JSSHRF ISSN: 2748-9345
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD-UPBRINGING IN MIGRANT FAMILIES: THE EXAMPLE OF
UZBEKS
Abduzohirov R. H.
Teacher of the Department of "Archeology and Ethnology" at the Faculty of History of the National
University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulug'bek, Uzbekistan
AB O U T ART I CL E
Key words:
Migrant, family, child, parents,
adolescence, family education, mother's love,
father's function, migration processes.
Received:
01.11.2024
Accepted
: 05.11.2024
Published
: 09.11.2024
Abstract:
Intergenerational continuity is vital for
people around the world. Every nation, guided by
its unique spiritual and cultural values, strives to
nurture future generations with kindness and
love. However, it's important to recognize the
distinction between the instinctive need for
generational continuity and our passion for a
child.
The impact of migration on child-rearing is one of
the most pressing issues today. Migration
processes have significantly influenced the
lifestyles and cultures of various nations. This
highlights the need to address several challenges
and shortcomings in the upbringing of children
from migrant families.
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the historical development of mankind, family and family relations have appeared as the
main part of people's lifestyles and life activities. In it, we can see the basic principles, demands, and
needs of society in a person's lifestyle and daily life, and observe the fundamental characteristics of
social relations. The family actively influences a certain social process by creating a new person, raising
children, and ensuring a person's physical and spiritual formation. In particular, today the family
appears as a social phenomenon that has an active influence on the life of society.
Research on issues related to family and family relations is being conducted by representatives from
various fields, including pedagogy, anthropology, ethnology, sociology, demography, philosophy,
cultural studies, and others. For instance, ethnologists view families and family relations as essential
creators of both material and spiritual values. They are seen as the sources of ethnic cultural traditions,
customs, and rituals, as well as fundamental to ethnic reproduction. Families play a crucial role in
passing cultural characteristics from generation to generation. Furthermore, the family is vitally
important in preserving educational traditions.
VOLUME04 ISSUE11
https://doi.org/10.55640/jsshrf-04-11-04
Pages: 16-20
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Family education goes beyond merely providing a set of instructions or knowledge; it is a complex area
that encompasses disciplines such as ethics, psychology, and pedagogy. The characteristics of family
upbringing are influenced by various factors, including national, ethnopsychological, territorial, and
demographic aspects unique to each nation. Therefore, an interdisciplinary approach is essential for
studying this field effectively.
METHODS
The analysis of the literature on the study of family and child education in the Uzbek people was carried
out and divided into 2 groups and then compared the other research conducted abroad and in our
country.
Foreign researchers M.Mead, I.Kon, Y.Smirnova, V.Sukhomlinsky, A.Kharchiyev, M.Oreon, J.R.Barro and
J.Rashforlar, and local researchers G'.B.Shoumarov, Sh.B.Shoumarov, B.M. Ubaydullayeva conducted
research on family and child education.
The article was covered using generally accepted historical and ethnological methods. Such methods
include historicity, comparative-logical analysis, sequence, survey, observation, and other methods.
Such methods serve as an important factor in elucidating the researched topic.
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
Just as different peoples' material and spiritual worldviews have developed over the centuries, parental
love is also the result of a long and conflicting historical development. In the early stages of human
society, individual parenthood did not exist, and child care and upbringing were one of the main tasks
of the clan-tribal community. At the stage of the clan community of the human society, at first
motherhood, then fatherhood feeling was gradually formed. In the beginning, the feature of parenting,
which was primitive in appearance, improved over the centuries and reached the current stage of
development. The relationship between parents and children continues to change and improve under
the influence of various cultural events in personal history.
According to some researchers who researched this direction, their economic usefulness forced a
person to give birth and raise children. In particular, the boys became the labor force, and the girls also
brought the fat. In general, no matter how we look at the large patriarchal family, having many children,
especially many boys, was one of the guarantees of the family's socio-economic strength. On the other
hand, the need for a child “is a social psychological characteristic of a socialized individual, which
manifests itself in such a way that without children or the appropriate number of children, the
individual would feel difficulty as a person” [6].
