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SCIENTIFIC EFFORTS AND INITIAL PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE OF EV RTVELADZE
Hamrayeva Feruza Djalalitdinovna
Graduate Student Of The National University Of Uzbekistan, State Museum Of History Of Uzbekistan Head
Of The "Children In The World Of Miracles" Department, Uzbekistan
AB O U T A RT I C L E
Key words:
Experience, scientific activity,
topographer, exhibits, ancient monuments,
archaeological
research,
works
of
art,
architecture, monograph, senior specialist,
colleague, scientific consultant, fertile lands,
scientific discovery, scientific lectures.
Received:
13.11.2024
Accepted
: 18.11.2024
Published
: 30.11.2024
Abstract:
This article is about the first teachers
who guided one of the greatest scientists and
academics, Edward Vasilyevich Rtveladze, to
enlightenment and their immense contribution to
the academic life of scientists, as well as his
difficulties in the path of science and his first
practical experience. is told.
INTRODUCTION
word property , has this blessing about not being able to fulfill the rights of teachers who spread
knowledge : ganj ila."[1] It is not an exaggeration to say that teaching people to read and write is the
best education taught to them. Someone taught each of us letters and made us literate. No matter who,
where, or what kind of job he works today, he once studied at a school and was educated by teachers.
There is hardly a person who does not remember the teacher who gave him a pencil and taught him to
read and write on the first day when he entered school .
a great historian , scientist, archaeologist and successful numismatist, who studied the history and
culture of different peoples in different countries in almost all periods of the historical past of Central
Asia and the Caucasus , as well as conducted research and archaeological excavations, with his tireless
work. Mikhail Evgenevich Masson and Galina Anatolievna Pugachenkova, the first teachers of the
scientist, in the achievements and results of (1905-2007) are important [2, B.155-158]
Mikhail Yevgenevich Masson, a great scientist, historian and founder of the school of archaeology, was
born on November 21, 1897 in Petersburg, in the family of a land surveyor- topographer who worked
in Samarkand for many years . Mikhail Yevgenevich Masson lived in Samarkand with his mother almost
since birth. In 1916, he began studying at the Petrograd Polytechnic Institute as an engineer-irrigator.
After conscription, he served on the South-Western Front and was elected a member of the Workers'
and Soldiers' Deputies Council in 1917. 1918 ME Masson returns to Samarkand.
In Samarkand, ME Masson heads the Samarkand regional museum , and due to his activities, the
museum collection is enriched with various exhibits . In 1924, he was transferred to Tashkent as the
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head of the archeology department of the Central Asian Museum of the Turkestan (later Uzbekistan)
Committee for Museum and Protection of Ancient Monuments and Works of Art . During this period,
while studying at the Institute of Oriental Studies of Turkestan, he organized archaeological researches
throughout Central Asia in the repair of ancient monuments and was a pioneer in museum works
throughout the Central Asian republics .[ 5, B.12]
Masson Mikhail Yevgen'evich is one of the scientists who made a great contribution to the study of the
history of Uzbekistan. He studied the history, archeology, architecture , and numismatics of Central Asia,
made great discoveries and headed several large archaeological expeditions, and enriched the material
and spiritual culture of Central Asia through unique finds . MEMasson, who is one of the founders of
archeology in Central Asia, made extensive scientific research on various periods of Central Asian
history.[3, B.295-296]
Unlike many others, MY Masson considered the student not an examiner, but his colleague , interlocutor
- this is the highest culture of taking exams, unknown to most teachers, especially today. Mikhail
Evgenievich's lecturing style was more strict and even a little harsh. Starting the lecture, he constantly
locked the audience with a key, and it was impossible to leave it within two hours. Edward Vasilyevich
Rtveladze believes that his lectures on Central Asian numismatics and the historical topography of
Central Asian cities were incomparably well-thought-out, using facts from many ancient and medieval
sources [ 2 ,B.155-158]
Mikhail Yevgenevich Masson died in 1986 in Tashkent. He was buried in Dombirabad cemetery.
The second teacher of the scientist, Galina Anatolievna Pugachenkova (1905-2007) - a person with the
widest worldview and encyclopedic knowledge, doctor of art, professor, well-known researcher of
ancient and medieval Central Asian architecture, fine and applied art, Academician of the Academy of
Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan and Chief Scientific Advisor of the Institute of Archeology of the
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan , Honored Member of the Republic of Uzbekistan
scientist, laureate of state awards named after Hamza and Beruni, honorary doctor of Strasbourg
University.
He is the founder of Uzbek archeology and an important figure in the development of archeology and
art studies in the Soviet Union. His work greatly contributed to the study of preserved buildings in
Central Asia, often considered the first register of traditional buildings.
