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" DOR UT - TILOVAT " AND " DOR US - SAODAT " ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS IN
SHAHRISABZ
Sanabar Djuraeva
Doctor of historical sciences. National University of Uzbekistan
Fazilat Akramova
Teacher of the National University of Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
Mosque, madrasa, maqbara, hazira,
xilkhana, dahma, monument, obida, complex,
ensemble, bagal, muqarnas, decoration.
Received:
14.09.2024
Accepted
: 19.09.2024
Published
: 24.09.2024
Abstract:
In this article, during the period of Amir
Temur and the Timurids, the construction of
mausoleums on the graves of mosques, madrasas,
great scholars, their repair and protection was
raised to the level of state policy, "Dar ut-tilovat"
was built in Shahrisabz during the period of Amir
Temur and the Timurids, which combines unique
architectural styles and examples of Islamic
culture
. ” (XIV
-XV centuries, the place where the
Qur’an is read) and “Dar us
-
saadat” (XIV century,
the House of the Statesmen, the House of the
Sayyids) historical architectural monuments were
built as hazira (shrine, sanctuary) in a unique
Islamic architectural style, the history of their
formation is based on scientific data reflected. At
the same time, the Republic of Uzbekistan, as an
equal member of UNESCO, includes the
monuments of Timur and the Timurid period "Dor
ut-tilovat", "Dor us-saodat" complexes in
Shahrisabz, "Gumbazi Sayyidon" mausoleum,
"Jahongir" mausoleum, underground tomb of
Amir Temur (2001 )... as famous monuments are
included in the list of historical monuments of the
world, scientific information is presented that
they attract not only local but also foreign tourists
as our material heritage.
INTRODUCTION
The archeological monument "Dar ut-tilovat" (end of the 14th century - beginning of the 15th century)
in Shahrisabz is a large ensemble that includes the Blue Dome Mosque, Shamsiddin Kulol and the Tomb
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of Sayyidon Mosque. This historical monument is associated with the name of Shamsiddin Kulol (?-
1370), the father of Amir Temur's father Amir Taragai [1:196-202]. The name of the complex " Dor ut-
tilovat" means "the place where the Qur'an is read". The total area of the "Dor ut-tilovat" complex is
500×500 m. square is in the form This architectural complex is located in the southeastern part of
Shahrisabz city It dates back to the XI-XII centuries.
During the reign of Amir Temur, the Blue Dome Mosque and the mausoleum of Sheikh Shamsiddin Kulol
were built in place of the previously destroyed monuments. In 1373-1374, Amir Temur built a
mausoleum over Shamsiddin Kulol's grave and buried his father at its base [2:139-141]. The
construction of the mausoleum was completed during the reign of Ulugbek. Shamsiddin Kulol's tomb,
which was simply repaired, was later covered with a two-pillar elaborate roof. From the protrusions of
the next stucco, it can be observed that the square building had four arches.
According to Sharofiddin Ali Yazdi, Shamsiddin Kulol's tomb and the complex of buildings-built side by
side with the compromise of moving the div of Amirzada Umarshaikh, who was killed during the siege
of one of the fortresses, to Kesh (killed in 1394, his div was moved in 1395). In the same place, the
author describes the complex in detail and writes that he was buried in the "building newly built by the
master". Also, it is located "on the qibla side" (that is, on the west side) from the mausoleum (tomb) of
Shamsiddin Kulol and Amir Taragai, and Amir To the left of the new mausoleum of Temur's eldest son,
Mirza Jahangir (died in 1376), "new tombs and mausoleums with open domes" were built, and
according to the decree of Amir Temur, all his relatives and descendants were buried in these
mausoleums and tombs, regardless of where he died. [3:238] adds that it is necessary. Every time Amir
Temur visited Kesh, he visited the graves of Shamsiddin Kulol, his father Amir Taragai, Amirzada
Jahangir and other relatives, gave charity and showed generosity to the poor and needy.
The main entrance is decorated in the form of a gable. A mosque was built in front of it, and another
mausoleum was built to the south [4:33-34]. However, the building has preserved its ancient
foundation. The building is traditionally built as a four-room building, covered with a dome, and has a
smaller porch [5:22]. Inside the mausoleum there are several saganas brought from another cemetery
in the 15th - 18th centuries. There are mosques, mausoleums, madrasa classrooms and additional
buildings built facing the courtyard.