If we dwell on the manifestation of this situation in today's situations, the number of children helps to
increase the economic potential of the family. As proof of the above ideas, it was observed that the sons
of a large family were attracted to migration with their fathers. In migrant families with many children
in urban and rural areas of the Kashkadarya region, boys together with their fathers help to improve
the family's economic situation. In some families with a poor economic situation, they wait for their son
to grow up and, through his migration, he is brought up as a savior who brings economic prosperity to
the family.
"Give me another mother and I will give you another world," wrote Saint Augustine[7]. This shows that
the role of the mother in raising children is extremely high. We can observe differences in child rearing
from a traditional upbringing in the families of women and girls who have returned from working
abroad. In particular, as a result of the observations, it was found that women who were attracted to
migration and those who were not, have different approaches to raising children. In the cities and
villages of the province, mothers who have returned from labor migration abroad pay great attention
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to their children's education and language teaching. According to informant Nodira Hamroyeva, who
has 4 children, it is necessary to educate her children. Because, like us, they should not go to other
countries and work hard. I am a loving mother to my children and a strict father when the time is right.
Because I feel that I am the main person responsible for their education. When my children were small,
I left my parents and close relatives and went abroad to work for a year and a half. My husband and I
worked together and saved money to improve our family economically. I realized that it is not easy to
earn money by working abroad, seeing the difficulties there, I need to give my children a good education
and upbringing so that they don't see these days. For this reason, I try to spend the money sent by my
husband wisely, to bring up my children with hard work as well as education in their daily activities. All
4 of my children go to different extracurricular clubs. They emphasized that they should all study and
get a higher education, and for that, they should study hard at a young age. She also said that after I
came abroad, I refrained from asking my husband for money. Because it keeps coming to my mind that
he works in hard work [2]. In this case, it is shown that the mother thought about the future of her
children, tried to educate herself, and changed her traditional views. As a result of migration processes,
a woman's performance of both mother and father duties in the family leads to mental stress in some
cases. This can cause various negative situations and problems in raising children.
According to the research of foreign psychologists in Uganda and Senegal, African children have grown
faster physically, psychologically, and intellectually compared to European children up to the age of
two. The reason is that mothers nursed their children until this age and always carried them with them
on their shoulders. After two years, the closeness between mother and child suddenly broke. As a result,
African children are now lagging behind European children[8]. It can be seen that the importance of
mothers in raising children is great. Because the more interaction there is between mother and child,
the more things the child learns from it. For some reason, the increasing role of the mother in family
upbringing, the kindness of children like their mothers, and the aspects of evaluating situations about
feelings are formed.
As a result of migration, similar situations are observed in our country. There are cases of mothers
leaving for labor migration before their children are 2 years old. In this case, grandparents and young
people are chosen to be responsible for raising children. In this case, various disorders are observed in
the mental state of the child. In particular, according to the information of our informant Madina
Abduzohirova, who lives in the village of Chirakchi district, leaves her child named Ayesha, who is not
even 1 year old, in her care due to economic problems. His daughter-in-law brings him up with love. As
a result of the affection shown, the child calls the new one Mother. she considers his birth mother as his
daughter-in-law. In this case, the child's mental state was disturbed. What kind of love can a mother
expect from her child, who did not give love in her future activities, but only appeared as an economic
provider? In this case, the negative aspects of migration are manifested.
All studies devoted to the study of the role of the father in the formation of the personality show the
importance of the relationship between the father and the child [15]. However, very few studies have
been conducted to study the role of the father in child rearing and the consequences of the absence of
paternal care. The reason for this is that for a long time, the main attention was focused on the education
of the mother, and the educational potential of the father was not sufficiently evaluated. For example,
the famous American anthropologist M. Mead believes that "... fathers are a biological necessity, but a
social accident"[8]. However, in recent years, it has been confirmed that lack of paternal protection
hurts personality formation, especially for boys. In particular, such situations are observed in some
neighborhoods and villages of the Chirakchi district, which are heavily attracted to migration. For
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example, teenage boys are becoming owners of various deviant behaviors due to the lack of parental
education and control. There are cases of people gathering in the evenings and taking various alcohol
and psychotropic drugs. Under the influence of drugs, there are disorders in the mental state of
teenagers. According to informants, teenagers were found in a state of mental disorder in the
schoolyard at 1-2 p.m. Go to the mother of the children about this situation and ask where is your child.
