, etc. in order to avoid ambiguity,
nouns are usually not replaced by pronouns; the use of
verbs is especially different from that in other styles; to
prevent, to take measures, to expose the fault, to be
seen, to be given, to be released; in this style, compound
sentences are widely used, and in some places the
number of clauses can reach 8-10; compound
sentences, in particular, compound sentences with a
conditional clause, are widely used; interrogative and
exclamatory sentences are almost not used, mainly
indicative and imperative sentences are used.
The text of the documents is written in the first person
or third person. Order documents written on behalf of
an individual manager are in the first person. Also,
documents written by an individual (application,
explanatory letter) are formulated in the first person,
singular. Other documents are formalized either in the
first person plural or in the third person singular.
The text of the documents uses more stable,
stereotyped word combinations. The information
system of the document must be clear, complete, and
the idea must be logically deep. The text of the
document strictly adheres to the paragraph system.
Spelling and punctuation errors are not allowed in the
document. Scientific style. The scientific style is a
functional style related to science, technology and
production. It is further divided into several purely
scientific types, such as scientific-technical, scientific-
documentary, scientific-popular, educational-scientific.
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The scientific style has the following common features
in connection with the development of modern times:
objectivity, accuracy of information;
the richness of speech in information;
concise, concise expression of thought;
the imperceptibility of the author's individuality;
the absence of emotionality, imagery;
the presence of terms, drawings, symbols and tables;
the structure of the text from tight syntactic devices;
strict adherence to the norms of the literary language;
the logic and strict order of thoughts;
the absence of the phenomenon of ellipsis (the
omission of any intended word);
the frequent use of nouns expressing various
concepts;
the use of nouns, mainly in the singular;
the use of the passive part of the verb in the text;
the use of words and word combinations that serve as
special connections.
4. Publicistic style. Publicistics in a broad sense includes
all types of works that cover issues of socio-political
life. This style also has its own written and oral forms.
Editorial articles, feuilletons, appeals, appeals,
declarations dedicated to important socio-political
issues of life are works of the written type of style.
Although the written and oral forms of the publicistic
style have their own characteristics, they are subject to
the general requirements of the publicistic style. For
example, both types of this style have such features as
political activity, responsiveness, sharp and impressive
eloquence,
logical
soundness,
agitation
and
propaganda.
5. Artistic style. The artistic style of speech is
characterized by covering all aspects of human
practical activity and life: universality, equality of all.
The artistic style of speech manifests itself in a wide
variety of forms. This style allows the author to
skillfully use and select all lexical and grammatical
means of the language to enhance the aesthetic
impact of the work, as well as to create new and new
means of expression. In the artistic style of speech,
language serves as a means of creating images,
characters and scenes. This style is distinguished from
other functional literary styles by its figurativeness.
1. Speech. phonetically consists of four components:
sentence, beat, intonation and sound. Phonetics
studies the type and characteristics of the place
occupied by this unit in the language. A phrase is the
largest phonetic unit of speech, bounded on both sides
by a pause and having a specific tone. A phrase means
a sentence, and is often equivalent to a sentence. Tact.
Phrases are made up of beats. A beat is a set of one or
more syllables located between two small pauses of a
phrase and pronounced with a single accent. The
number of accents in a phrase is the number of beats. A
beat, in turn, is also called a syntagm. Present tense. A
present tense consists of syllables. A present tense is a
phonetic unit consisting of one or more sounds and
pronounced with one accent.
In linguistics, there are several theories related to the
definition of a present tense. Two of them: the
phonological present tense theory and the phonetic
present tense theory are more widespread than others.
Phonological theory studies the order of vowels and
consonants in a syllable. This theory mainly studies the
sound structure of monosyllabic words, determines the
number and quality of consonants that can precede a
vowel, and the number and quality of consonants that
can follow a vowel. There are also different opinions on
approaching a syllable as a phonetic unit. Among these,
acoustic and articulatory theories should be taken into
account.
In general, in order for a syllable to be a syllable in the
Uzbek language, it must necessarily be a vowel.
Syllables are divided into open and closed syllables
depending on whether they end with vowels or
consonants:
Open, syllable words - lo-la, sha-.lo-la.
Closed. Syllable words - mak-tab, daf-tar.