In 1943, candidate of architecture G. Pugachenkova was recommended to the post of assistant professor
of the department of archeology of SAGU ( UzMU), in turn, she conducted the courses "Architectural
monuments of Central Asia", "Oriental art", "Methodology of processing archaeological material". and
he is the teacher who taught many famous and mature historians of our time [8, B.4]
He was engaged in archeological research in the country and other ex-Soviet territories, the only and
unique "Uzbekistan Art History Expedition" (1959), which was inclined to art history. The results of
this expedition were recognized worldwide due to the findings and discoveries of unique art
monuments that testify to the rich cultural heritage left by the tribes and peoples who lived in the fertile
lands of Uzbekistan for thousands of years. Students its archaeological expeditions, unique findings,
scientific discoveries scientific about lectures listened carefully . Eduard Vasilevich remembers that his
years at the Department of Archeology were dominated by a galaxy of brilliant scientists. Galina
Anatolievna Pugachenkova, with her incredible knowledge and deep knowledge of Soviet, Russian and
foreign literature, clearly and simply supported the positions, she gave a lecture from her course
"History of Central Asian Architecture". . All his lectures are based on his field research. [2 , B.155-158
]
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G. Pugachenkova led an archaeological expedition in South Turkmenistan from 1946 to 1961, as well as
an Uzbek historical-artistic expedition from 1959 to 1984. He has published more than 700 works in
six languages devoted to the fine and applied art of ancient and medieval Central Asia. His research is
devoted to the architecture, monuments and influence of Bactrian and Kushan period cultures on
Gandhara art . [ 8, B.4]
G. Pugachenkova was also interested in numismatics, which allowed her to deepen the study of various
styles of sculpture and coroplastia of Western and Northern Bactria. His monographs on the
development of Central Asian art include; "Art of Uzbekistan from ancient times to the middle of the
19th century" (together with LI Rempel), "Art of Turkmenistan", "Art of Afghanistan", "Bactrian art of
the Kushan period" is a real treasure. [6, B.114]
Even at the age of 88, Galina Anatolievna surprises most of her interlocutors with her melodiousness,
intelligence, wonderful memory and sense of humor. Even then, he met with colleagues, generously
shared his knowledge, and mentored undergraduate and graduate students.
Galina Anatolievna Pugachenkova died on February 18, 2007. He was buried next to Mikhail Masson in
the Dombrabad cemetery in Tashkent.
Indeed, legend is eternal. Not even a scientist lived his life in vain. This great of scientists all his
achievements to the world Uzbekistan deep historical and spiritual the oldest with roots and great
civilization allowed to be recognized as Both scientists left an indelible mark in the history of archeology
and oriental studies of Uzbekistan and Central Asia . Both legends left many memories and a wonderful
and unique scientific and cultural heritage for future generations. Their works continue to inspire
researchers and are preserved in scientific archives.
After these two scientists, the scientific research school founded by them was continued by their
student Edward Rtveladze. Thus, the young scientist EVRtveladze met his future teachers - professor
Mikhail Masson, one of the founders of the School of Archeology of Uzbekistan, and his wife Galina
Pugachenkova when they came to Kislovodsk for a vacation. Knowing his interest in the field of
archeology and that "the boy will become a great scientist in the future", teacher MY Masson,
appreciating Edward's views and opinions on science, invites him to come to Tashkent with him.[4]
EV Rtveladze plans to study archeology in Rostov or Moscow after finishing school, but his meeting
with MYMasson literally changes his life. During the conversation with her, Masson offers her to study
in Tashkent, and she accepts the offer without hesitation. And he arrived in Tashkent in April 1962 and
immediately went on an expedition with Galina Anatolyevna Pugachenkova [ 2, B.155-158]
EV Rtveladze got the first practical experience in his scientific life in 1961-1962 as part of the expedition
of the South Turkmenistan archaeological complex led by academician ME Masson for 2 months in the
sands of Turkmenistan, in the excavations of the old and ancient Marv hill and in the research of ancient
Sogdian monuments under the leadership of professor G. A. Pugachenkova. passes. E. Rtveladze began
to enter the field of archeology these years. As a student of Academician G. Pugachenkova, he began to
perfectly master the science of antiquities. [7]
When he came to Mikhail Evgenievich, after a long conversation and questions with him about the work
of the expedition, his teacher Masson told him: "You know, Eddie, it's time for me to go through the
school of field archeology before entering the university. At the end of September, the Archaeological-
Ethnographic Expedition of Southern Turkmenistan (JTAKE) the next season of digging in the old town
of Marv begins. "Eddie, think it over and let me know your decision." Edward readily agrees. However,
the next day I was surprised to receive a letter from ME Masson, in which he said that he had to give up
the JTAKE field work this year and prepare for the exams. [7]
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Despite ME Masson's warning, Edward flies to Ashgabat on September 16. At that time, the Mineralnye
voda airport was small and all services were located on one floor, the scientist's mother watched him
anxiously.[4]
If we touch on the history of the city of Marv, the city of Marv (In the Avesta Mouru is one of the oldest
cities of Central Asia. Festive located near the city (Turkmenistan). It is worth noting that the ancient
settlement of Ancient Marv consists of 5 main settlements of different periods, which successively
replaced each other and occupied different areas - Erk Castle, Gabr Castle, Sultan Castle, Abdullah Khan
Castle, Bayramalikhan Castle. was included. All these settlements covered an area of more than 60 km2.