Rui González Clavijo in his "Travel Diary to Samarkand - Amir Temur's Palace " mentions that he came
to a big city called Kesh, that Kesh is located in the plain... the outskirts of the city are surrounded by
earthen ramparts and deep ditches, and King Temur is from this city [6:147]. He wrote in his diary: "
There are many big houses and mosques in every city. One mosque built by Temurbek stands out. The
construction of the mosque is not yet finished. There is a mausoleum where Temurbek's father is
buried" [6:148]. This mausoleum formed the main part of the "Dor u t- tilovat" complex.
During the reign of Mirzo Ulug'bek, the " Dor ut -t ilavat " architectural complex was filled with a number
of structures. In particular, during the period of Amir Temur, a magnificent mausoleum covered with
marble slabs was built over the grave of Shamsiddin Kulol, one of his coaches who played an important
role in his life. During the time of Mirzo Ulugbek, a domed structure was built over this mausoleum.
There used to be a madrasa in front of this mausoleum. In 1434-1435, based on the order of Shahrukh
Mirza, Mirza Ulug'bek built the K'ok Gumbaz mosque in its place. It is the largest building in the
architectural complex and is considered a congregational mosque. The names of Shahrukh Mirza and
Mirza Ulug'bek, the praises written in their honor and the years of completion of the mosque are written
on the facade of the mosque. The name of the Blue Dome Mosque is related to the blue and blue tiles
used in its exterior architectural decoration. Geometric patterns are predominant in the decoration of
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the ceiling. The pillars on the right and left sides of the facade of the mosque and the nursery were
damaged [7:8]. Islamic decorations were also used in them and in the main porch. The hall of the
mosque is 12.7 x 12.7 m, and the exterior of the dome is covered with blue, blue and white epigraphic
decorations. Quranic verses are written on them. 8 small arches in the inner part are interconnected
with rhombic shield-shaped arches and are placed on 16 arched supports. At the corner of the brick
walls of the hall, four circular stairs led to the roof of the porch [4:39-40].
In the years after the war, the architectural department of the USSR SSR noted the state of the K'ok
Gumbaz mosque, Hazrat Imam complex, and the White Palace monuments in Shahrisabz [8:104-105].
K'ok Gumbaz Mosque In 1970 and after we achieved perfection ie In 1995-1996, it was renovated in
connection with the anniversaries of Amir Temur and Mirzo Ulugbek. Also, a number of scientific
articles have been published on the disclosure of the information cited in historical sources about the
monuments built during the time of Amir Temur and the Timurids. According to the decision of the
government, restoration and repair works were carried out in the K'ok Dome Mosque in 2016.
Q Gumbazi Sayyidon related to the Sayyids of Termiz (Mausoleum of the Dome of Sayyids, 15th century)
[9:144] is part of the " Dar ut-tilawat " ensemble [10:16-17]. Gumbazi Sayyidon architectural monument
was built in 1437-1438 by Mirza Ulugbek, who built it as " Ulugbek family greenhouse " [11:139-141].
The buildings built in Shahrisabz mainly consist of shacks. The mausoleum is rectangular (external size
9x9, internal 5.75x5.75), the base is covered with an octagonal (prism-shaped) dome. The arches on the
inner walls of the mausoleum are two rows, and there are holes and wide shelves in the corners above.
Inside the mausoleum there are several other saganas brought from the neighboring cemetery in the
15th - 18th centuries. In their writings, the name of Sayyids of Termiz is mentioned [12:73-75].
registering, preserving and repairing this monument began as an archaeological expedition in the
Kashkadarya region in 1923-70. In particular, since 1925 academician V. V. Bartold and archaeologist
V. L. Vyatkin studied historical monuments of Shahrisabz [13: 64-70] and Sredazkotaris organization
Aksaroy monument in Shahrisabz, Imamzoda mausoleum, Gumbazi Sayyidon tomb, Shamsiddin tomb.
Blue Dome Mosque, Abdullah Khan Mosque and Madrasa in Karshi, Namazgoh Mosque, Zahoki Maron
and Shulluktepa monuments are listed [14:20-21].