2. Stress. The stress is used to distinguish syllables in
words, words and word units in sentences from others
by certain means. These languages indicate the
presence of word-phrase accents. Meaning accent. Vir
means distinguishing an independent word or a group
of one or more auxiliary words connected to it from
others. Word accent. It is distinguishing one of the
vowels in a word from another. These two types of
accents correspond to the Uzbek language and its own
characteristics. In general linguistics, according to the
place of accent, a distinction is made between:
languages with fixed accents and languages with free
accents. In languages with fixed accents, the accent
always falls on a certain syllable of the word. In Uzbek
and French, the accent always falls on the last syllable
(this must be thought out), in Polish, Hungarian, Czech,
Latin, it always falls on the first syllable. In free-stress
languages, it is impossible to predict which syllable the
stress will fall on. In such languages, the stress can fall
on different parts of the word. Stress, as in other
languages, serves to distinguish the meaning of a word
in Uzbek: apple, apple, new, new.
3. What is transcription? This term is used in two
different senses: in a broad sense, it refers to the giving
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of famous, geographical, historical and other names
based on a certain rule; in a narrow sense, it refers to
the exact recording of words related to a certain
language and its dialects, or words related to a foreign
language, according to their pronunciation. This word
is often used in the latter sense; So, the writing used to
accurately express speech, sounds is called
transcription. According to the basic principle of
transcription, words are recorded as they are heard:
4. In the process of speech, sounds undergo various
changes. Changes that occur as a result of the
interaction of sounds in the process of speech are
called combinatorial changes. Such changes include
accommodation, assimilation, dissimilation, haplology,
diaeresis, and others; If the pronunciation of sounds is
caused by their place in the word, the effect of
learning, then such changes are called positional
changes. Assimilation is derived from the Latin word
assimilation,
which
means
"similarity".
The
phenomenon of assimilation is the fact that one sound
resembles another as a result of the interaction of
sounds with each other. Assimilation can be
progressive or regressive. Progressive assimilation
occurs when the preceding sound affects the next one
and makes it similar to itself: open-open, sink-sink.
When the next sound resembles the previous one, it is
called regressive assimilation: bir+ta -
bіttya, yuz+siz
-
yusiz, yigit+cha - yigichcha. The term dissimilation
comes from the Latin word dissimilatio, which means
"not similar". When one of the sounds that are close to
each other in terms of pronunciation changes its
physiological or acoustic properties, such a
phenomenon is called dissimilation: biyrta - biyrta,
koridor. - kolidor.
A diaeresis is the omission of one of the sounds in a
word without pronounc
ing it: біртын
-
daslab, паст
-
pas, го’шт
-
go’sh, нима
- nma. Metathesis is the
phenomenon of changing the position of adjacent
sounds: турпок,
-
турп, сурпа
- supra. Epithesis is the
phenomenon of adding sounds to words that are not
in their structure and pronouncing them: unga, unda,
undan. Positional changes of sounds. In some
languages, speech sounds may change or disappear in
pronunciation and spelling in official writing,
depending on their position in the word. Such
phenomena are also found in the Uzbek language:
zavod - zavot, bob - bop.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, speech styles and types of methodology
reflect various forms of language in communication
and reveal its social significance. Each style and type of
methodology serves as an important tool in expressing
human thought. Therefore, the study of speech styles
and types of methodology in linguistics, the study of
their characteristics is considered very important from a
scientific and practical point of view.
Speech styles and types of methodology are one of the
important sections of linguistics, which serve to in-
depth study of various communicative functions of
language. Speech styles determine the formation and
effectiveness of thoughts expressed in the language
used in various spheres of human activity. Each style has
its own grammatical, lexical and stylistic features,
depending
on
the
purpose
and
scope
of
communication, which help to understand the
possibilities of language more broadly.
The main feature of the artistic style is imagery,
extensive use of artistic means of depiction and
expressiveness, while the scientific style is distinguished
by its logicality, clear explanation and basis in evidence.
The publicist style, on the other hand, has the function
of influencing the general public and conveying
information quickly and clearly. The official style is
formed in documents, laws, and official correspondence
in a language based on strict standards, while the
colloquial style is manifested in the form of lively and
natural communication.
The types of styles are aimed at a comprehensive
linguistic study of speech styles, and functional style
studies the use of language in various situations.
Historical style studies language changes in different
periods, and artistic style analyzes the aesthetic aspects
of literary texts. Linguistic and experimental style are
aimed at studying the phonetic, lexical, and grammatical
characteristics of styles.
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