In the ruins of Marv from the 80s of the 19th century VA Zhukovsky, from 1946 M. Ye. Jean under the
direction of Masson. The expedition of the archaeological complex of Turkmenistan, in the following
years, archaeologists from Ashgabat, Tashkent, Moscow and St. Petersburg carried out excavations.
The young scientist arrives at the JTAKE camp and settles in quickly. It served as a temporary residence
for scientists and students involved in the Marv expedition . Prof. Before the arrival of the main group
of the expedition led by ME Masson, they lived quite freely in the camp. For several days, Edward has
been working in the excavation area of N9, located in the southern corner of Gabr Castle. Everything
was new for him, completely different from the archeology he studied in the North Caucasus.
A few days later, together with MEMasson, the second-year students of the Department of Archeology
of Tashkent State University will also come. When Edward came to Mikhail Evgenievich and greeted
him, the scientist looked at him evilly from under his glasses, but inside he was very happy. Edward
says nothing in response and simply bows his head.
By this time, the camp was already fully prepared. In the center, directly opposite the entrance, on the
door frame of the expedition leader's room was written "Professor ME Masson". In the center of the
camp building was a hall with a long table, photographs of JTAKE's most spectacular finds were hung
on columns, the side walls were used as a field museum, and exhibits from each excavation were housed
separately.[4]
The camp was so clean and neat that those who came to them were amazed at the cleanliness of the
camp. Of course, there was no light or radio in the camp. The main source of light was kerosene lamps.
They were mainly in the hall and in the room of ME Masson and the warden. There was no water in the
camp, it was brought in barrels. They were mainly used for cooking and washing, and drinking raw
water was strictly forbidden in the camp. This is announced separately in the list of rules of etiquette in
the camp. In addition, on the first day of his arrival on the expedition, ME Masson also posted his daily
schedule on both sides of the door of his room. It is written in a beautiful handwriting, with a translation
into Russian, with the corresponding slogan, which every year the expedition worked in a certain field
season.
The daily routine established by MEMasson was very strict and specific. At 6 o'clock, the cook and the
students of the camp were the first to get up. Everyone was woken up at 6:30 in the morning. At 7
o'clock, everyone had to sit at the table for breakfast. At 7:30 in the morning, breakfast was finished and
all the students gathered near the cars that take them to their fields .[ 2,B.155-158]
The workers were few, but nevertheless ME Masson divided them into one or two of the most important
objects. Among their most important tasks are; excavated the field inventory at the settlement,
encrypted the findings and performed other tasks.
By five o'clock in the evening, everyone returned to the camp, put themselves in order, washed, combed,
changed their clothes, and at 6:30 everyone had to gather around a long table in the hall in the center
of the camp. ME Masson was the last to come to the table and he usually sat at the head of the table.
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After dinner, the reports began. The heads of the field sites took turns to inform Mikhail Yevgenievich
about the results of the previous day. After the reports, Mikhail Evgenievich usually summarized the
day and read out the description of the coins given to him. Each new week and all the events of the camp
were conducted according to the same script developed by ME Masson. Violation of the established
order had serious consequences: the criminal was expelled from the camp and forced to leave the
archeology department. Therefore, in the field camp, iron discipline reigned, everything was
subordinated to archeology and only archeology.
JTAKE also conducted important scientific research on the historical topography of cities and the study
of ancient caravan routes. In 1961, the purpose of this monument was still unclear. The history of Marv
was divided into periods based on the dishes and items found in the ruins of Erkkala, Gabr Castle and
Sultan Castle (3. I. Usmonova, MI Filanovich). Monuments of the pre-Islamic period (Mazdakiism,
Buddhism , Christianity ) were studied by JTAKE (G. Ya. Dresvyanskaya). In particular, the church ruins
in Gabral'a and Harobakoshukh, as well as the necropolis around Marv, which started in the 50s of the
Turkmenistan FA (SA Yershova), and especially in the 60s, were fully investigated by JTAKE.