On October 1, 1993, in connection with the anniversary of Mirza Ulugbek in Uzbekistan, an expedition
was organized to study the monuments in the city of Sh ahrisabz, and financial resources were allocated.
In particular, the amount allocated for historical architectural monuments of the city of Shahrisabz is
106.4 million. [ 15 :6] This money was spent on the renovation of Shamsiddin Kulol mausoleum, K'ok
Gumbaz mosque, Dar ut-tilovat, Gumbazi Sayyidon mausoleums.
" Dor us-saodat " in Shahrisabz (XIV century) formed an ensemble with " Dor u t -tilovat " [ 16:66-67].
L. Yu. Mankovskaya, a scientist who studied the architecture of the Timurid era, called " Dor us-saodat
" " House of the State " [4:27]. The eldest son of Amir Temur, crown prince Jahangir Mirza (1356-1376)
was buried in the "Dor us-saodat" (House of Sayyids) mausoleum in Shahrisabz . Amir Temur built a
mausoleum on the grave of Jahangir Mirzani in 1378-1380. Here he also built an underground dungeon
for himself [17:208] . In ancient historical sources, this place was called " Dar us-saadat " and because
Amir Temur copied Hazrat Imam's hoki, it was also called " Hazrat Imam " among the people [5:22]
11:138-141].
Clavijo also gave information about this when talking about the constructions of the city of Cache. In
other words, " ... Temurbek ordered to build a large house for himself, and it was not finished yet." It is
said that he came here a month ago, was not satisfied with the temple, told (him) that the entrance was
low and ordered to demolish and rebuild it... Temurbek's eldest son named Yangir (Jahongir) is also
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buried in this mosque. This mosque and dahma are extremely luxurious and decorated with gold, blue
and colorful tiles. [6:147].
The construction of the "Dor us-saodat" complex was created in Khorezm architectural style. Art
historian G.A. Pugachenkova calls the mausoleums built during the Timurid era the most wonderful
example of medieval architecture and includes it in the sample of the Timurid male burial mausoleum
[18:34-35].
Until our time, only the left-wing minaret of the huge gable of the past has been preserved from the
above-ground part of "Dor us-saodat". Next to the peshtoq is Jahangir's mausoleum, under which there
is a cave. However, the discovery of the remains of other walls and rooms during archaeological
excavations allows us to imagine the general layout of "Dor us-Saodat". The dome of the huge peshtok
in the style of a head was only a little taller than that of Aksaray. There are two mausoleums at its two
ends. It is directed from the main gate to the courtyard. There was once a tomb on the saghana, which
is preserved in the courtyard. On both sides of it, there are smaller rooms compared to the central room,
under one of them it was found that there is a sagana. Thus, there was another adjacent mausoleum
here, on the opposite side of which there was a mosque-prayer. To the east of Jahangir's mausoleum, it
was found that there is another cave, beyond which the remains of an octagonal chamber are kept. Also,
the foundations of the northern wall of the whole complex extending towards the main western group,
the lower parts of the floor covering, and tombstones were found [5:24]. But it is not possible to imagine
the completely restored image of "Dor us-saodat" at the moment.
"Dor us-Saodat" is similar to Ahmed Yassavi complex. The entrance leads to the shrine, and then to the
underground saghana dedicated to Amir Temur. According to historical sources, it is assumed that the
grave of Amir Temur's son Umarshaikh (1356-1394) is also here. Near the mausoleum, the tombstone
of Said Ahmed Mirza (1391-1429), the son of Umarshaikh, was found [19:97] . It seems that the grave
of Amir Temur's grandson Said Ahmad Mirza may be here. The inside of the mausoleum has a murabba
(rectangular square with equal sides) frame, the facade is covered with niches, and the inside and under
the dome are filled with muqarnas. A high dome is placed on the 16-sided plinth outside. A minaret is
preserved in the south - western corner. "Dor us-Saodat" is the biggest building, its height is 70 meters
and its width is 50 meters.