When he asked the question, they answered that he was sleeping at home in the evening or that he was
with a friend. This shows that it is difficult for mothers to control their teenage children. There are cases
where motherly love hides the child's bad behavior from the father. This will cause many problems in
the future. Such problems are not observed in families where the father's upbringing and control were
established in time.
About the educational role of the father, V.A. Sukhomlinsky: "Where the father educates himself,
children will educate themselves. If the father does not have a clear example, any words about the
child's self-education will remain mere words" [9], he wrote. If the mother is a symbol of love for
children, the father is an ideal person in every field. Father serves as an ideal person in the education of
boys and girls. Growing up boys plan to be like their father in the future, while girls dream of meeting a
life partner like their father. This situation indicates that the father is an ideal person for raising
children.
The ethno-psychological feature of the Uzbek family is the leadership of a man in the family[14]. It is
also unacceptable for a child to disobey to his father. According to many people, even when the father
hits, the children must sit quietly [12]. However, this situation is not observed in some migrant families.
The reason for this is that the father does not take an active part in the upbringing of the child and only
performs the role of economic provider. In particular, according to the informant's brother Anvar, who
returned from 6 years of migration, after a long separation, there were difficulties in raising his 2
daughters. When she tried to educate her children with determination, it was difficult to influence their
upbringing. Because his uncle was doing this task for 6 years. His grandmother acted as a loving mother,
while his uncle acted as a strict father. He emphasized that it took a long time to restore responsibility
to his children and to take their upbringing into his own hands.
According to the French psychologist M. Poro, the functions of mothers about children are determined
mainly by maternal love, and those of fathers by authority [13]. In migrant families, the role of the
mother in increasing or decreasing the authority of the father is incomparable. Shyness, kindness,
compassion, and other qualities are manifested more often in boys who are raised by mothers in
migrant families. Most of them can't even slaughter a rooster. The boy perceives this situation as
something his mother did not do. The feeling of love for birds makes him strong. According to the
conclusions of M. Oreon, J. R. Barro, and J. Rashfor, the desire for the strict authority of the father is
manifested in the instinctive need of children[1]. In this case, strictness is observed in boys who have
been brought up by their fathers. That is, those children can slaughter the Rooster for sacrifice. Also,
Estonian researchers A. Tavit and D. Kutsar revealed that the relationship between fathers, mothers,
and children of the same sex is stronger than the relationship between fathers, mothers, and children
of different sexes [10]. This shows that the relations between fathers and sons, mothers and daughters
are better established. The reason for this can be seen in the emotional closeness between members of
the same sex. During adolescence, children need a friendly attitude from their parents. Because at this
time, teenagers are more susceptible to the influence of their peers and friends. At this time, if there is
no parent or one of his substitute relatives in the family, or if he does not have a friendly relationship
with his children, negative situations may arise in the upbringing of his children.
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CONCLUSION
Based on the above information, it can be concluded that the relationship between parents and children
is a large-scale system of relationships that has changed both in scope and quality over the centuries
about socio-economic development. has changed. This system of relationships includes the sense of
parenthood, their love for the child, their sense of duty and responsibility, the mental-emotional
relationship between parents and children, the place and status of the child in the family, and others
the like. The development of these relations uniquely took place in the nations of Europe and the East.
Today, to develop the relationship between parents and children in Uzbek families, the environment in
the family and its influence on society, the relationship between husband and wife in the family, the role
of the father in the family, the value of women in the society, and the role of children in the society and
the family are important. Solving problems such as the role of mothers in their upbringing, women's
involvement in production, their alienation from their families, a healthy environment in the family, and
its positive effect on raising children physically healthy and spiritually mature. have been important
tasks.
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