On November 4, 1961, people in the camp escorted Mikhail Yevgenievich to Tashkent. He was
accompanied by department staff and several students. Only 6 people stay in the camp. They were
tasked with collecting all the remaining archaeological equipment, disassembling all the household
items in the camp and sending them to Ashgabat in order.
After November 15, the weather worsened, the wind increased, and the night became very cold. The
camp, left without windows and doors, had completely lost its civilized appearance, reverting to an old
stable, and the wind howled violently in its open corners. Left alone in the camp, Edward begins to sleep
in the kitchen, where the large cast-iron stove has not yet been dismantled. Until evening he lit it with
a saxophone he had collected, and then climbed onto the still-cold stove and fell asleep to the screams
of the terrible wind that was so common in old Marwa in those years. The future young scientist
Edward's first Central Asian expedition was about to end, and ahead of him was a difficult road to
Ashgabat. There was also the difficulty of getting from there to the airport and to the Caucasus. On
November 27, 1961, Rtveladze completed his first expedition to Old Marv and returned to
Kislavodsk.[9]
He certainly does not leave archeology on weekends. Every weekend with AP Runich, he conducts an
archeological excursion to all parts of Kislavodsk. One day, Rtveladze received a letter from GA
Pugachenkova, in which Rtveladze (Uz. ISKE.) was invited to an expedition from April 20 to June 1. And
in her letter, scholar Pugachenkova also writes that Edward should apply for Tashkent State University.
Rtveladze definitely agreed and flew to Tashkent on April 17, 1962. [9]
EV Rtvelade will go to Marv last March in his 5th year. Fedor Alekseyevich and the driver meet them.
He was very proud to be back to the old Marv. Especially Sultan Sanjar's mausoleum left a deep mark
on Rtveladze's heart. Knowing that he will not return to this country again, he wanders around and goes
to the places where excavations have been made. Soon after the excavation work will be finished, he
will say goodbye to the old Marv for a lifetime, after that his life and scientific destiny will no longer be
connected with the old Marv. Every second and warm memories he spent in Wire will remain in his
memory for a lifetime. Thus, in 1961-1962, Edvard Vasiliyevich Rtveladze took part in the excavations
of ancient Marv as part of YuT A KE (South Turkmenistan Archaeological Complex Expedition) under
the leadership of Academician ME Masson. And he went to the excavation work faster than anyone else
and returned at the end. There is not a single ancient site left in Marv that he has not excavated. From
the excavations in Old Marva, the young scientist Edward Vasilievich got a lot for himself - for the first
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time he learned what a large complex expedition is, he learned the methodology of field research of
huge cities, he realized what a scientific school is in practice. All this was the discovery of a completely
new world of science for him. [4]
Academic scientist EV Rtveladze said that he spent 20 years or more on expeditions, each of which was
a new discovery for him, a test of his ideas and knowledge. He always looked forward to the start of the
next expedition in spring, the meeting with "live" materials. He emphasized that the feeling of contact
with the monument cannot be conveyed in words, if a person touches it with an instrument, and the
science he has been searching for for centuries can reveal the truth.
In conclusion, it should be said that the results of his expeditions were important and positive. He
collected valuable works, documents and materials that make an important contribution to the study
of the history and culture of different regions of the world. His expeditions also helped to expand the
knowledge and understanding of the past and present of various peoples. It is no exaggeration to say
that the scientist's scientific researches, the rich cultural and scientific heritage he left to us serve to
illuminate the historical path of future generations as a beacon.
REFERENCES
1.
Alisher Navoi (lived from February 9, 1441 to January 3, 1501) is a poet, thinker and statesman
of Uzbek and other Turkic nations. Alisher Navoi - Wikipedia (wikipedia.org)
2.
Academician Edvard Vasilevich Rtveladze (book of memories. 1.2 volumes) Tashkent 1 volume
2012. 155 pages 2 volume 2014. Art 158 pages.
3.
A. Yakshev " Medium Asia Kushanology in formation M. E. Mason's position ” Medium of Asia
cultural heritage T. 2002 pp . 295-296
4.
Edward. Materials of an interview with Ryahev Andrey Vladimirovich, grandson of Vasilevich.
Rtveladze. June 19, 2023
5.
Scientific schools of the National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek, "Teacher"
publishing house, Tashkent - 2008./12 b
6.
Muhammadjanov A. Archeology // National encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, National
Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. 2000. /114b
7.
"Pamyati vidayusheysya Uchennogo" Tashkent 2023 Aftor F. Abduhalikov. ColorPak
8.
Journal of Archeology of Uzbekistan . Samarkand - 2010 B-4
9.
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Rtveladze , Edward Vasilevich