According to all signs " Dor us-saodat " It belongs to the category of hazira (shrine hall) buildings, typical
for the XIV - XV centuries. Haziras were built near the graves of high-ranking dead priests, and it was
considered an honor for members of the ruling dynasty to be buried near such a sacred grave. According
to later traditions, the tomb of Hazrat Imam Baghdadi in Sh ahrisabz is one of such holy tombs. After
Amir Temur conquered Iran, his governor was brought to Sh ahrisabz. However, in " Zafarnama " the
tomb of Shamsuddin Kulol is not mentioned [5:25]. Shrines of that time belong to a special architectural
type of monumental buildings with courtyards surrounded by regular buildings.
The architectural complex includes two mausoleums, a chamber, and one There are several service
rooms and rooms. At the front of the complex There is a high vaulted ceiling. Jahangir Mirza's
mausoleum, located on the northern side of the complex, has a distinctive sixteen- pillared conical
dome. This is to the Khorezm School of Architecture It is one of the unique traditions, which indicates
that Khorezm architects participated in its construction. The mausoleum and the underground dungeon
located almost 40 meters away from it were luxurious in their time. was a component of the huge " Dor
us-saodat " complex. Most of the mausoleum of Jahangir Mirza, completed in 1392, is decorated with
sergilo patterns. The architectural complex " Dor us-saodat " with a complex composition is a large
building measuring 70x50 m, and the gable of the main western facade is 20 meters. U The room is
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entered from the central hall of square shape (20x20 m). There are corridors in its corners, they lead to
side rooms. In the corner of the western and northern facades there is a circular tower (diameter 2.7
m) . Three-fourths of it protrudes from the wall.
Jahangir Mirza's mausoleum is 25 meters high and 15 meters wide, Amir Temur's cave is 5x5 meters,
and the mosque is 35 meters high and 20 meters wide. Everything is built on top of each other and looks
luxurious.
The buildings of the architectural complex are decorated in the girihi style with magnificent brick tiles.
Among the giri x style decorations are inscriptions with verses from the Qur'an. This memorial dome is
mainly decorated with blue and blue ceramic fragments. The interior decoration of the monument
consisted of carved marble and ganch muqarnas. In addition to the mausoleum of Jahangir, there was
also a mosque in this architectural complex. Officials from Amir Temur's lineage and great people of his
time are buried in the memorial complex [17:67-68].
the 10th century, next to the mausoleum, a mosque with a large porch, chambers and a dome was built.
During the construction of the mosque, the dome of Amir Temur's underground cave was opened
[20:18].
1970-1980 In the years, archaeological research was carried out in the " Dor us-saodat " complex. a
large amount of architectural remains is revealed. At a distance of 10.15 meters from the mausoleum of
Jahangir Mirza, on the south side, the stone slab floor is reinforced with white marble blocks in the west-
east direction. raised to, from here the roof into two proportional parts the vertical axis line of the
conditionally dividing ridge basin passes. Determining the vertical axis line allows us to determine that
the arch of Dor us-saodat peshtoq is 20.3 meters wide. This shows that the arch of the "Dor us-saodat"
peshtoq is only 1.7 meters shorter than the arch of the Oksaroy arch, which is the largest of all known
architectural monuments of Central Asia [3:182].
During the time of Amir Temur and the Timurids, the construction of mosques, madrasas, mausoleums
on the tombs of great scholars, their repair and protection was raised to the level of state policy. ", "Dor
ut-tilovat" complexes, "Gumbazi Sayidon" mausoleum, "Jahongir" mausoleum, "Amir Temur
underground tomb"(2001)... are included in the list of world historical monuments as famous
monuments [21:11-13].
The monuments of the Timurid period are currently used as objects of pilgrimage not only locally, but
also internationally. In 1996, in connection with the international celebration of Amir Temur's jubilee ,
the monuments of the Timurid era were repaired in the city of Shahrisabz. Stones of the bath platform
were found in the mausoleum area. In 2002, during additional architectural and archeological research,
the remains of the buildings of the southern tower of "Dor us-saodat" were discovered.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, it can be said that the shrines of the Kashkadarya oasis are monuments that combine
examples of Islamic culture. Most of these monuments were built during the era of Amir Temur and the
Timurids. Local residents pay great attention to these monuments, which have been preserved until
now, and are used as places of worship. The emergence of shrines in the life of the local population is
also associated with the name of Amir Temur, because it was Amir Temur and Timurids who had high
respect for scholars, scholars and saints. For this reason, he made their graves a blessed place where
the people visit.
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